地表温度对颗粒跃移轨迹的影响

为了研究由地表温度变化引起的向上的垂向气流对沙粒跃移运动的影响,本文给出了考虑近地表温度变化和水平来流风场作用下的沙粒的跃移运动。在定量给出不同时刻的近地表温度和垂向风速的基础上,计算了由于太阳辐射所引起的近地表层垂向气流对沙粒跃移运动的影响,发现:垂向风速在午后可达到1.5m/s并使得沙粒跃移轨迹的最大高度和长度分别增加55.56%和73.68%;同时,与不考虑温度效应的情况不同的是,沙粒跃移轨道最大高度将随粒径变化。     

关于跃移沙破坏生物结皮时的临界速度的理论分析

利用经典的弹性薄板与塑性理论探讨了生物结皮在单颗跃移沙粒碰撞作用下的破坏问 题,建立了一个联结跃移沙粒的临界撞击速度和结皮性质的解析关系式. 种类、数量、发展 阶段等生物效应主要通过结皮的杨氏模量、Possion比、屈服应力等宏观参量引入. 结果表 明,刚度大、强度低的生物结皮更容易被跃移沙粒所破坏. 给出的关系式将有助于进一 步研究风沙运动和结皮之间的相互作用.     

风沙跃移运动发展过程及静电力影响的数值模拟

建立了描述风沙跃移运动发展过程以及风场一沙粒互馈机制的风沙跃移运动数值模型，模型中考虑了风场一沙粒之间酌耦合作用以及静电力的影响，同时风场是随时间变化的．模拟了风沙跃移运动从起始阶段至风沙流达到自平衡状态的整个发展过程所需的时间，起沙率与单宽输沙率随时间变化曲线，以及达到稳定后的单位面积输沙率沿高度分布以及贴地风速廓线的影响．计算结果表明，当沙粒平均带电量为60μC／kg时，计算所得的单宽输沙率以及输沙率沿高度分布与实验结果吻合得较好．     

非定常阵风场对沙粒跃移运动的影响浅析

野外阵风具有大尺度结构的非定常特征和小尺度结构的高频脉动特性,是造成风沙流输沙量波动和沙粒间歇性跃移的主要原因. 阵风的非定常性和脉动越显著,采用平均风速及沙粒粒径均一化分析风沙问题的误差越大,是野外观测、风洞实验及数值模拟的结果彼此偏差极大的主要因素. 野外阵风条件下的风沙跃移研究目前仍缺乏能够用于规范数学模型的有关阵风场和输沙率特征的可靠实时测量,有赖于风沙流整场高频测量技术和风洞模拟技术的发展.     

风沙两相流PIV测量算法研究

在风沙两相流图像特征的基础上，提出了一种基于模式识别动态聚类方法中$K$-均值 算法的数字面具(Digital Mask)自动生成算法来求解风沙两相流动. 简化了传统生成Digital Mask过程中手动设置参数的操作，减少了人为误差，为批量处理风沙两相流PIV图像提供 了一种安全快捷的方法. 并将该算法应用于风沙两相流的PIV实际测量，分别得到了不同流 动状态下的气流、沙粒以及风沙气固两相流的速度场.     

沙粒起动风速研究

在风沙流实验中,发展了设陷井捕集蠕移沙粒的方法来测量各种来流条件下的蠕移沙量,再外推得到流体起动风速,试验表明粗糙度不同的沙平面的流体起动风速相同,中还给出实验段轴线风速与野外来流摩阻速度之间的对应关系。     

风沙运动的沙粒带电机理及其影响的研究进展

土壤风蚀以及沙尘暴是人类面临的重大自然环境灾害之一,它直接关系着人类的生存环境和生活质量.许多国家和政府以及科学家们对此一直十分关注并开展了大量研究.由于大气和地表条件的多样性以及地表沙粒的运动与风场作用的相互耦合,导致风沙运动问题研究的复杂性.除此之外,伴随着对风沙运动机理的研究和对沙尘暴的观测,人们发现在风沙跃移运动和沙尘暴中的沙粒带有电荷并形成风沙电场.沙粒的运动不仅导致沙粒带电和风沙电场形成,而且也直接受到沙粒带电和风沙电场的影响.为了弄清风沙电的起因以及揭示其影响规律,研究人员对此进行了野外观测、实验室测量和理论推测等.本文将就这一问题重点介绍有关风沙运动中沙粒带电的机理、风沙电场分布规律、沙粒带电对风沙运动的微宏观物理量以及沙尘暴中沙粒带电对电磁波散射的影响等方面的实验和理论研究的基本概况和进展以及作者等人在此方面的研究工作.主要包含内容有:沙粒带电及其电场的基本实验测量,粒带电对风沙运动的影响,沙尘暴对电磁波衰减的影响研究以及有关风沙起电的机理研究等.同时,对这一研究领域中目前关注与存在的主要问题给予评述.图6参81      

沙粒跃移运动的数值模拟

沙粒在风场作用下形成的风沙运动,直接导致一系列环境问题.现有的数值模拟并没有揭示风沙流的二维性质.本文提出一种合理有效的模拟方法来揭示风沙流时空的变化.气相运动采用大涡模型,而固相(沙粒)处理为高散体系(DEM),并利用已有的沙粒与床面碰撞的激溅函数,以获得整个风沙系统运动特性.结果表明:其发展过程与以往的试验结果相比较符合:风沙流达到稳定后,不同截面输沙率沿高度分布与平均输沙率相比差别很大,并大约在9cm高处,平均输沙率出现极值,单宽输沙率沿风向分布同样具有非均匀性.     

风沙两相流测量技术研究进展

围绕风沙两相流的测量, 归纳了过去几十年来在风沙动力学研究中所使用的风速测量技术和输沙率测量装置.着重讨论了高频测量在目前风沙动力学研究中的必要性, 分析了传统风速和输沙率测量装置的优缺点.对新一代光学测量技术------PIV在风沙两相流测量中的应用进行了较为详细的探讨.指出PIV测速技术在风沙两相流研究中具有广泛的应用前景, 使用PIV测速技术可以得到风沙流结构、两相速度场等宏观信息, 同时也可以进行单个颗粒运动状态的研究.      

一种改进的高浓度风沙图像的动态灰度阈值分割算法

风沙跃移是塑造干旱区地貌的最主要的动力,其伴生的粉尘的释放、输送和沉降不但严重地影响了大气环境质量,也引起了全球气候系统和海洋系统的变化.单个沙粒轨迹形成是理解粒-床碰撞过程和风沙两相流耦合过程的重要纽带.高浓度风沙图像处理算法是深入理解沙粒轨迹形成机制的关键技术.为了实现对高浓度风沙图像精细处理,本文提出了不依赖于经验参数的动态灰度阈值分割算法,它包括背景模板去噪、绿光通道灰度化处理、图像微分、灰度方差阈值目标检测和最大类间方差灰度阈值分割等,其中背景模板去噪和灰度方差阈值目标检测等是新算法的主要亮点.高浓度风沙图像分割实验显示,扣减背景模板去除了条纹状和斑点状的稳定噪声;图像微分和灰度方差阈值目标检测显著地提高了暗沙粒识别的数量并有效地去除了随机噪声;改进算法的沙粒有效识别个数(人机判读坐标一致的沙粒数目)、查全率(计算机提取沙粒数目与人工判读的实际沙粒数比值)和查准率(有效沙粒数目与实际沙粒数目的比值)分别为461,71%和86%,显著地高于传统算法对应的85,13%和82%,这表明新算法对高浓度风沙图像的分割效果良好.避免单粒子分割和表观重叠问题是进一步完善高浓度风沙图像的分割算法的可能途径.     

Discrete particle simulation of mixed sand transport

An Eulerian/Lagrangian numerical simulation is performed on mixed sand transport. Volume averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved to calculate gas motion, and particle motion is calculated using Newton's equation, involving a hard sphere model to describe particle-to-particle and particle-to-wall collisions. The influence of wall characteristics, size distribution of sand particles and boundary layer depth on vertical distribution of sand mass flux and particle mean horizontal velocity is analyzed, suggesting that all these three factors affect sand transport at different levels. In all cases, for small size groups, sand mass flux first increases with height and then decreases while for large size groups, it decreases exponentially with height and for middle size groups the behavior is in-between. The mean horizontal velocity for all size groups well fits experimental data, that is, increasing logarithmically with height in the middle height region. Wall characteristics greatly affects particle to wall collision and makes the flat bed similar to a Gobi surface and the rough bed similar to a sandy surface. Particle size distribution largely affects the sand mass flux and the highest heights they can reach especially for larger particles.     

紊动流场中悬浮颗粒分布的随机理论

通过分析固体颗粒在紊动流场中的随机运动,建立了二维流场中垂直于时均流动的方向上颗粒随机位移的概率密度分布函数所满足的方程。由该方程解出的分布函数在一定条件下即相当于颗粒浓度分布函数。运用这一方法研究了[1]、[2]中报道的壁面附近颗粒浓度降低的现象。     

Assessment of assembly shape and geometric effects on amplification of shear waves using discrete element method

The discrete element method (DEM) is a capable tool used to simulate shear wave propagation in granular assemblies for many years. Researchers have studied assembly shapes such as rectangles (in 2D simulations) or cylinders and cubes (in 3D simulations). This paper aimed to qualify the effect of assembly shape on the shear wave propagation and maximum amplification in the vertical plane (horizontal and vertical directions) caused by this propagation. To this end, shear wave propagations in different assembly shapes such as rectangle, trapezium, and triangle with rigid boundary conditions were simulated. A sine wave pulse was applied with a point source by moving a particle as the transmitter particle. To evaluate the shear wave velocity of the assemblies, the transmitter and receiver particles were simulated. All the simulations were performed with 2D DEM which is a useful tool to determine the amount and location of the maximum amplification factor of the assembly in both horizontal and vertical directions. An advantage of this study was assessing the effect of parameters such as input wave frequency, assembly height, shape, and aspect ratios on the amplification of the input waves.     

风吹雪廓线的风洞实验研究

利用颗粒图像测速仪对新雪形成的风吹雪进行风洞实验研究, 给出了不同高度处雪粒粒径分布函数以及平均粒径廓线、雪粒数通量廓线的分布规律. 发现当摩阻风速大于0.5 m/s 时单宽输雪率与摩阻风速满足指数函数的关系, 小于0.5 m/s 时两者满足幂函数的关系, 总体而言, 单宽输雪率与摩阻风速呈线性关系.     

基于离散单元法和人工神经网络的近壁颗粒动力学特征研究

颗粒与壁面的相互作用往往对颗粒流动具有显著影响. 为研究颗粒与壁面作用机理, 对滚筒内颗粒流动过程进行离散单元法(DEM)数值模拟. 基于模拟结果统计分析靠近壁面处颗粒的运动特征, 结果表明, 小摩擦系数时颗粒平动和旋转速度均近似满足正态分布, 但由于壁面影响, 摩擦系数增大时颗粒沿滚筒轴向的旋转速度偏离正态分布, 颗粒动力学理论推导壁面边界条件时应考虑速度正态分布的修正及速度脉动的各向异性. 采用人工神经网络(ANN)构建了颗粒无因次旋转温度、滑移速度和平动温度之间的函数模型, 进而可以在常规双流模型壁面边界条件中考虑颗粒旋转的影响. 基于DEM模拟及结果分析可以为壁面边界条件的理论构造和半经验修正提供基础数据和封闭模型.      

Stability of Flow with Viscous Dissipation in a Horizontal Porous Layer with an Open Boundary Having a Prescribed Temperature Gradient

A buoyancy-induced stationary flow with viscous dissipation in a horizontal porous layer is investigated. The lower boundary surface is impermeable and subject to a uniform heat flux. The upper open boundary has a prescribed, linearly varying, temperature distribution. The buoyancy-induced basic velocity profile is parallel and non-uniform. The linear stability of this basic solution is analysed numerically by solving the disturbance equations for oblique rolls arbitrarily oriented with respect to the basic velocity field. The onset conditions of thermal instability are governed by the Rayleigh number associated with the prescribed wall heat flux at the lower boundary, by the horizontal Rayleigh number associated with the imposed temperature gradient on the upper open boundary, and by the Gebhart number associated with the effect of viscous dissipation. The critical value of the Rayleigh number for the onset of the thermal instability is evaluated as a function of the horizontal Rayleigh number and of the Gebhart number. It is shown that the longitudinal rolls, having axis parallel to the basic velocity, are the most unstable in all the cases examined. Moreover, the imposed horizontal temperature gradient tends to stabilise the basic flow, while the viscous dissipation turns out to have a destabilising effect.     

On the behaviour of solid particles in a horizontal boundary layer with turbulence and saltation effects

 A horizontal turbulent boundary layer of air carrying heavy solid particles is investigated experimentally. Mean and r.m.s. velocities of air and particles are measured by LDA, and particle mass flux distributions are obtained by means of a sampling method. The influence of the saltation mechanism is revealed by the large particle r.m.s. velocity in the near-wall region, and by the velocity lag of the particles in the outer region of the boundary layer, which is shown to be closely related to their free fall velocity. The present original results are discussed and compared with available experimental data concerning other kinds of horizontal flows. Received: 17 June 1996/Accepted: 3 April 1997     

Effects of a transverse flows with variable viscosity in micropolar fluids

A regular perturbation analysis is presented for three laminar natural convection flows in micropolar fluids in liquids with temperature dependent viscosity: a freely-rising plane plume, the flow above a horizontal line source on an adiabatic surface (a plane wall plume) and the flow adjacent to a vertical uniform flux surface. While these flows have well-known power-low similarity solutions when the fluid viscosity is taken to be constant, they are non-similar when the viscosity is considered to a function of temperature. A single similar flow, that adjacent to a vertical isothermal surface, is also analysed for comparison in order to estimate the extent of validity of perturbation analysis. The formulation used here provides a unified treatment of variable viscosity effects on those four flows. Computed first-order perturbation quantities are presented for all four flows. Numerical results for velocity, angular velocity and thermal functions has been shown graphically or tabulated for different values of micropolar parameters. Received on 20 October 1997     

壁面湍流发卡涡包空间模态的TRPIV实验研究

运用高时间分辨率粒子图像测速(Time-resolved PIV简称TRPIV),测量得到平板湍流边界层流向/法向平面内瞬时速度矢量空间分布的时间序列;采用空间局部平均速度结构函数的概念,识别和提取湍流边界层中大尺度发卡涡包结构的空间特征。发现在湍流边界层中不同法向位置多个正负发卡涡包结构同时交替存在。这些分布在不同法向高度的发卡涡包结构之间通过倾斜的涡量剪切层相联系,构成了湍流边界层中内、外区紧密相连、相互作用的一种稳态的分布方式。     

Solutions for axial and transverse boundary layers in the case of steady laminar flow past a horizontal plate embedded in a saturated porous medium

The present paper is concerned with the interesting situation of the existence of transverse, velocity and thermal, boundary layers in the case of flow past a horizontal plate embedded in a saturated porous medium. The analysis shows that these layers are thicker than the axial boundary layers. However, the increase in the porous parameterB reduces the thickness. The expressions for the boundary layer thickness, the shear-stress at the wall and the specific heat flux are obtained and the behaviour of the above quantities whenB takes different values are discussed in detail.