Catalytic Living Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization Using Vinyl Ethers as Effective Chain-Transfer Agents

A catalytic living ring-opening metathesis copolymerization (ROMP) method is described that relies on a degenerative, reversible and regioselective exchange of propagating Fischer-carbenes. All characteristics of a living polymerization such as narrow dispersity, excellent molar mass control and the ability to form block copolymers are achieved by this method. The method allows the use of up to 200 times less ruthenium complex than traditional living ROMP. We demonstrate the synthesis of ROMP-ROMP diblock copolymers, ATRP from a ROMP macro-initiator and living ROMP from a PEG-based macro chain transfer agent. The cost-effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly synthesis of degradable polymers and block copolymers enabled by this strategy will find various applications in biomedicine, materials science, and technology.     

双(N-甲基乙酰氨基)二甲基硅烷的合成与扩链效应

由于高层建筑及大型混凝土设施接缝的特殊工程要求,使低模量、高延伸率的新型有机硅建筑密封材料成为近年来追求的目标．从理论上讲,加入合适的扩链剂(Chain extender),可使有机硅密封材料在交联的同时分子链线形加长、交联点减少、网络拓扑结构改变．通过改变交联点的疏密与分布,     

Characterization of Anilinepentacyanoferrate (II) and (III)

The anilinepentacyanoferrate (II) complex has been characterized in aqueous solution. The complex exhibits a predominant ligand field transition at λ_max = 415 nm with ?_max = 494 M^?1 cm^?1. The corresponding Fe(III) complex displays a strong absorption at λ_max = 700nm(?_max = 1.61×10⁴ M^?1 sec^?1) which can be assigned as a ligand to metal charge transfer transition. The rate constants of formation and dissociation for the Fc(II) complex are (3.14±0.18)×10² M^?1W^?1 and 0.985±0.005 sec^?1, respectively, at μ = 0.10 M LiClO₄, pH = 8 and T = 25°C. The cyclic voltammetry of the complex shows that a reversible redox process is observed with E_1/2 value of 0.51±0.01 V vs. NHE at μ = 0.10 M LiClO₄, pH = 8 and T = 25°C. The kinetic study of the oxidation of the Fe(II) complex by ferricyanide ion yielded the rate constant of the reaction k_et = (1.43±0.04)x10 M sec^?1 at μ = 0.10 M LiClO₄, pH = 8 and T = 25°C.     

Palladium-catalysed transfer hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds — an unusual chain elongation

Aromatic nitro compounds are reduced via transfer hydrogenation in the presence of palladium on magnesium-lanthanum mixed oxide support in ethanol yielding the corresponding amines. With several acetophenone derivatives, the reduction was accompanied by chain elongation whilst the carbonyl group remained intact.     

Ruthenium(II) complex catalysts bearing a pyridyl-supported pyrazolyl-imine ligand for transfer hydrogenation of ketones

A new class of hemilabile unsymmetrical 2-(1-arylimino)-6-(pyzazol-1-yl)pyridine ligands and their ruthenium(II) and nickel(II) NNN complexes were synthesized. The Ru(II) complex catalysts have been fully characterized and exhibited good to excellent catalytic activity in the transfer hydrogenation (TH) of ketones in refluxing 2-propanol. These results have demonstrated rare examples of active ruthenium(II) NNN complex catalysts that do not feature a N-H functionality for TH of ketones.     

Study of the Complexation,Adsorption and Electrode Reaction Mechanisms of Chromium(VI) and (III) with DTPA Under Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Conditions

The complexation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), the redox behavior of these complexes and their adsorption on the mercury electrode surface were investigated by a combination of electrochemical techniques and UV/vis spectroscopy. A homogenous two‐step reaction was observed when mixing Cr(III), present as hexaquo complex, with DTPA. The first reaction product, the electroactive 1 : 1 complex, turns into an electroinactive form in the second step. The results indicate that the second reaction product is presumably a 1 : 2 Cr(III)/DTPA complex. The electroreduction of the DTPA‐Cr(III) complex to Cr(II) was found to be diffusion rather than adsorption controlled.The Cr(III) ion, generated in‐situ from Cr(VI) at the mercury electrode at about ?50 mV (vs. Ag|AgCl) (3 mol L^?1 KCl), was found to form instantly an electroactive and adsorbable complex with DTPA. By means of electrocapillary measurements its surface activity was shown to be 30 times higher than that of the complex built by homogenous reaction of DTPA with the hydrated Cr(III). Both components, DTPA and the in‐situ built complex Cr(III) ion were found to adsorb on the mercury electrode.The effect of nitrate, used as catalytic oxidant in the voltammetric determination method, on the complexation reaction and on the adsorption processes was found to be negligible.The proposed complex structures and an overall reaction scheme are shown.     

Rh(Xantphos)L催化氢化肉桂醛和降冰片二烯间转移加氢甲酰化反应的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法 M11-L/6-31G(d,p)对氢化肉桂醛与降冰片二烯(nbd)在活化催化剂a[Rh(Xantphos)L,L=苯甲酸根,Xantphos=4,5-双二苯基膦-9,9-二甲基氧杂蒽]催化下发生转移加氢甲酰化反应生成主产物苯乙烯(3)的反应机理进行理论研究.结果表明,参与反应的醛类化合物在α碳(α-C)上应至少连接一个氢原子,这可以减少醛类反应物和抗衡离子的空间排斥作用.通过反应能垒图可见,受体nbd发生加氢甲酰化反应,促进了脱氢甲酰化反应的进行,进而促使整个转移加氢甲酰化循环不可逆进行.还研究了氢化肉桂醛发生脱羰化生成少量副产物苯乙烷(4)的机理过程.结果表明,苯甲酸根作为抗衡离子抑制了脱羰化反应的竞争,理论计算得到脱氢甲酰化反应的选择性为苯乙烯(3)∶苯乙烷(4)99∶1.简单醛(如丙醛)在活化催化剂a催化下更易于发生脱羰反应而不是脱氢甲酰化反应.     

Mechanism of the benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate thermolysis in the solid state

The thermolysis of benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate was studied by thermogravimetry in dynamic mode. The decomposition of [ArNN]⁺BF₄⁻ in the solid state with the formation of C₆H₅F, BF₃, C₆H₆, and N₂ starts at T > 348 K. The speed of the thermolysis was estimated gravimetrically and by infrared spectroscopy, considering the change of the intensity of the absorption band at 1498 cm⁻¹, which corresponds to fluorobenzene. The maximal rate of thermolysis observes at the 366.5 K. A kinetic scheme, which includes the formation of a neutral complex [C₆H₅^δ+?BF₄^δ−], is proposed for the thermolysis of arenediazonium tetrafluoroborate. The decomposition of the complex with the formation of free-radical intermediates explains the chain character of the thermolysis.     

Effect of Lewis acids and low temperature initiators on the allyl transfer reaction involving phthalimido-N-oxyl radical

Previously, we reported allyl transfer reactions of allyl bromide and allyl phthalimido-N-oxyl substrates with hydrocarbons that result in CC bond formation. In both cases, efficient chain transfer processes along with high reaction yields were observed. Since PINO chemistry leads to an environmentally friendly method of hydrocarbon functionalization, additional studies were performed in order to improve the process. To expand the utility of this reaction, we carried out experiments to optimize reaction conditions and tested the effect of Lewis acids and low temperature initiators. Although allyl-PINO substrates reacted slightly slower than the bromides, the reactions were cleaner with little or no side products. The chain lengths for these reactions were compromised at lower temperatures, attributable to the high activation energy required for the hydrogen atom abstraction by PINO. The addition of a Lewis acid catalyst (AlCl₃) improves the product yield and reaction rate, possibly due to the formation of a PINO/AlCl₃ complex which lowers the activation energy for hydrogen abstraction step.     

固相β-环糊精包结物诱导7-羟基-2-甲氧基-2-甲基色满的不对称合成

研究了室温下间苯二酚和甲基乙烯基酮分别与β-环糊精（ β-CD）形成包结物后的几种不同固相反应,结果表明包结物A（间苯二酚/β-CD）与包结物B（甲基乙烯基酮/β-CD）反应能够很好地得到目的产物,产率及ee值分别为82.8%和78.4%;间苯二酚与包结物B反应仅得到低光学活性产物（ee值为19.5%）;包结物A与甲基乙烯基酮反应却没有得到手性目的产物。以熔点、X-粉末衍射、固相核磁碳谱及ROESY多种方法对所形成的包结物进行了表征,包结物中主客体的比例（1：1）通过¹H NMR (400 MHz)得以确定,文章对固相环加成反应的机制也进行了初步探讨。     

灵芝菌丝体多糖的化学组成和溶液性质

用磷酸盐缓冲液在80℃时从灵芝菌丝体中提取出多糖-蛋白质缀合物LM-A.成分分析表明,GLM-A主要由葡萄糖组成,蛋白质含量为13%.GLM-A在1∶1水稀释的饱和镉乙二胺溶液中30℃时的特性粘数[η]和均方根旋转半径〈S²〉^1/2的分子量依赖关系分别为[η]=5.1×10^-2M_w^0.06(cm³·g^-1)和〈S²〉^1/2=3.9×10^-2M_w^0.50(nm).按照Yamakawa-Fujii-Yoshizaki蠕虫状圆筒模型的粘度理论和Bohdanecky表达式,求得GLM-A的分子参数为:单位围长摩尔质量M_L=(530±10)nm^-1,持久长度q=(2.8±0.2)nm.链直径d=0.75nm.实验结果表明,GLM-A在该溶液中为无规线团构象.     

Synthesis,characterization, and application to transfer hydrogenation of η6-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-η1-N-heterocyclic carbene–ruthenium complex

A new chelating ruthenium complex was synthesized using an electron-rich olefin and [RuCl₂(p-cymene)]₂ and characterized structurally and spectroscopically. The structure of the complex was verified using X-ray crystallography. The complex displayed high activities in transfer hydrogenation.     

Total synthesis of everninomicin 13,384-1--Part 3: synthesis of the DE fragment and completion of the total synthesis

The stereoselective construction of the DE fragment (2) of everninomicin 13,384-1 (1) is reported. From the two possible ways of inserting the DE fragment between the A1B(A)C and FGHA2 domains of the natural product, the sequence involving the DEFGHA2 segment was found to be the most viable. This coupling was followed by attachment of a suitably protected and activated A1B(A)C fragment which led, after orthoester construction and final deprotection to the targeted everninomicin 13,384-1 (1), completing the total synthesis of this complex naturally occurring substance.     

Catalytic Mechanisms of Transfer Hydrogenation of Azobenzene with Ammonia Borane by Pincer Bismuth Complex: Crucial Role of C=N Functional Group on the Pincer Ligand

Transfer hydrogenation of azobenzene with ammonia borane mediated by pincer bismuth complex 1 was systematically investigated through density functional theory calculations. An unusual metal-ligand cooperation mechanism was disclosed, in which the saturation/regeneration of the C=N functional group on the pincer ligand plays an essential role. The reaction is initiated by the hydrogenation of the C=N bond (saturation) with ammonia borane to afford 3^CN , which is the rate-determining step with Gibbs energy barrier (ΔG^≠) and Gibbs reaction energy (ΔG) of 25.6 and −7.3 kcal/mol, respectively. 3^CN is then converted to a Bi−H intermediate through a water-bridged pathway, which is followed up with the transfer hydrogenation of azobenzene to produce the final product N,N′-diphenylhydrazine and regenerate the catalyst. Finally, the catalyst could be improved by substituting the phenyl group for the tert-butyl group on the pincer ligand, where the ΔG^≠ value (rate-determining step) decreases to 24.0 kcal/mol.     

Reaction of Ni2Cp2(mu-CO)2 with the alkylgallium(I) and alkylindium(I) compounds E4[C(SiMe3)3]4 (E = Ga, In). Insertion of E-R groups into the Ni-Ni bond versus replacement of CO by the isolobal E-R ligands

The monomeric fragment In-C(SiMe3)3 was inserted into the Ni-Ni bond of Ni2Cp2(mu-CO)2 upon treatment of the carbonyl complex with the tetraindium(I) compound In4[C(SiMe3)3]4, 1, in a molar ratio of 4 to 1. The product (3) contains an indium atom coordinated to one alkyl substituent and two Ni(Cp)CO groups in a planar coordination sphere. Reaction of the starting compounds in a molar ratio of 2 to 1 led to the replacement of both CO ligands by two InR groups. A compound (4) was formed that is isostructural to the carbonyl nickel complex and has a Ni2 couple bridged by two InR ligands and two terminally coordinated cyclopentadienyl groups. The insertion product was not observed with the gallium derivative Ga4[C(SiMe3)3]4 (2); instead, a nickel gallium complex (5) analogous to 4 containing two bridging GaR ligands was isolated as the only product regardless of the ratio of the starting compounds. On the basis of quantum chemical calculations, we conclude that there is no evidence for an In-In or Ga-Ga bond in complexes 4 or 5, respectively. This, however, supports a butterfly geometry, which is isostructural to the starting carbonyl complex Ni2Cp2(mu-CO)2.     

直接由SiO_2低温合成含硅环氧化合物及其结构表征

研究了直接由SiO2 (沉淀白炭黑 )、乙二醇、KOH为原料低温合成高活性的五配位有机硅络合物 [KSi (OCH2 CH2 O) 2 OCH2 CH2 OH],然后与环氧氯丙烷反应 ,生成含硅环氧化合物 ,并借助于红外、核磁共振、热分析、能谱元素分析等现代测试手段 ,对合成的产物进行了结构表征     

Sulfur radical cations. kinetic and product study of the photoinduced fragmentation reactions of (phenylsulfanylalkyl)trimethylsilanes and phenylsulfanylacetic acid radical cations

Laser and steady-state photolysis, sensitized by NMQ+, of PhSCH(R)X 1-4 (R = H, Ph; X =SiMe3, CO2H) was carried out in CH3CN. The formation of 1+*-4+* was clearly shown. All radical cations undergo a fast first-order fragmentation reaction involving C-Si bond cleavage with 1+* and 2+* and C-C bond cleavage with 3+* and 4+*. The desilylation reaction of 1+* and 2+* was nucleophilically assisted, and the decarboxylation rates of 3+* and 4+* increased in the presence of H2O. A deuterium kinetic isotope effect of 2.0 was observed when H2O was replaced by D2O. Pyridines too were found to accelerate the decarboxylation rate of 3+* and 4+*. The rate increase, however, was not a linear function of the base concentration, but a plateau was reached. A fast and reversible formation of a H-bonded complex between the radical cation and the base is suggested, which undergoes C-C bond cleavage. It is probable that the H-bond complex undergoes first a rate determining proton-coupled electron transfer forming a carboxyl radical that then loses CO2. The steady-state photolysis study showed that PhSCH3 was the exclusive product formed from 1 and 3 whereas [PhS(Ph)CH-]2 was the only product with 3 and 4.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of the 1:1 enzyme-ligand complex between porcine pancreatic elastase and acetyl-alanine-proline-alanine

A 31.5 picosecond (ps) MD calculation has been completed for the 1:1 enzyme-ligand complex between porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) and acetyl-alanine-proline-alanine (APA). The 1:2 complex studied crystallographically at product saturation conditions precludes the study of a 1:1 complex (PPE and APA1); this objective has been achieved by computational methods described here. The acetyl group of the ligand was found to occupy two neighboring sites, one within the primary specificity site and the other out into solution. The primary change of the ligand structure is ψ₁ torsion angle being 171.5°. Supported by an interactive graphic display, the dynamical fluctuations of a smaller ligand compared with the width of the active site as PPE were observed by the MD simulation, although the complex has not been detected by any spectroscopic method.     

Chain initiation on the soraphen-producing modular polyketide synthase from Sorangium cellulosum

Background: Polyketides are structurally diverse natural products with a wide range of useful activities. Bacterial modular polyketide synthases (PKSs) catalyse the production of non-aromatic polyketides using a different set of enzymes for each successive cycle of chain extension. The choice of starter unit is governed by the substrate specificity of a distinct loading module. The unusual loading module of the soraphen modular PKS, from the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, specifies a benzoic acid starter unit. Attempts to design functional hybrid PKSs using this loading module provide a stringent test of our understanding of PKS structure and function, since the order of the domains in the loading and first extension module is non-canonical in the soraphen PKS, and the producing strain is not an actinomycete.Results: We have constructed bimodular PKSs based on DEBS1-TE, a derivative of the erythromycin PKS that contains only extension modules 1 and 2 and a thioesterase (TE) domain, by substituting one or more domains from the soraphen PKS. A hybrid PKS containing the soraphen acyltransferase domain AT1b instead of extension acyltransferase domain AT1 produced triketide lactones lacking a methyl group at C-4, as expected if AT1b catalyses the addition of malonyl-CoA during the first extension cycle on the soraphen PKS. Substitution of the DEBS1-TE loading module AT domain by the soraphen AT1a domain led to the production of 5-phenyl-substituted triketide lactone, as well as the normal products of DEBS1-TE. This 5-phenyl triketide lactone was also the product of a hybrid PKS containing the entire soraphen PKS loading module as well as part of its first extension module. Phenyl-substituted lactone was only produced when measures were simultaneously taken to increase the intracellular supply of benzoyl-CoA in the host strain of Saccharopolyspora erythraea.Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the ability to recruit a benzoate starter unit can be conferred on a modular PKS by the transfer either of a single AT domain, or of multiple domains to produce a chimaeric first extension module, from the soraphen PKS. However, benzoyl-CoA needs to be provided within the cell as a specific precursor. The data also support the respective roles previously assigned to the adjacent AT domains of the soraphen loading/first extension module. Construction of such hybrid actinomycete–myxobacterial enzymes should significantly extend the synthetic repertoire of modular PKSs.     

Electronic Spectroscopic Studies of the Charge Transfer Complex of N,N , N ′, N ′-Tetramethyl-4-4′-Diamino-Benzophenone with Iodine in Methanol

The UV-visible absorption bands of the charge transfer (CT) complex of N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl-4,4'-diamino-benzophenone with iodine in methanol at 30°C have been studied. The value of K^AD , ?^AD and E _CT were calculated for this complex. The value of the equilibrium constant, K^AD , for the above complex reaction was calculated as 28.85m³·mol^?1. The value of the molar extinction coefficient of the CT complex, ?^AD , was also calculated as 1171m²·mol^?1 for λ_max = 602 nm and the absorption band energy E _CT of the complex was found to be 2.06 e.v. The ionization potential of the electron donor was also obtained spectroscopically and found to be 6.284 e.v. The rate constant obtained for the forward reaction is 3.624 x 10^?5M^1/2s^?1 and for the reverse reaction is 1.256 x 10^?6s^?1. Finally, the half-life value for the above reaction was graphically calculated and shown to be 1.549 day. The kinetics of the above reaction were studied showing the reaction to be a half-order reaction. The values of rate constants and half-life were calculated.