变革型纳米光子学

光纤和电荷耦合照相机的革命性发明获得了2009年诺贝尔物理学奖,揭示了光子学的科学影响力。光子学,以光子为研究和应用的载体,已经对我们的日常生活和全球经济产生了深刻变革,使人们走向可持续的未来。纳米光子学,即纳米尺度的光科学与技术,是光子学中新兴的前沿领域。纳米光子学致力于信息技术、绿色能源、癌症的早期检测、细胞工程和水资源净化等方面的研究,为我们的社会提供更好的环境和更加健康的生活。介绍了澳大利亚斯威本科技大学微光子学中心近年来在纳米光子学领域中的研究进展,包括五维光学数据存储、非线性光学内窥成像和纳米等离子体太阳能电池等内容。     

未来十年纳米光子学若干重点发展领域

纳米光子学已经对人们的日常生活产生了重要影响,并且纳米光子学器件产品有强大的市场需求,因此其研究结果可以很快转化为商品。文章介绍了在未来5到10年内对光子工业有重大影响并且有望进入商品市场的11个纳米光子学领域,其中包括:纳米尺度量子光子学、全光路由、用于增强磁存储的表面等离子体光子学、用于诊断治疗和药物输送纳米光子学、纳米成像、分子尺度上的化学与生物传感器、纳米标签、纳米尺度上操控光场的分布(光伏器件和LED/OLED)、原型试制的新技术、量身定制光学特性的纳米光子材料以及太赫兹技术等,希望文章能对中国的纳米光子学研究及其工业化应用有一定帮助。     

基于DNA自组装的金属纳米结构制备及相关纳米光子学研究

纳米光子学是研究光在纳米尺度下的行为以及光和纳米材料相互作用的一门科学.金属纳米材料凭借其独特的表面等离子体效应,可以在衍射极限以下对光进行传递和聚焦,因而是纳米光子学研究的重点.大量研究表明,通过调控金属纳米材料的形貌和成分可以控制表面等离子体的性质,从而对光进行可控调节.近年来,随着DNA纳米技术的发展,又为纳米光子学的发展带来了新的机遇.首先,人们发现不同的DNA序列可以调控金属纳米颗粒的成长,从而影响金属纳米颗粒的形貌和成分.此外,利用DNA自组装技术,可以将金属纳米颗粒组装成为有序可控的纳米结构.因此,基于DNA的纳米光子学研究近年来发展十分迅速.在此背景下,本文对相关研究进行归纳与总结,以期吸引更多研究人员的关注,推动该领域的进一步发展.本文首先介绍了金属纳米结构基于表面等离体实现突破光学衍射极限的原理,然后按照DNA对金属纳米结构的形貌或成分影响方式的不同分成若干部分,对基于DNA的纳米光子学做了系统的综述,最后展望了未来可能的发展方向.     

“微纳光子学”专题导读

<正>随着电子器件小型化需求的不断提升,微电子技术的发展受到限制。相对而言,微纳尺度上光学现象及微纳光电子器件的研究起步较晚,但随着光子学与微纳加工技术的发展,微纳光子学逐渐兴起且受到越来越多的关注。微纳光子学主要研究在微纳尺度下光与物质相互作用的规律及其在光的产生、传输、调控、探测和传感等方面的应用,包括微纳光子学理论、微纳光纤及纳米光波导、光学微腔及应用、硅基光子学、微纳光子学器件等。     

从电动力学到量子电动力学：纳米光电子器件

纳米尺度下的光电器件的研制与米、毫米、微米尺度下电子器件或光学器件的研制在基本原理与制造技术上有本质的不同。必须采用量子电动力学和介观物理作为基本原理。在量子电动力学中,光子与电子可以相互转化,光子也可以储存在“空腔”中。光一电转换或光一电一光的转换甚至可以在远小于一个光波的尺度内实现（如100nm以下）。基于大量最新现象发现的启示与推动,产生了一种全新的光予技术：纳米光子技术。在这种全新的纳光子技术中,人们将光子电子的输运与转化联合起来进行考虑,非线性光学获得了长足的发展。微电子技术和概念被大量地推广应用于纳光子技术开发。创新型元件如集成激光器、30dB光放大器、效率为30％的1．55μm滤波器等层出不穷地涌现。纳米技术的研发为信息储存、输运和处理开辟了新的天地。进入21世纪,纳米光子技术研究日新月异。在摩尔经验规律的指导下,不断发展的微电子工业的制造精度已进入100nm领域。大规模应用纳米电子、纳米光子技术的时代已经来临。一些新型的光通讯线路已开始应用纳米光子器件。对公众而言,用于照明的LED只是一个应用实例。报告将结合法国国家纳米研究平台的研发成果来阐述纳米光子学的原理和纳米光子器件发展的趋势。     

纳米光子学中的光学涡旋（英文）

在过去的二十年中,携带轨道角动量的涡旋光引起了研究人员的广泛兴趣。涡旋光不仅在光与物质相互作用中扮演着重要角色,而且可极大拓宽光学信息的承载容量。与此同时,纳米科技的发展使得纳米光子学成为一个新兴学科,开辟了利用纳米结构和器件对光进行调控的新途径。当纳米技术和涡旋光相结合时,衍生出许多新的思路和概念。本文回顾和总结了基于纳米光子学的涡旋光产生、探测及其应用,并对该研究领域的未来进行了展望。     

光学总论 其他

O43 2006064816纳米光子学综述=Review of nanophotonics[刊,中]/余雷(安徽大学物理与材料科学学院．安徽,合肥(230039))//量子电子学报．-2006,23(3)．-374-378纳米技术与近场光学的相互结合导致了高科技领域纳米光子学这一新学科的出现。近场光学探针和近场光学显微镜作为研究手段,使纳米光子学的研究有了可行     

半导体纳米激光

半导体纳米激光的研究是目前纳米技术（或纳米光子学）和半导体激光交汇产生的研究前沿。本文将综述这一领域最近一些最激动人心的进展。我们将集中讨论两种半导体纳米结构的纳米激光：自下而上生长而成的纳米线和自上而下刻蚀制成的纳米柱状结构。本文将综述这些纳米激光器的特殊特征,特别是利用表面等离子效应而成制成的金属{半导体等离子体激光,即目前世界上最小激光器的最新进展。由于这些纳米激光器的微小的尺寸以及对光在空间限制增强,我们必须重新检验半导体激光器中某些熟悉的概念在纳米尺度上的正确性和含义,例如模式增益和光限制因子（CF）的概念。本文将从统一的观点解释光限制因子在电介质和等离子体纳米激光器中的某些似乎反常的行为。在本文的通篇论述中,我们将尝试回答究竟激光器的尺寸能够小到什么程度,或者激光器的尺寸是否存在一个最小极限等基本问题。     

纳米技术在医疗上的应用

正纳米技术是指在0.1～100 nm三维尺度范围内加工制造,使相应的材料或者系统获得新的性质和功能。基于现代物理学、化学、生命科学等学科的革新以及与其他前沿工程技术结合,纳米技术得到迅速发展,并与其他学科不断交叉和渗透,逐渐形成了一门基于纳米材料的多学科交叉的科学技术。经过几十年的快速发展,涌现出大量的相关新兴研究领域,例如纳米医学、纳米材料学及纳米制造技术等等。目前,纳米技术展现出非常高的活力和发展潜力。     

稀土纳米晶的上转换发光调控研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

近年来,将近红外光转换为短波长的可见或近红外光的稀土纳米晶上转换发光研究吸引了生物成像、纳米温度传感、太阳能电池等领域研究者的广泛关注。面向多领域的应用需求,稀土纳米晶上转换发光需提高其发光强度、发光波长以及激发波长的选择性。本文综述了纳米尺度上,通过组成、结构以及核壳结构的设计,在理解上转换发光过程的能量传递路径和上转换发光过程的基础上,提高对上转换发光的颜色、各跃迁的比例以及发光强度、发光寿命等调控的研究进展。此外,还关注了纳米晶与贵金属表面电场、表面有机分子以及环境温度的耦合在提高辐射跃迁几率、减少无辐射能量损失等方面提高其上转换发光强度的研究发展趋势。     

Metamaterial-based frustum of cones array nanostructure for efficient absorber in the solar spectral band

Solar spectrum absorbing and harvesting are important for the utilization of solar energy. In this paper, we propose a metamaterial-based frustum of cones array solar energy absorber which appears an average absorptivity of 0.98 in the entire spectrum (i.e., 0.2–2.5 μm) with independent of the incoming light polarization state as well as the wide incident angle of as large as 50°. The efficient light harvesting property can be explained as the synergistic effect of the slow light mode, localized surface plasmon resonant effect and absorption induced by interband transition.     

Semiconductor nanowires for photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical energy conversion

Semiconductor nanowires （NW） possess several beneficial properties for efficient conversion of solar energy into electricity and chemical energy. Due to their efficient absorption of light, short distances for minority carriers to travel, high surface-to-volume ratios, and the availability of scalable synthesis methods, they provide a pathway to address the low cost-to-power requirements for widescale adaptation of solar energy conversion technologies. Here we highlight recent progress in our group towards implementation of NW components as photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical energy conversion devices. An emphasis is placed on the unique properties of these one-dimensional （1D） structures, which enable the use of abundant, low-cost materials and improved energy conversion efficiency compared to bulk devices.     

Bulk solar grade silicon: how chemistry and physics play to get a benevolent microstructured material

The availability of low-cost alternatives to electronic grade silicon has been and still is the condition for the extensive use of photovoltaics as an efficient sun harvesting system. The first step towards this objective was positively carried out in the 1980s and resulted in the reduction in cost and energy of the growth process using as feedstock electronic grade scraps and a variety of solidification procedures, all of which deliver a multi-crystalline material of high photovoltaic quality. The second step was an intense R&D activity aiming at defining and developing at lab scale a new variety of silicon, called “solar grade” silicon, which should fulfil the requirement of both cost effectiveness and high conversion efficiency. The third step involved and still involves the development of cost-effective technologies for the manufacture of solar grade silicon, in alternative to the classical Siemens route, which relays, as is well-known, to the pyrolitic decomposition of high-purity trichlorosilane and which is, also in its more advanced versions, extremely energy intensive. Aim of this paper is to give the author’s viewpoint about some open questions concerning bulk solar silicon for PV applications and about challenges and chances of novel feedstocks of direct metallurgical origin.     

弹性支撑双稳压电悬臂梁振动响应及能量采集研究

在分析了常规刚性支撑非线性能量采集系统的研究基础上,提出外部磁铁弹性支撑的结构设想,保证系统在低强度激励条件下也能处于双稳态振荡,提高机电能量转换效率.研究表明,对于强度变化的随机激励历程,弹性支撑非线性能量采集系统不需要实时调整磁铁间距,能够更好地迎合强度时刻变化的随机激励源,实现高效的机电能量转换.     

Characterization techniques of sandwich-type TiO2/QD composites for low-cost quantum dots' solar cell

There is a high impact of the solar cells on energy manufacturing. For several years the energy efficiency was limited due to base-materials' structural and technological limits. High increase of energy harvesting of solar cells has been observed since the first solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO₂ films occurred. One of the most promising solutions are used quantum dots (QD) for light energy conversion. In this paper, we described the use of selected characterization techniques for sandwich-type TiO₂/QD composites for a low-cost quantum dots' solar cell in the point of view of mass manufacturer of solar cells and research and development laboratory. Moreover, the increasing role of Raman spectroscopy and mapping for the TiO₂/QD was presented and compared with other necessity techniques for solar cell investigations such as ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).     

太阳能光伏/光热化学利用系统

本文研究了一种基于光谱分频的太阳能光伏/光热化学耦合利用系统。在该系统中,全光谱的太阳能按照波长不同被区分利用。适合光伏电池利用的太阳能被分配给光伏电池进行光伏转换,其它波段的太阳能则转化为热能驱动甲醇裂解反应产生合成气。实验结果表明在太阳辐照强度为712.8 W/㎡,甲醇流量为2.7 kg/h时,系统效率达到31.18%。系统实现了低品位的太阳能向高品位的电能和化学能的转换,为研究太阳能的全光谱高效利用提供了新的思路。     

Extending absorption of near-infrared wavelength range for high efficiency CIGS solar cell via adjusting energy band

The efficient photon harvesting in near infrared wavelength range is still a challenging problem for high performance Cu(In_1-x, Ga_x)Se₂ (CIGS) solar cell. Herein, adjusting the energy band distribution of CIGS solar cell could provide significant academic guidance for devices with superior output electric power. To understand the role of each functional layer, the optimal 3000 nm CIGS absorber layer with 1.3 eV bandgap and 30 nm CdS buffer layer were firstly obtained via simulating the uniform band-gap structures. By introducing CIGS absorber layer with a double grading Ga/(Ga+In) profile, the power conversion efficiency of the double gradient band gap cell is superior to that of uniform band-gap cell through extending absorption of near-infrared wavelength range. Upon optimization, the best power conversion efficiency of CIGS with a double gradient band gap solar cell is improved significantly to 24.90%, among the best values reported in literatures, which is an 8.17% relative increase compared with that of the uniform band-gap cell. Our findings provide a theoretical guide toward the design of high performance solar cells and enrich the understandings of the energy band engineering for developing of novel semiconductor devices.     

Resonance energy transfer: Beyond the limits

In pursuit of a better understanding of how electronic excitation migrates within complex structures, the concept of resonance energy transfer is being extended and deployed in a wide range of applications. Utilizing knowledge of the quantum interactions that operate in natural photosynthetic systems, wide‐ranging molecular and solid‐state materials are explored in the cause of more efficient solar energy harvesting, while advances in theory are paving the way for the development and application of fundamentally new mechanisms. In this review, an introduction to the underlying processes that cause singlet‐singlet and triplet‐triplet energy transfer leads into a discussion of how a new conception of these fundamental processes has emerged over recent years. Illustrative examples relevant to laser science and photonics are described, including photosynthetic light‐harvesting, light‐activated sensors, processes of cooperative and accretive energy pooling and quantum cutting in rare earth‐doped crystals, and incoherent triplet‐triplet energy upconversion in molecular solutions.     

高效率钙钛矿太阳电池发展中的关键问题

钙钛矿太阳电池的迅速发展为解决未来能源问题带来一线曙光. 但是, 钙钛矿太阳电池在高效率电池器件的可重现性、稳定性以及性能评估等方面还面临着很多问题, 严重制约其今后的发展. 本文综述了钙钛矿太阳电池面世以来发生的重要进展, 以及存在的几个关键性问题. 从器件基本结构和基本工作原理出发, 本文重点讨论了光吸收层的光谱和形貌等性质对器件性能和可重现性的影响, 阐明了电子传输层和空穴阻隔层的重要作用, 论述了空穴传输层的相关进展以及其对器件稳定性的影响. 通过对以上关键问题的讨论和总结, 本文对钙钛矿太阳电池未来的研究发展进行了展望.     

Novel trends in improvement of solar cell characteristics

Faced with an alarming increase of energy consumption on one side, and very limiting amounts of available conventional energy sources on the other, scientists have turned to the most promising renewable energy sources. Possibilities for the application of solar systems based on photovoltaic (PV) conversion of solar energy are widespread, primarily because of their relatively low cost and the very important fact that solar energy is the most acceptable source of electrical energy from an environmental point of view. Recently, increased investments in the development of PV technology have been observed worldwide. However, as with every other energy source, PV technology also has some limitations and disadvantages, primarily connected to its low efficiency. There are several trends in the development of solar cells, but the two main directions are the improvement of the conventional solar cell characteristics based on semiconductor materials, and exploring the possibilities of using new materials. The aim of this paper is to present some different approaches for the improvement of solar cells.