一种新的轨道电负性标度

电负性是最重要的化学概念之一 ,1 932年由ＰａｕｌｉｎｇＬ提出 ,并把电负性定义为“原子在分子中吸引电子的能力”。由于这种能力不能用实验直接测定 ,所以不同的学者基于对电负性概念的不同理解 ,提出了不同的电负性标度。这些标度可以分为两类 ,一类与分子中原子的性质相联系 ,如Ｐａｕｌｉｎｇ标度Ｘｐ,Ａｌｌｒｅｄ Ｒｏｃｈｏｗ标度ＸＡ,Ｊａｆｆ啨标度ＸＪ。另一类与孤立原子的性质相联系 ,如Ｍｕｌｌｉｋｅｎ标度ＸＭ,Ａｌｌｅｎ标度Ｘｓｐｅｃ。两类标度的数值基本一致。　　上述各标度中 ,ＸＰ,ＸＡ,ＸＭ,ＸＪ 已为广大化学工作…     

碳原子价轨道电负性对化学键性能的影响

研究了同一类型化学键X―C的键能、键长和H―C键的酸性等性能与碳原子价轨道电负性的定量关系。结果表明,X―C键能随碳原子价轨道电负性增加而线性增大;H―C与C―C键的键长随碳原子价轨道电负性增加而线性减小;H―C的酸性随碳原子价轨道电负性增加而线性增大。因而,对结构类似的有机化合物,可以采用碳原子价轨道电负性对实验测定的化学键性能作图,判断其测定结果正确与否。     

In-Situ Electronegativity and the Bridging of Chemical Bonding Concepts

One challenge in chemistry is the plethora of often disparate models for rationalizing the electronic structure of molecules. Chemical concepts abound, but their connections are often frail. This work describes a quantum-mechanical framework that enables a combination of ideas from three approaches common for the analysis of chemical bonds: energy decomposition analysis (EDA), quantum chemical topology, and molecular orbital (MO) theory. The glue to our theory is the electron energy density, interpretable as one part electrons and one part electronegativity. We present a three-dimensional analysis of the electron energy density and use it to redefine what constitutes an atom in a molecule. Definitions of atomic partial charge and electronegativity follow in a way that connects these concepts to the total energy of a molecule. The formation of polar bonds is predicted to cause inversion of electronegativity, and a new perspective of bonding in diborane and guanine−cytosine base-pairing is presented. The electronegativity of atoms inside molecules is shown to be predictive of pK_a.     

带不同推电子基团二聚苯撑乙烯的电子结构与发光性能

用Wittig路线合成了一系列带不同推电子取代基的二聚苯撑乙烯,用紫外光谱和循环伏安方法测定其电子结构,并用量子化学计算方法对齐聚物的电子能级进行模拟.讨论了吸收光谱、发射光谱与生色团的电子结构的关系.     

不同电子组态下镧系元素的轨道指数和电负性

用Xa方法计算出不同电子组态下镧系元素的数值原子轨道和轨道电负性,用数值拟合方法得出原子轨道的单ζ和双ζSlater型基函数的指数。研究了镧系元素原子所带电荷与电子组态对其原子轨道指数与轨道电负性的影响,给出了精确度较高的回归公式。这些公式能反映原子轨道性质变化的规律,且能提供为研究镧系元素化合物的电子结构的基础参数和电荷自洽型计算的迭代公式。     

电负性研究(Ⅱ)—氢的电负性

氢的电负性值是氢元素性质的重要参数，１９３２年Pauling犤１～３犦定量确定氢的相对电负性值等于２．１，１９６１年Allred犤４，５犦用更准确的实验数据对Paul－ing电负性标度进行了修正，氢的电负性值被确定为２．２，目前这两个数值都在采用。元素的电负性值是与元素的性质紧密相关的，一个合适的电负性标度应该至少反映所有重要元素的电负性值，氢的化合物比任何其它元素都多，理应有一个基本的准确电负性值，然而一些电负性标度中却缺乏这样的数据。在Murphy等四人犤６犦最近发表的论文中，对Pauling电负性标度又进行了深入考查与…     

Electronic and Steric Effects of Substituents in Solution and Solvation of Forcedly Distorted Porphyrins

The solubility enhancement effect of N-substitution and increasing size of the N-substituent in octaethyl- and tetraphenylporphyrins is strongly dependent of the electronic nature of the - and meso-sub- stituents. It is suggested that N-alkyl(aryl) substitution exerts primarily distorting rather than polarizing effect on the porphyrin macroring.     

Steric and Electronic Effects of Substituents on the Yield of 5,15-Substituted Octaalkylporphines

The electronic and steric effects of peripheral substituents on the yield of 5,15-diphenyloctaalkylporphines were studied. It was found that the electronic nature of substituents in the starting benzaldehydes exerts almost no yield effect. At the same time, there is some optimal size of substituents, which provides the highest possible yield of porphyrins.     

推拉电子取代基对二茂铁衍生物性质及电子结构的影响

根据前线轨道理论分析３种具有推拉电子取代基的二茂铁衍生物循环伏安曲线、电子吸收光谱及光谱电化学行为，并给出了分子轨道能级图，实验结果表明，ＰⅡ有两对可逆氧化还原峰，Ｅ１、Ｅ２分别为０．３３、０．５９Ｖ，第一氧化态ＰⅡ＋￣（Ｄ—Ｆｃ￣＋—Ｒ）在６１３ｎｍ有强的ＬＭＣＴ（ｌｉｇａｎｄ－ｔｏ－ｍｅｔａｌ－ｃｈａｒｇｅ－ｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒ）带，是一种良好的光学特性氧化还原开关．ＰⅡ在３５４ｎｍ处出现强的ＬＭＣＴ带，ＰⅢ在３５６ｎｍ和３２０ｎｍ处分别出现强的ＬＭＣＴ和π→πＣＴ带，应具有较高的二阶分子极化系数，应当是较好的ＳＨＧ材料．     

Corannulenes with Electron-Withdrawing Substituents: Synthetic Approaches and Resulting Structural and Electronic Properties

Corannulene is a multifaceted polyaromatic compound. It has many interesting properties; for example, it has a bowl-shaped molecular structure that, in addition, undergoes a dynamic inversion process. It has attracted much attention within the last decades. This is not only due to its structural properties but also its electronic properties and its various potential applications to materials chemistry. Here, synthetic approaches towards corannulene derivatives with electron-withdrawing substituents are summarized. This includes both selective and unselective methods. Further, the electrochemical properties, that is, the reduction potentials, are analyzed and compared. As a main conclusion, one can state that the electron affinity depends roughly linearly on the number of substituents. Finally, the structural behavior of the substituted buckybowls in the solid state is highlighted. This also allows a general statement about the influence of the electronic and steric nature of substituents on the molecular structures and the solid-state packing of the corannulene derivatives.     

Electronegativity and Molecular Properties

The paradigm that the properties of the atoms determine the properties of the molecules that they form is systematically presented. To this end, three types of atomic properties are differentiated: (a) those that can be determined directly by spectroscopy, (b) those based on theoretical concepts, and (c) those that can be assigned to the atoms interacting in molecules. On the basis of the electronegativity values of the atoms, which can be determined from spectroscopic data together with the assumption that the electronegativities are equalized in bonds, partial charges of the atoms in molecules are determined. These partial charges are correlated with ESCA data and proton affinities. In addition, simple expressions are given for the reliable estimation of bond lengths, bond energies, and force constants. For corrigendum see DOI: 10.1002/anie.199607811     

Investigation of the Effect of Substituents on Electronic and Charge Transport Properties of Benzothiazole Derivatives

A series of new benzothiazole-derived donor–acceptor-based compounds (Comp1–4) were synthesized and characterized with the objective of tuning their multifunctional properties, i.e., charge transport, electronic, and optical. All the proposed structural formulations (Comp1–4) were commensurate using FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, ESI-mass, UV–vis, and elemental analysis techniques. The effects of the electron-donating group (-CH₃) and electron-withdrawing group (-NO₂) on the optoelectronic and charge transfer properties were studied. The substituent effect on absorption was calculated at the TD-B3LYP/6-31+G** level in the gas and solvent phases. The effect of solvent polarity on the absorption spectra using various polar and nonpolar solvents, i.e., ethanol, acetone, DMF, and DMSO was investigated. Light was shed on the charge transport in benzothiazole compounds by calculating electron affinity, ionization potential, and reorganization energies. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were used to prepare thin films on the FTO substrate to evaluate the charge carrier mobility and other related device parameters with the help of I-V characteristic measurements.     

The Effect of Substituents on Ring Size in Cyclopolymerization: An Explanation Based on Frontier Orbital Theory

Fully identified cyclic structures formed via radically initiated cyclizations and cyclopolymerizations are explained using frontier orbital theory. This theory, briefly introduced here for general application to organic polymer chemistry, works very well in explaining the ring size in cyclopolymerization except when steric hindrance is predominant in controlling the course of cyclization.     

电负性拓扑指数mF及其对无机物理化性质的预测

受Randic分子连接性拓扑指数 mX的启发,构建了电负性拓扑指数 mF.用 mF的0、 1阶指数分别与20种碱金属卤化物的晶格能U、生成焓ΔrHm、离子水化能ΔrGθm、 51种金属离子水合热ΔrHθh和80种离子标准生成热ΔfHθm进行关联,拟合的回归方程的相关系(指)数分别为0.9954(0.9954)、 0.9835(0.9840)、 0.9794(0.9795)、 0.9948和0.9865,满足优级或良级标准.结构选择性达到唯一性表征,预测取得满意的结果.     

Synergistic Effects of Lewis Bases and Substituents on the Electronic Structure and Reactivity of Boryl Radicals

Boryl radicals have the potential for the development of new molecular entities and for application in new radical reactions. However, the effects of the substituents and coordinating Lewis bases on the reactivity of boryl radicals are not fully understood. By using first‐principles methods, we investigated the spin‐density distribution and reactivity of a series of boryl radicals with various substituents and Lewis bases. The substituents, along with the Lewis bases, only affect the radical reactivity when an unpaired electron is in the boron p_z orbital, that is, for three‐coordinate radicals. We found evidence of synergistic effects between the substituents and the Lewis bases that can substantially broaden the tunability of the reactivity of the boryl radicals. Among Lewis bases, pyridine and imidazol‐2‐ylidene show a similar capacity for stabilization by delocalizing the spin density. Electron‐donating substituents, such as nitrogen, more efficiently stabilize boryl radicals than oxygen and carbon atoms. The reactivity of a boryl radical is always boron based, irrespective of the spin density on boron.     

Molecular Orbital Calculations on the Electronic Structures of Some Arylhydrazones

The geometry and electronic structure of the parent formaldehyde hydrazone and some ethylcyanoacetate phenylhydrazones (ECPHs) are studied at the semiempirical level of MO theory using the AM1 method. The effect of substitution on the geometry of the hydrazone moiety is investigated. The optimized geometry of formaldehyde hydrazone is nonplanar while in the ECPHs the planarity of the hydrazone group and its coplanarity with the phenyl ring increase in the direction of the electron-attracting ability of the para substituent. This has been attributed to an increase in the p– conjugation between the lone pair of electrons on the amine nitrogen and the phenyl ring. Variations of ionization potentials and bond orders with the Hammett constant, _p , are examined and straight-line relationships are obtained. The results are correlated with the observed variations in the experimentally measured electrical conductivities of the studied compounds.     

Influence of Meso Substituents on Electronic States of (Oxoferryl)porphyrin pi-Cation Radicals

A series of (oxoferryl)porphyrin pi-cation radicals generated from porphyrins substituted at the meso positions with highly electron-withdrawing aryl groups has been characterized: tetrakis-5,10,15,20-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-, 5-(2-chloro-6-nitrophenyl)-10,15,20-tris(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-, and 5-(2,6-dinitrophenyl)-10,15,20-tris(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrins (porphyrins 1-3, respectively). The physical-chemical properties of the oxidized complexes of 1-3 are compared to those of two (oxoferryl)porphyrin pi-cation radical complexes substituted with electron-releasing aryl groups: tetramesitylporphyrin (TMP) and 2-iodotetramesitylporphyrin (2-iodoTMP). While all of the complexes examined show close correspondance in a number of spectroscopic parameters, some significant differences were observed. In contrast to observations for the oxidized complexes of TMP and 2-iodoTMP, the resonance Raman marker bands nu(2) and nu(11), which are indicators of symmetry state of porphyrin pi-cation radicals of 1-3, do not show the expected downfrequency shifts for oxidation to compound I analogs in a(2u) symmetry states. The upfield hyperfine NMR shifts of the pyrrole beta-proton signals of the compound I analogs of 1-3 are much larger than those for TMP and 2-iodoTMP. These data may be explained by admixture of some a(1u) character into the ground state of radical cations of 1-3, consistent with the hypothesis that electron-withdrawing meso substituents lower the energy of the a(2u) molecular orbital, favoring an a(1u) admixture.     

Effects of Electron Donating Ability of Substituents and Molecular Conjugation on the Electronic Structures of Organic Radicals

The geometries and electronic structures of a series of electron donor-acceptor radical molecules have been studied theoretically. The computational results show that the introduction of substituents with strong electron donating ability into tri-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) methyl(TTM) radicals enables the radical molecules to form the non-Aufbau electronic structure. The difficulty of forming the non-Aufbau electronic structure decreases with the enhancement of the electron donating ability of the substituent, but the expansion of the molecular conjugated system is not conducive to the formation. The hybridization of different fragments in molecular orbitals results in the disproportionation of orbital energy level and forms a staggered energy level structure. The electronic structure of radical molecules can be adjusted by substituents and molecular skeleton profoundly, which is a very effective means for molecular design.     

脯氨酸硫酯自然化学连接反应中的轨道相互作用

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法(M06//B3LYP)对脯氨酸硫酯在自然化学连接(NCL)反应中低反应活性的现象进行了详细的理论研究.通过对脯氨酸和丙氨酸硫酯NCL反应的具体反应路径(Path-Pro和Path-Ala)分别进行计算发现,两个分子的反应路径均先后经历外源硫醇-硫酯交换、硫酯-硫酯交换、分子内S→N酰基化重排三个主要步骤.两者的决速步骤均为第一步骤.其中Path-Pro的总能垒较高,即脯氨酸硫酯的反应活性较低,这与实验结果一致.对两路径的决速步骤进一步考察,发现脯氨酸中αN上的羰基对反应中心羰基的n→π*相互作用使得脯氨酸硫酯的LUMO轨道能量升高,相应羰基C与S(芳基硫醇)原子之间的相互作用较小,从而使得反应能垒升高.