Development of a new conjugated polymer containing dialkoxynaphthalene for efficient polymer solar cells and organic thin film transistors

A new semiconducting polymer, poly((5,5‐E‐α‐((2‐thienyl)methylene)‐2‐thiopheneacetonitrile)‐alt‐2,6‐[(1,5‐didecyloxy)naphthalene])) (PBTADN), an alternating copolymer of 2,3‐bis‐(thiophene‐2‐yl)‐acrylronitrile and didecyloxy naphthalene, is synthesized and used as an active material for organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) and organic solar cells. The incorporation of 2,3‐bis‐(thiophene‐2‐yl)‐acrylronitrile as an electron deficient group and didecyloxy naphthalene as an electron rich group resulted in a relatively low bandgap, high charge carrier mobility, and finally good photovoltaic performances of PBTADN solar cells. Because of the excellent miscibility of PBTADN and PC₇₁BM, as confirmed by Grazing Incident X‐ray Scattering (GIXS) measurements and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), homogeneous film morphology was achieved. The maximum power conversion efficiency of the PBTADN:PC₇₁BM solar cell reached 2.9% with a V_oc of 0.88 V, a short circuit current density (J_sc) of 5.6 mA/cm², and a fill factor of 59.1%. The solution processed thin film transistor with PBTADN revealed a highest saturation mobility of 0.025 cm²/Vs with an on/off ratio of 10⁴. The molecular weight dependence of the morphology, charge carrier mobility, and finally the photovoltaic performances were also studied and it was found that high molecular weight PBTADN has better self assembly characteristics, showing enhanced performance. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Benzotriazole and benzodithiophene containing medium band gap polymer for bulk heterojunction polymer solar cell applications

An alternating donor‐acceptor copolymer based on a benzotriazole and benzodithiophene was synthesized and selenophene was incorporated as π‐bridge. The photovoltaic and optical properties of polymer were studied. The copolymer showed medium band gap and dual absorption peaks in UV‐Vis absorption spectra. Photovoltaic properties of P‐SBTBDT were performed by conventional device structure. The OSC device based on polymer: PC₇₁BM (1:1, w/w) exhibited the best PCE of 3.60% with a V_oc of 0.67 V, a J_sc of 8.95 mA/cm², and a FF of 60%. This finding was supported with morphological data and space charge limited current (SCLC) mobilities. The hole mobility of the copolymer was estimated through SCLC model. Although surface roughness of the active layer is really high, mobility of a polymer was found as 7.46 × 10^?3 cm²/Vs for optimized device that can be attributed to Se?Se interactions due to the larger, more‐polarizable Se atom. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 528–535     

Thienopyrazine or dithiadiazatrindene containing low band gap conjugated polymers for polymer solar cells

Four new low-band-gap alternating copolymers （P-1, P-2, P-3 and P-4） based on electron-rich benzodithiophene and newly developed electron-deficient units, thienopyrazine or dithiadiazatrindene derivatives, were synthesized by Stille polycondensation. All polymers exhibit good solubility in common organic solvents and a broad absorption band in the visible to near-infrared regions. The film optical band gaps of the polymers are in the range of 1.28-2.07 eV and the highest occupied molecular orbital （HOMO） energy levels are in the range of-4.99 eV to -5.28 eV. Bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells （PSCs） of the polymers were fabricated with phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester （PC61BM） as acceptor material, and a power conversion efficiency of 0.80% was realized with P-1 as donor material.     

Low band‐gap D–A conjugated copolymers based on anthradithiophene and diketopyrrolopyrrole for polymer solar cells and field‐effect transistors

Two conjugated copolymers PADT‐DPP and PADT‐FDPP based on anthradithiophene and diketopyrrolopyrrole, with thiophene and furan as the π‐conjugated bridge, respectively, were successfully synthesized and characterized. The number‐averaged molecular weights of the two polymers are 38.7 and 30.2 kg/mol, respectively. Polymers PADT‐DPP and PADT‐FDPP exhibit broad absorption bands and their optical band gaps are 1.44 and 1.50 eV, respectively. The highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of PADT‐DPP is located at ?5.03 eV while that of PADT‐FDPP is at ?5.16 eV. In field‐effect transistors, PADT‐DPP and PADT‐FDPP displayed hole mobilities of 4.7 × 10^?3 and 2.7 × 10^?3 cm²/(V s), respectively. In polymer solar cells, PADT‐DPP and PADT‐FDPP showed power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.44% and 0.29%, respectively. Atomic force microscopy revealed that the poor efficiency of PADT‐FDPP should be related to the large two‐phase separation in its active layer. If 1,8‐diiodooctane (DIO) was used as the solvent additive, the PCE of PADT‐DPP remained almost unchanged due to very limited morphology variation. However, the addition of DIO could remarkably elevate the PCE of PADT‐FDPP to 2.62% because of the greatly improved morphology. Our results suggest that the anthradithiophene as an electron‐donating polycyclic system is useful to construct new D–A alternating copolymers for efficient polymer solar cells. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 1652–1661     

Synthesis and characterization of porphyrin‐based D‐π‐A conjugated polymers for polymer solar cells

Two novel porphyrin‐based D‐A conjugated copolymers, PFTTQP and PBDTTTQP , consisting of accepting quinoxalino[2,3‐b′]porphyrin unit and donating fluorene or benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene unit, were synthesized, respectively via a Pd‐catalyzed Stille‐coupling method. The quinoxalino[2,3‐b′]porphyrin, an edge‐fused porphyrin monomer, was used as a building block of D‐A copolymers, rather than the simple porphyrin unit in conventional porphyrin‐based photovoltaic polymers reported in literature, to enhance the coplanarity and to extend the π‐conjugated system of polymer main chains, and consequently to facilitate the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). The thermal stability, optical, and electrochemical properties as well as the photovoltaic characteristics of the two polymers were systematically investigated. Both the polymers showed high hole mobility, reaching 4.3 × 10^?4 cm² V^?1 s^?1 for PFTTQP and 2.0 × 10^?4 cm² V^?1 s^?1 for PBDTTTQP . Polymer solar cells (PSCs) made from PFTTQP and PBDTTTQP demonstrated power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 2.39% and 1.53%, both of which are among the highest PCE values in the PSCs based on porphyrin‐based conjugated polymers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013     

Photovoltaic properties of the polymer solar cells comprising crosslinked maleimide polymers and fullerene‐derivative PCBM

A series of crosslinkable maleimide conjugated polymers with different vinyl group contents as side‐chain crosslinking sites have been synthesized by the Suzuki coupling reaction. Polymer solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated based on an interpenetrating network of the crosslinkable maleimide polymers as the electron donor, and a fullerene derivative, (6,6)‐phenyl‐C₆₁‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), as the electron acceptor. The crosslinkable maleimide polymers underwent crosslinking reaction at the side‐chain vinyl groups upon the thermal treatment with or without the addition of initiator, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). Better photovoltaic (PV) performances were obtained for the PSCs based on the polymer crosslinking without using initiator, whereas poorer PV performances were observed for the PSCs based on the polymer crosslinking with the AIBN initiator. In addition, higher operational stability was observed for the crosslinked polymer based solar cell as compared to the solar cell based on the un‐crosslinked polymer. The photo‐physical and PV properties of the cross‐linked maleimide polymers/PCBM based PSCs are discussed in detail as the morphology and crosslinking density of the polymers are taken into account. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Copolymers of fluorene and thiophene with conjugated side chain for polymer solar cells: Effect of pendant acceptors

Two copolymers of fluorene and thiophene with conjugated side‐chain pending acceptor end group of cyanoacetate ( P2 ) and malononitrile ( P3 ) were synthesized. Both polymers exhibit good thermal stability and low highest occupied molecular orbital level (?5.5 eV). In comparison with P2 , P3 exhibits stronger UV–vis absorption and higher hole mobility. Polymer solar cells based on P3 :PC₇₁BM exhibits a power conversion efficiency of 1.33% under AM 1.5, 100 mW/cm², which is three times of that based on P2 :PC₇₁BM. The higher efficiency is attributed to better absorption, higher hole mobility, and the reduced phase separation scale in P3 :PC₇₁BM blend. The aggregate domain size in P3 :PC₇₁BM blend is 50 nm, much smaller than that in P2 :PC₇₁BM blend (200 nm). Tiny difference in the end groups on side chains of P2 and P3 leads to great difference in phase separation scale, charge transport, and efficiency of their photovoltaic devices. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Molecular engineering of conjugated polymers for solar cells and field‐effect transistors: Side‐chain versus main‐chain electron acceptors

Two model polymers, containing fluorene as an electron‐donating moiety and benzothiadiazole (BT) as an electron‐accepting moiety, have been synthesized by Suzuki coupling reaction. Both polymers are composed of the same chemical composition, but the BT acceptor can be either at a side‐chain (i.e., S‐polymer) or along the polymer main chain (i.e., M‐polymer). Their optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties, together with the field‐effect transistor (FET) characteristics, have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The FET carrier mobilities were estimated to be 5.20 × 10^?5 and 3.12 × 10^?4 cm² V^?1 s^?1 for the S‐polymer and M‐polymer, respectively. Furthermore, polymeric solar cells (PSCs) with the ITO/PEDOT:PSS/S‐polymer or M‐polymer:PC₇₁BM(1:4)/Al structure were constructed and demonstrated to show a power conversion efficiency of 0.82 and 1.24% for the S‐polymer and M‐polymer, respectively. The observed superior device performances for the M‐polymer in both FET and PSCs are attributable to its relatively low band‐gap and close molecular packing for efficient solar light harvesting and charge transport. This study provides important insights into the design of ideal structure–property relationships for conjugate polymers in FETs and PSCs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

Structure modification and annealing effect of polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells based on polyfluorene derivatives

Three low bandgap polyfluorene copolymers containing a donor–acceptor–donor moiety have been synthesized via Suzuki and Stille polymerization reactions. Their bandgaps and molecular energy levels (highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) varied with different polymerization methods. The molecular weight of the copolymer increased significantly through copolymerizing with a monomer having a long alkyl side chain. In order to investigate their photovoltaic properties, polymer solar cell devices based on the copolymers were fabricated with a structure of indium tin oxide/poly(styrene sulfonic acid)‐doped poly(ethylene dioxythiophene)/copolymers:[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/LiF/Al under the illumination of AM 1.5G, 100 mW/cm². We found that the annealing temperature had a profound effect on the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the devices with a blend of poly[9,9‐didodecylfluorene‐alt‐(bis‐thienylene) benzothiadiazole] (PF12‐TBT) and PCBM. The PCE of the solar cell based on PF12‐TBT/PCBM (1:4) annealing at 70 °C for 20 min was 4.13% with an open‐circuit voltage (V_oc) of 1.02 V, fill factor of 55.9%, and a short‐circuit current (J_sc) of 7.24 mA/cm². © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Crystalline and active additive for optimization morphology and absorption of narrow bandgap polymer solar cells

The morphology of active layer with an interpenetrating network structure and appropriate phase separation is of great significance to improve the photovoltaic performance for polymer solar cells. A highly crystalline small molecule named DPP-TP6 was synthesized and incorporated into the narrow bandgap polymer solar cells to optimize the morphology of PTB7:PC₇₁BM active layer. The DPP-TP6 small molecule was demonstrated to enhance the light absorbance of active layer and play the role of energy cascade to increase the exciton separation and charge transfer. What's more, DPP-TP6 facilitated forming interpenetrating network structure and increasing the phase separation size of ternary blends. These phenomena lead to a higher hole mobility and a more balanced carrier mobility, so as to increase the power conversion efficiency to 7.85% at DPP-TP6 weight ratio of 8 wt %, comparing to the pristine PTB7:PC₇₁BM system of 6.50%. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55, 726–733     

Quinoxaline‐based D‐A conjugated polymers for organic solar cells: Probing the effect of quinoxaline side chains and fluorine substitution on the power conversion efficiency

We describe the successful synthesis of four novel donor‐acceptor (D‐A) type copolymers, referred to as PQxBT , PQxFBT , TQxBT , and TQxFBT . The effects of using a fluorinated bithiophene (FBT) and varying the side‐chain moieties tethered to the quinoxaline (Qx) unit (electron‐withdrawing group in the polymer backbone) on the physical properties and photovoltaic performance were investigated. Specifically, the four polymers were synthesized using either alkoxyphenyl (P) or alkylthiophene (T) units anchored to the quinoxaline in the polymer backbone. The FBT‐bearing polymers, PQxFBT and TQxFBT , displayed more redshifted absorption spectra and higher crystallinity owing to the greater planarity of their polymer backbone as compared to the non‐fluorinated polymers. The TQxFBT copolymer, equipped with both the alkylthiophene side chains and FBT, exhibited face‐on orientation in film state and a well‐mixed nanophase morphology in TQxFBT :PC₇₁BM blend films. The photovoltaic device fabricated from TQxFBT :PC₇₁BM exhibited the highest power conversion efficiency of 4.18%. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 55, 1209–1218     

Thiazolothiazole‐containing polythiophenes with low HOMO level and high hole mobility for polymer solar cells

Two regiochemically defined polythiophenes containing thiazolothiazole acceptor unit were synthesized by palladium(0)‐catalyzed Stille coupling reaction. The thermal, electrochemical, optical, charge transport, and photovoltaic properties of these copolymers were examined. Compared to P1 with head‐to‐head coupling of two middle thiophenes, P2 with head‐to‐tail coupling of two middle thiophenes exhibits 40 nm red shift of absorption spectrum in film and 0.3 eV higher HOMO level. Both polymers exhibit field‐effect hole mobility as high as 0.02 cm² V^?1 s^?1. Polymer solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated based on the blend of the polymers and methanofullerene[6,6]‐phenyl C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC₇₁BM). The PSC based on P1 :PC₇₁BM (1:2, w/w) exhibits a power conversion efficiency of 2.7% under AM 1.5, 100 mW cm^?2, two times of that based on P2 :PC₇₁BM. The higher efficiency is attributed to lower HOMO (?5.6 eV) and smaller phase separation scale in P1 :PC₇₁BM blend. Tiny change in thiophene connection of P1 and P2 lead to great difference in HOMO, phase separation scale, and efficiency of their photovoltaic devices. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

An eco‐friendly water‐soluble fluorene‐based polyelectrolyte as interfacial layer for efficient inverted polymer solar cells

A conjugated polyelectrolyte poly(9,9‐bis(3′‐[(N,N‐dimethyl)‐N‐ethylammonium]‐propyl)‐2,7‐fluorene dibromide) (PFBr) with the feature of environmental friendliness and cheapness was successfully used in polymer solar cells (PSCs) as the cathode interfacial layer (CIL). And we successfully demonstrate that the PFBr can build interfacial dipoles at the CIL/cathode interfaces, leading to reduce cathode work functions and improve open‐circuit voltages, which decrease interfacial energy loss at the cathode. It not only improves the electron transfer efficiency but also inhibits the charge carrier recombination at the contact interface. Impedance spectra revealed that the optimal device with the smallest charge transport time constant of 2.83 microseconds was achieved under the concentration of 2 mg mL⁻¹ of PFBr, which suggests efficient electron transport on the interface between the organic active layer and the indium tin oxide cathode. Moreover, as a consequence, the power conversion efficiency of the PSCs increases to 3.83% (with PFBr as CIL) from 1.89% (without any CIL), based on the poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and [6,6]‐phenyl C₆₁‐butyric acid methyl ester bulk heterojunction active layer. Therefore, our observation can demonstrate PFBr is a prospective candidate as CIL for constructing low‐cost, large‐area, and flexible PSCs.     

Imide‐functionalized naphthodithiophene based donor‐acceptor conjugated polymers for solar cells

Donor‐acceptor conjugated polymers containing a new imide‐functionalized naphthodithiophene (INDT) as the acceptor unit and a 2,2'‐bithiophene with varied substituents as the donor unit have been synthesized. The bandgaps of these polymers depend strongly on the dihedral angle of the 2,2'‐bithiophene unit. The 3,3'‐dialkoxy substitution (polymers PDOR / PBOR ) leads to near planar bithiophene conformation due to the well‐known S–O short contact, while the 3,3'‐dialkyl substitution (polymer PDR ) results in significant twisting due to the steric effect. Consequently PDOR / PBOR shows the lowest bandgap of 1.82/1.85 eV while PDR has a bandgap of 2.38 eV. Bulk‐heterojunction solar cells of the polymer/fullerene blends have been fabricated. Preliminary results show that PBOR gives the best device performance with power conversion efficiencies as high as 2.45% in air without any thermal annealing treatment, indicating the promising potential of INDT‐containing conjugated polymers for efficient solar cells. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013 , 51, 3818–3828     

Silafluorene‐based polymers for electrochromic and polymer solar cell applications

In this study, four novel silafluorene (SiF) and benzotriazole (Btz) bearing conjugated polymers are synthesized. In the context of electrochemical and optical studies, these polymers are promising materials both for electrochromic device (ECD) and polymer solar cell (PSC) applications. All of the polymers are ambipolar (both p‐ and n‐dopable) and multichromic. Electrochemistry experiments indicate that incorporation of selenophene instead of thiophene unit increases the HOMO energy level of the polymers. Power conversion efficiency of the PSCs reached 1.75% for PTBTSiF, 1.55% for PSBSSiF, 2.57% for PBTBTSiF, and 1.82% for PBSBSSiF. The hole mobilities of the polymers are estimated through space charge limited current (SCLC) model. PBTBTSiF has the highest hole mobility as 2.44 × 10^?3 cm² V s^?1. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 1541–1547     

Two-dimensional like conjugated copolymers for high efficiency bulk-heterojunction solar cell application:Band gap and energy level engineering

Three two-dimensional like conjugated copolymers PFSDCN,PFSDTA and PFSDCNIO,which consist of alternating fluorene and triphenylamine main chain,and different pendant acceptor groups (malononitrile,1,3-diethtyl-2-thiobarbituric acid and 2-(1,2-dihydro-1-oxoinden-3-ylidene)malononitrile) with thiophene as π-bridge,have been designed,synthesized and characterized.The structure-property relationships of the two-dimensional like conjugated copolymers were systematically investigated.The absorption spectra,band g...     

Syntheses and characterization of carbazole based new low‐band gap copolymers containing highly soluble benzimidazole derivatives for solar cell application

Newly designed 2H‐benzimidazole derivatives which have solubility groups at 2‐position have been synthesized and incorporated into two highly soluble carbazole based alternating copolymers, poly[2,7‐(9‐(1′‐octylnonyl)‐9H‐carbazole)‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di(thien‐2‐yl)‐2H‐benzimidazole‐2′‐spirocyclohexane)] (PCDTCHBI) and poly[2,7‐(9‐(1′‐octylnonyl)‐9H‐carbazole)‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di(thien‐2‐yl)‐2H‐benzimidazole‐2′‐spiro‐4′′‐((2′′′‐ethylhexyl)oxy)‐cyclohexane)] (PCDTEHOCHBI) for photovoltaic application. These alternating copolymers show low‐band gap properties caused by internal charge transfer from an electron‐rich unit to an electron‐deficient moiety. HOMO and LUMO levels are –5.53 and –3.86 eV for PCDTCHBI, and –5.49 and –3.84 eV for PCDTEHOCHBI, respectively. Optical band gaps of PCDTCHBI and PCDTEHOCHBI are 1.67 and 1.65 eV, respectively. The new carbazole based the 2H‐benzimidazole polymers show 0.11–0.13 eV lower values of band gaps as compared to that of carbazole based benzothiadiazole polymer, poly[N‐9′‐heptadecanyl‐2,7‐carbazole‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐2′,1′,3′‐benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT), while keeping nearly the same deep HOMO levels. The power conversion efficiencies of PCDTCHBI and PCDTEHOCHBI blended with [6,6]phenyl‐C₇₁‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC₇₁BM) are 1.03 and 1.15%, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Synthesis and properties of mono‐ and di‐fluoro‐substituted 2,3‐didodecylquinoxaline‐based polymers for polymer solar cells

We synthesized two new alternating polymers, namely P(Tt‐FQx) and P(Tt‐DFQx) , incorporating electron rich tri‐thiophene and electron deficient 6‐fluoroquinoxaline or 6,7‐difluoroquinoxaline derivatives. Both polymers P(Tt‐FQx) and P(Tt‐DFQx) exhibited high thermal stabilities and the estimated 5% weight loss temperatures are 425 and 460 °C, respectively. Polymers P(Tt‐FQx) and P(Tt‐DFQx) displayed intense absorption band between 450 and 700 nm with an optical band gap (E_g) of 1.78 and 1.80 eV, respectively. The determined highest occupied/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital's (HOMO/LUMO) of P(Tt‐DFQx) (?5.48 eV/?3.68 eV) are slightly deeper than those of P(Tt‐FQx) ( ?5.32 eV/?3.54 eV). The polymer solar cells fabricated with a device structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/ P(Tt‐FQx) or P(Tt‐DFQx) :PC₇₀BM (1:1.5 wt %) + 3 vol % DIO/Al offered a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.65% with an open‐circuit voltage (V_oc) of 0.59 V, a short‐circuit current (J_sc) of 10.65 mA/cm² and fill factor (FF) of 59% for P(Tt‐FQx) ‐based device and a PCE of 4.36% with an V_oc of 0.69 V, a J_sc of 9.92 mA/cm², and FF of 63% for P(Tt‐DFQx) ‐based device. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019 , 57, 545–552     

Comparison of two types of vertically aligned ZnO NRs for highly efficient polymer solar cells

Vertically aligned ZnO nanorods (NR) are prepared by two different syntheses methods and applied on polymer solar cells (PSCs). The ZnO electrodes work as the electron transport layer with the P3HT:PCBM blend acting as the active material. Several organic blend solution conditions are optimized: concentration, solvent, and deposition speed. The effect of different NR electrode morphologies is analyzed on the solar cell performance and characterized by current–voltage curves and IPCE analyses. The photovoltaic performance of the solar cells was observed to be influenced by many factors, among them infiltration of the organic P3HT:PCBM blend within the ZnO NR layer. The infiltration of the active layer was monitored by cross section SEM and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses. Our results show that higher power conversion efficiencies are achieved when shorter NRs lengths are applied. The best power conversion efficiency obtained was 2.0% for a 400 nm ZnO NR electrode. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013