激光雷达回波信号的蒙特卡罗模拟研究:I.均匀薄雾的多重散射强度分布(英文)

本文简要报道了激光雷达回波信号及多重散射强度分布的蒙特卡罗模拟计算结果。激光雷达系统采用共轴设计 ,计算中采用具有一定厚度、均匀分布的球形薄雾粒子来模拟大气环境 ,研究了粒子尺寸对回波信号的影响 ,获得了不同粒子半径、不同接受视场角条件下多重散射信号强度分布的经验公式。以上两套经验公式具有良好的校正系数 ,可以直接用于激光雷达系统设计中多重散射效应的研究 ,节省大量的模拟计算时间 ,提高设计效率     

激光雷达回波信号的蒙特卡罗模拟研究:Ⅰ.均匀薄雾的多重散射强度分布

本文简要报道了激光雷达回波信号及多重散射强度分布的蒙特卡罗模拟计算结果。激光雷达系统采用共轴设计,计算中采用具有一定厚度、均匀分布的球形薄雾粒子来模拟大气环境,研究了粒子尺寸对回波信号的影响,获得了不同粒子半径、不同接受视场角条件下多重散射信号强度分布的经验公式。以上两套经验公式具有良好的校正系数,可以直接用于激光雷达系统设计中多重散射效应的研究,节省大量的模拟计算时间,提高设计效率。     

Analytical solution to LIDAR return signals from clouds with regard to multiple scattering

An analytical approach to LIDAR return signal calculation with regard to multiple scattering is suggested. Two versions of the method are developed. The first one is completely analytical and undispensible for qualitative studies. The second semianalytical approach provides a sufficient accuracy up to a sounding optical depth about 5. Being somewhat more tedious than the proposed analytical solution, the second approach appears to be time saving in comparison with known methods.     

A method based on iterative morphological filtering and multiple scattering for detecting layer boundaries and extinction coefficients with LIDAR

Layer boundaries detection with LIDAR is of great significance for the meteorological and environmental research. Apart from the background noise, multiple scattering can also seriously affect the detection results in LIDAR signal processing. To alleviate these issues, a novel approach was proposed based upon morphological filtering and multiple scattering correction with multiple iterations, which essentially acts as a weighted algorithm with multiple scattering factors in different filtering scales, and applies integral extinction coefficients as media to perform correction. Simulations on artificial signals and real LIDAR signals support this approach.     

Current state-of-the-art of LIDAR inversion methods for atmospheres of arbitrary optical density

It is the intention of this paper to report on the currently used methods to solve the different LIDAR signal inversion problems for molecular atmospheres, aerosols and clouds. Apart from more traditional approaches, we shall present a recent one using multiple scattering effects rather than avoiding them, which is useful especially for dense clouds.     

LIDAR multiple scattering from clouds

Multiple-scattering LIDAR return calculations obtained by seven different models for the same specified numerical experiment are compared. This work results from an international joint effort stimulated by the workshop group called MUSCLE for MUltiple SCattering Lidar Experiments. The models include approximations to the radiative-transfer theory, Monte-Carlo calculations, a stochastic model of the process of multiple scattering, and an extension of Mie theory for particles illuminated by direct and scattered light. The model solutions are similar in form but differ by up to a factor of 5 in the strength of the multiple-scattering contributions. Various reasons for the observed differences are explored and their practical significance is discussed.     

Description of a Doppler rayleigh LIDAR for measuring winds in the middle atmosphere

The possibility to measure winds in the middle atmosphere with a Doppler LIDAR was demonstrated in 1989. It has been used since then to study the wave-mean flow interaction, in association with the Rayleigh LIDAR providing density and temperature and their fluctuations. The Doppler LIDAR relies on Rayleigh scattering from air molecules and was originally designed to cover the height range 25–60 km, a region where radars cannot operate. The Doppler shift of the backscattered echo is measured by inter-comparing the signal detected through each of two narrow band-passes of a single dual Fabry-Perot interferometer tuned to either side of the emitted laser line. Its extension to lower altitudes where Mie scattering is present is under study.     

Deconvolution filtering of ground-based LIDAR returns from tropospheric aerosols

A deconvolution filtering model of multiple scattering in ground-based single field of view (SFOV) LIDAR returns is described. It is based on time series deconvolution techniques. The contribution of multiply scattered photons in SFOV LIDAR returns can be numerically modeled by processing LIDAR signals without additional information about aerosol properties and measurement geometry. Deconvolution results are in good agreement with those performed by Monte Carlo calculations, showing that the significance of multiply scattered photons is strongly correlated with aerosol concentration. It is found that, for ground-based LIDAR, the contribution of multiply scattered photons to LIDAR signals is typically below 5% in a clear urban atmosphere, and up to 14% in a very dirty urban atmosphere in Hong Kong during winter seasons. Received: 8 October 2002 / Revised version: 29 January 2003 / Published online: 22 May 2003 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +81-298/51-8229, E-mail: gao@proteo.gr.jp RID="**" ID="**"Present address: Preteomics Lab., Amakubo 1-16-1, Tsukuba 305-0005, Japan     

Demonstration of a spatial-spectral holographic LIDAR range-Doppler processor

We present a new approach to laser interferometric Doppler and ranging (LIDAR) processing using spatial-spectral holography (SSH). In this approach, broadband optical signals from a random noise or frequency-modulated laser are transmitted and reflected off remote targets. The return signals interfere spatially and spectrally with a local copy of the original transmit signal in an SSH medium, resulting in spectral gratings that have a spectral period inversely proportional to the LIDAR target's range and a position proportional to the target's Doppler (or velocity). These gratings are subsequently read out by a slowly chirped source onto a parallel detector array, and the velocity and range of the targets are inferred. We present the theoretical framework that describes the function of the LIDAR processor, as well as proof-of-concept experimental results.     

布里渊散射及其在激光雷达中的应用

在简要介绍布里渊散射的基本性质的基础上,重点介绍了布里渊散射在激光雷达中的应用。主要分析了布里渊散射在水中声速测量、粘滞系数的测量和水中目标探测方面的原理和技术实现。     

Gas analysis within remote porous targets using LIDAR multi-scatter techniques

Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) experiments are normally pursued for range resolved atmospheric gas measurements or for analysis of solid target surfaces using fluorescence of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. In contrast, we now demonstrate the monitoring of free gas enclosed in pores of materials, subject to impinging laser radiation, employing the photons emerging back to the surface laterally of the injection point after penetrating the medium in heavy multiple scattering processes. The directly reflected light is blocked by a beam stop. The technique presented is a remote version of the newly introduced gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy (GASMAS) technique, which so far was pursued with the injection optics and the detector in close contact with the sample. Feasibility measurements of LIDAR-GASMAS on oxygen in polystyrene foam were performed at a distance of 6 m. Multiple-scattering induced delays of the order of 50 ns, which corresponds to 15 m optical path length, were observed. First extensions to a range of 60 m are discussed. Remote observation of gas composition anomalies in snow using differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL) may find application in avalanche victim localization or for leak detection in snow-covered natural gas pipelines. Further, the techniques may be even more useful for short-range, non-intrusive GASMAS measurements, e.g., on packed food products.     

Monte-Carlo calculations of LIDAR returns: Procedure and results

The procedure of the Florence group for calculation of LIDAR return from clouds is briefly outlined. The results of the particular case chosen for a comparison with other groups are presented.     

Eye-safe compact scanning LIDAR technology

A 1.5-μm eye-safe, 3-D scanning, and compact Mie LIght Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) is presented. The transmitter of the LIDAR is based on a KTA optical parameter oscillator (OPO) resonator. For detecting return signals, an InGaAs APD is used. The all solid-state OPO laser transmitter has the feature of small volume and lightweight, which allows a 165-lb compact eye-safe scanning LIDAR to be constructed. A system simulation using our own model was conducted to direct the system development. A method to solve the problem with small active area APD detectors was developed and described. The preliminary field-test measurement results indicated that the LIDAR has the capability to detect aerosols and clouds in lower atmospheres up to three dimensions.     

SN方法粒子输运计算程序自动建模关键技术问题研究

在充分调研和分析SN方法粒子输运计算程序自动建模方法的基础上，对建模过程中的模型文件格式识别、属性编辑、空腔处理及自动划分离散网格等关键技术问题进行了研究，并提出了合理可行的解决方法。通过对SNAM程序建模部分功能测试，验证了这些方法的正确性和有效性。This paper presents two approaches to enhance the geometry modeling ability of SN particle transport simulation codes and focus on the key issues that lie in the processing from CAD model to SN code geometry model, e.g. CAD file format support, void modeling, mesh generation and model-editing. SNAM （SN Automatic Modeling system） has been developed as an interface code between commercial CAD software and SN particle transport simmulation codes. The testing results have shown that the algorithm and implementation used in SNAM are efficient and capable of all the necessary processing from CAD model to SN geometry model.     

Measurement and modeling of the acoustic field near an underwater vehicle and implications for acoustic source localization

The performance of traditional techniques of passive localization in ocean acoustics such as time-of-arrival (phase differences) and amplitude ratios measured by multiple receivers may be degraded when the receivers are placed on an underwater vehicle due to effects of scattering. However, knowledge of the interference pattern caused by scattering provides a potential enhancement to traditional source localization techniques. Results based on a study using data from a multi-element receiving array mounted on the inner shroud of an autonomous underwater vehicle show that scattering causes the localization ambiguities (side lobes) to decrease in overall level and to move closer to the true source location, thereby improving localization performance, for signals in the frequency band 2-8 kHz. These measurements are compared with numerical modeling results from a two-dimensional time domain finite difference scheme for scattering from two fluid-loaded cylindrical shells. Measured and numerically modeled results are presented for multiple source aspect angles and frequencies. Matched field processing techniques quantify the source localization capabilities for both measurements and numerical modeling output.     

Comparison of EMT and MST approaches in studying linear acoustics in bubbly liquid

Two kinds of approaches have been used in literature to study the linear acoustics in a liquid-bubble mixture: The effective medium theory approach and the multiple scattering theory approach. Theoretical comparisons of mathematical formulations and intrinsic relations between these two approaches are given in this paper and show their consistency in dealing with the linear acoustics in bubbly liquids. Possible applications of these two methods are also generally discussed.     

A new family of two-dimensional codes for optical CDMA systems

The design of a new family of two-dimensional single pulse per column codes for optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) networks is reported. The 1-D modified pseudo-noise codes have been known to be orthogonal and their generation and system design based on these codes is rather simple. But their performance is limited due to the bandwidth constraints if the code length increases. Hence, using these 1-D modified pseudo-noise codes, modified 2-D pseudo-noise matrix codes (MPMCs) are generated. The system performance is evaluated for two, three and four simultaneous users using the link with all the sources responsible for degradation included: attenuation, chromatic dispersion, non-linear refractive effects, non-linear scattering and four-wave mixing. The effect of the non-linear and lossy dispersive medium over the system performance is shown by plotting the BER with respect to the link length for the systems designed using encoders/decoders base on 1-D modified pseudo-noise codes and our MPMCs. The performance is compared for the two types of codes by finding the crosstalk due to interfering users simultaneously operating in the network.     

Algorithm for polarimetry data inversion,consistent with other measuring techniques in tokamak plasma

New procedure for plasma polarimetry data inversion is suggested, which fits two parameter knowledge-based plasma model to the measured parameters (azimuthal and ellipticity angles) of the polarization ellipse. The knowledge-based model is supposed to use the magnetic field and electron density profiles, obtained from magnetic measurements and LIDAR data on the Thomson scattering. In distinction to traditional polarimetry, polarization evolution along the ray is determined on the basis of angular variables technique (AVT). The paper contains a few examples of numerical solutions of these equations, which are applicable in conditions, when Faraday and Cotton-Mouton effects are simultaneously strong.