钨酸钠与酸性离子液体催化醇的环境友好氧化反应

钨酸钠与酸性离子液体组成的催化体系可以催化双氧水进行醇的清洁氧化,反应在有机底物/水两相中进行.本体系在催化氧化仲醇为相应的酮时具有很好的活性;催化伯醇氧化时可以得到相应的醛、羧酸或两者的混合物.整个催化体系具有很好的重复利用性.     

离子液体中氧化锰八面体分子筛催化醇的氧化

按文献方法制备了3种八面体MnO6分子筛催化剂K-OMS-2、H-K-OMS-2和Cu-OMS-2,用SEM和XRD测试技术表征了它们的结构和组成。 考察了这3种催化剂对用氧气选择性氧化醇为相应的醛或酮的催化作用,研究了采用不同OMS-2在离子液体[bmim]PF₆中反应时间和反应温度对催化反应的影响。 其中H-K-OMS-2对苄醇和烯丙醇氧化的转化率和选择性均超过90%。 催化剂和离子液体可分别用萃取法和减压蒸馏法从反应体系中回收,其中减压蒸馏法回收循环使用效果较好。     

功能离子液体催化分子氧氧化醇为醛酮

2,2,6,6-四甲基-N-氧自由基哌啶醇(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-ol-N-oxyl,TEMPO)与氯乙酰氯反应生成2-氯乙酸-2,2,6,6-四甲基-1-氧-4-哌啶醇酯,该酯与N-甲基咪唑发生季铵化反应后再与六氟磷酸钾进行离子交换制得2,2,6,6-四甲基-N-氧自由基哌啶醇负载离子液体TEMPO-IL。温和条件下以离子液体1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑六氟磷酸盐(1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate,[bmim]PF6)为溶剂,TEMPO-IL和CuCl为催化剂,分子氧氧化各种醇为相应的醛或酮。研究发现,该氧化体系对苄醇和烯丙醇有较好的氧化效果,65℃下反应10h左右,转化率可达99%,收率可达80%~90%。氧化体系对醛酮有高度的选择性,在实验所采用的条件范围内未检测到有羧酸生成。溶剂和催化剂可循环使用,在苯甲醇的氧化中,溶剂和催化剂循环使用6次,反应转化率和苯甲醛的收率保持不变。     

氨基醇杂多酸类离子液体催化环酮的Baeyer-Villiger氧化反应

合成了一系列氨基醇杂多酸类离子液体, 并将其用于催化环酮的Baeyer-Villiger氧化反应. 以2-庚基环戊酮为模板底物, H₂O₂为氧化剂, 探究了此类氨基醇杂多酸类离子液体的催化活性, 筛选出催化活性最高的催化剂为[Pro-ps]H₂PW₁₂O₄₀, 最佳反应条件: n(2-庚基环戊酮)∶n(催化剂)∶n(H₂O₂)=1∶0.03∶4, 反应温度40 ℃, 反应时间8 h, 无溶剂. 在最佳条件下, 2-庚基环戊酮的转化率为98.19%, 产物δ-十二内酯的选择性可达82.84%. 水相中的离子液体[Pro-ps]H₂PW₁₂O₄₀经干燥后可以重复使用. 经过5次循环使用后催化活性未见明显下降. [Pro-ps]H₂PW₁₂O₄₀还可用于催化其它多种环酮的Baeyer-Villiger氧化反应, 结果表明, 该催化剂具有良好的重复使用性和底物普适性.     

离子液体催化合成对羟基苯甲酸乙酯

采用酸性离子液体[C3SO3 Hmim] HSO4、[C4SO3 Hmim] HSO4和[C3SO3 Hnhm] HSO4代替浓硫酸为催化剂合成对羟基苯甲酸乙醇.考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、酸醇摩尔比对该反应产率的影响及离子液体的重复使用性能.选择了最佳反应条件,以[C3SO3 Hnhm] HSO4作为催化剂...     

纳米尺度氧化石墨烯层作为高效碳催化剂用于苄醇与芳香醛的绿色氧化

合成了纳米尺度氧化石墨烯(NGO)层,用作碳催化剂高效催化苄醇与芳香醛的氧化反应.对于醇氧化反应,当80℃时H2O2存在下,NGOs(20 wt％)可高效催化醇选择性生成醛,其反应速率和产率取决于醇上取代基的性质.对于4-硝基苄醇,反应24 h后,只有10％可转换为相应羧酸.相反,4-甲氧基苄醇和二苯基甲醇分别反应仅9和3h则可完全转化为对应的羧酸和酮.NGO碳催化剂上芳香醛氧化速率高于醇氧化速率.对于所有的醛,采用7 wt％ NGO作催化剂,在70℃反应2-3 h后,就可完全转化为相应羧酸.我们讨论了NGO催化剂结构对苄醇和芳香醛氧化反应影响的可能机理.     

纳米尺度氧化石墨烯层作为高效碳催化剂用于苄醇与芳香醛的绿色氧化（英文）

合成了纳米尺度氧化石墨烯(NGO)层,用作碳催化剂高效催化苄醇与芳香醛的氧化反应.对于醇氧化反应,当80℃时H_2O_2存在下,NGOs(20 wt%)可高效催化醇选择性生成醛,其反应速率和产率取决于醇上取代基的性质.对于4-硝基苄醇,反应24 h后,只有10%可转换为相应羧酸.相反,4-甲氧基苄醇和二苯基甲醇分别反应仅9和3h则可完全转化为对应的羧酸和酮.NGO碳催化剂上芳香醛氧化速率高于醇氧化速率.对于所有的醛,采用7 wt%NGO作催化剂,在70℃反应2-3h后,就可完全转化为相应羧酸.我们讨论了NGO催化剂结构对苄醇和芳香醛氧化反应影响的可能机理.     

离子液体[bmim]Cl-CrCl2促进的Reformatsky反应研究

用无水氯化铬(CrCl2)和氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([bmim]Cl)制备了离子液体[bmim]Cl-CrCl2, 考察了CrCl2与[bmim]Cl物质的量比以及离子液体与底物物质的量比对Reformatsky反应的影响, 研究了[bmim]Cl-CrCl2促进不同底物发生的Reformatsky反应. 结果表明, 离子液体[bmim]Cl-CrCl2不仅能促进醛、酮与α-溴代酸酯的反应, 以极好的产率得到β-羟基酸酯; 而且能较好地诱导α-溴代苯乙酮与醛、酮的反应, 以较高的产率得到β-羟基酮. 该离子液体经处理后可以重复使用, 是一种Reformatsky反应的绿色化学方法.     

离子液体负载的TEMPO/离子液体聚合物/碳黑三元复合材料在醇的电化学氧化中的应用

以4-羟基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氧基自由基（4-OH-TEMPO）为原料合成了负载有TEMPO结构单元的咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体 (TEMPO-IL-BF₄),以双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂 (LiTFSI) 和聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵 (PDDA) 为原料合成了聚合物离子液体 PDDA(Tf₂N),将上述两种物质和碳黑（CB）按照一定比例制备得到一种三元复合材料. 以此三元复合材料为支持电解质和电催化剂,研究了其在乙腈溶液中电化学氧化对甲氧基苯甲醇等各类醇的能力及其循环使用效果. 结果表明：在电化学条件下,此三元复合材料不仅可以有效地氧化对甲氧基苯甲醇等各类醇,生成的醛的产率都在80%以上,并且经过4次循环使用,该三元复合材料的回收率均在95%以上.     

Lewis-Br(o)insted复合碱性离子液体的合成及其在催化Knoevenagel缩合反应中溶剂效应的研究

合成了同时含有Lewis碱和Br(o)nsted碱的复合碱性离子液体,研究了其在Knoevenagel缩合反应中的催化性能.结果表明,它们对醛/酮与氰乙酸乙酯的缩合具有很好的催化活性.芳香醛的反应收率可达85%～99%.考察了它们催化Knoevenagel缩合反应的溶剂效应,发现质子溶剂可以促进缩合反应,这一促进作用可能是由于质子溶剂通过氢键活化反应底物的羰基而降低了反应能垒所造成的.该离子液体可以循环使用3次,反应活性没有下降.     

Role of the Surfactant Structure in the Behavior of Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids within Aqueous Micellar Solutions

The behavior of an ionic liquid (IL) within aqueous micellar solutions is governed by its unique property to act as both an electrolyte and a cosolvent. The influence of the surfactant structure on the properties of aqueous micellar solutions of zwitterionic SB‐12, nonionic Brij‐35 and TX‐100, and anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the presence of the “hydrophobic” IL 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF₆]) is assessed along with the possibility of forming oil‐in‐water microemulsions in which the IL acts as the “oil” phase. The solubility of [bmim][PF₆] within aqueous micellar solutions increases with increasing surfactant concentration. In contrast to anionic SDS, the zwitterionic and nonionic surfactant solutions solubilize more [bmim][PF₆] at higher concentrations and the average aggregate size remains almost unchanged. The formation of IL‐in‐water microemulsions when the concentration of [bmim][PF₆] is above its aqueous solubility is suggested for nonionic Brij‐35 and TX‐100 aqueous surfactant solutions.     

Acceleration of the Baylis–Hillman Reaction in the Presence of Ionic Liquids

The Baylis–Hillman reaction is accelerated in the presence of ionic liquids. Of various 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (bmim)‐based ionic liquids tested, [bmim][PF₆] has been found to result in the highest rate increase. In the company of Lewis acid and H‐bond‐donor additives, the reaction rates further improve, albeit only modestly. A preparatively useful Baylis–Hillman procedure prescribes the use of [bmim][PF₆] with La(OTf)₃ and 2,2′2″‐nitrilotris[ethanol], in which the net effect of the ionic liquid is to bring about a more than twofold rate increase over the otherwise same reaction in MeCN.     

Synthesis of 2‐Phenylthiazoles from α‐Tosyloxyketones and Thiobenzamide in [Bmim][PF6] Ionic Liquid at Ambient Temperature

The room temperature ionic liquid, 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [bmim][PF₆] is used as a ‘green’ recyclable alternative to classical molecular solvents for the cyclocondensation of α‐tosyloxyketones with thiobenzamide to prepare 2‐phenylthiazoles in good yields.     

TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation of benzylic alcohols to aldehydes with the H2O2/HBr/ionic liquid [bmim]PF6 system

A selective oxidation of benzylic alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes in room temperature ionic liquid was achieved by using TEMPO/HBr/H₂O₂ system, and both ether-insoluble acetamido-TEMPO and ionic liquid [bmim]PF₆ can be successfully recovered and reused for the oxidation of the same (different) substrate.     

Solvent relaxation of a room-temperature ionic liquid [bmim][PF6] confined in a ternary microemulsion

In this paper we have reported the solvent and rotational relaxation of 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF₆]) confined in tween 20/([bmim][PF₆]/water microemulsion using coumarin 153 (C-153) as probe. The most interesting feature of our experiment was that we observed an increase in solvent relaxation time with increase in R (R = tween 20-to-[bmim][PF₆] molar ratio). This is due to the fact that with increase in [bmim][PF₆] content of the microemulsions, the microviscosity of the pool of the microemulsions increases, and motion of ions of [bmim][PF₆] is hindered in the pool of microemulsions. Since motion of ions is responsible for solvation in room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), solvent-relaxation time increases with increase in R.     

Living/controlled radical copolymerization of N‐substituted maleimides with styrene in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and anisole

The atom transfer radical copolymerization of N‐substituted maleimides such as N‐phenylmaleimide (PhMI), N‐cyclohexylmaleimide (ChMI), and N‐butylmaleimide (NBMI) with styrene initiated with dendritic polyarylether 2‐bromoisobutyrates in an ionic liquid, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF₆]), at room temperature and anisole at 110 °C was investigated. The dendritic‐linear block copolymers obtained in ionic liquid possessed well‐defined molecular weight and low polydispersity (1.05 < M_w/M_n < 1.32) and could be used as a macroinitiator for chain‐extension polymerization, suggesting the living nature of the reaction system. The ionic liquids containing catalyst could be recycled in the atom transfer radical polymerization systems without further treatment. Compared with polymerization conducted in anisole, the polymerization in ionic liquid had a stronger tendency for alternation. The tendency for alternation decreased in the order PhMI > NBMI > ChMI in [bmim][PF₆] and PhMI > ChMI > NBMI in anisole. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 2156–2165, 2003     

Cross-condensation of derivatives of cyanoacetic acid and carbonyl compounds. 2. One-pot synthesis of substituted 2-amino-7-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydropyrano[4,3-b]pyrans in ethanol and ionic liquid [bmim][PF6]

The three-component reaction of 4-hydroxy-6-methylpyran-2(2H)-one with cyanoacetic acid derivatives and carbonyl compounds in EtOH or in the ionic liquid, viz., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolinium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF₆]), affords substituted 2-amino-7-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydropyrano[4,3-b]pyrans. The yield of substituted pyrano[4,3-b]pyrans in [bmim][PF₆] is by 10—14% higher than that in EtOH.     

Baylis-Hillman reaction in [bdmim][PF6] ionic liquid

A new use of ionic liquid [bdmim][PF₆] as solvent for the Baylis-Hillman reaction is presented. Unlike the commonly used [bmim][PF₆] that evidently reacts with electrophilic aldehydes under basic conditions, ionic liquid [bdmim][PF₆] is inert and the Baylis-Hillman reaction in [bdmim][PF₆] proceeds smoothly with better yield.     

Ionic Liqids in Organic Synthesis: The Pummerer Reaction

Pummerer‐type reaction was carried out with α‐acyl sulfides and phenyliodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA) instead of α‐acyl sulfoxides in the room temperature ionic liquid 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [bmim][PF₆] under mild conditions to give the ene adducts 3 in good yields.     

1-Butyl-2,3-trimethyleneimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([b-3C-im][NTf2]): a new, stable ionic liquid

Using imidazole as the starting material, the synthesis of a new bicyclic ionic liquid [b-3C-im][NTf₂] is described. Except for the alkylation reaction in the second step (40% yield) of this four-step synthesis of [b-3C-im][NTf₂], others were all high yielding reactions (85-94% isolated yields). We investigated intrinsic reactivity of this and other imidazolium-based ionic liquids and found that, under strongly basic conditions (KOD in CD₃OD/D₂O (1:1) solution), the new ionic liquid was stable to solvent deuterium isotope exchange while the previously reported [bdmim][NTf₂] and [bdmim][PF₆] ionic liquids were 50% deuterium exchanged at its C-2 methyl in 30 min at ambient temperature. At the same experimental condition, the most commonly employed [bmim][PF₆] ionic liquid was deuterium exchanged instantaneously at its C-2 hydrogen. In the absence of bases (CD₃OD/D₂O = 1:1), only [bmim][PF₆] was deuterium exchanged (50% within 1 h) and other ionic liquids gave no detectable exchanges even after one week at ambient temperature. It is therefore concluded that the new [b-3C-im][NTf₂] ionic liquid is far more chemically stable than previously reported [bmim][PF₆], [bdmim][NTf₂], and [bdmim][PF₆].