基于NPLS技术的可压缩湍流机理实验研究新进展

可压缩湍流机理的实验研究是一件难度很大的工作, 其主要的难度在于高时空分辨率的可压缩湍流结构非接触精细测试技术和低噪声的高速风洞设备技术. 近几年来, 由于在低噪声的超声速、高超声速风洞研究和可压缩流动精细结构测量技术研究方面取得的重要进展及其在可压缩湍流机理研究方面的应用, 超声速流动转捩与湍流的机理研究取得了较大的进展. 本文介绍了最近几年高速流动非接触精细测试技术, 尤其是基于纳米粒子的平面激光散射技术(nano-tracer planar laser scattering, NPLS)、背景导向纹影技术(background oriented schlieren, BOS) 和超声速流场的粒子图像测速技术(particle image velocimetry, PIV)的研究进展和发展前景, 以及基于这些技术, 在可压缩湍流机理实验研究方面的进展和发展前景, 其中包括在超声速混合层转捩、超声速绕流与尾流结构、超声速边界层转捩、激波边界层干扰等典型流场的机理研究方面, 以及气动光学机理研究方面的研究进展. 最后, 展望了目前湍流机理实验研究对湍流工程模型研究的可能贡献.      

激波风洞内超燃冲压发动机三面压缩进气道流场实验观测

主要进行了超燃冲压发动机三面压缩进气道的实验观测。利用来流马赫数4.5的直通式激波风洞,考察了三组具有不同压缩角度的进气道模型内部的流场情况。实验观测手段为油流法、丝线法和高速纹影,同时,辅以数值模拟以有助于流场细节分析。纹影照片展示了进气道内部以激波边界层相互作用为主要影响因素的流场复杂结构,数值模拟也显示了相近的结果。油流技术与丝线法显示了近壁面处的流动图像,照片中可见激波、分离线、再附线等分界线位置。根据实验结果,可以推测唇口激波与进气道内边界层的相互作用及其引起的壁面分离是影响进气道内流动的主要因素。同时,尝试了利用抽吸方法减弱激波与边界层相互作用诱发的壁面流动分离,并取得一定结果。     

高超声速流场激光测速技术研究进展

高超声速气流条件下飞行器内/外部流动中存在强湍流及脉动、边界层转捩、激波-边界层干扰和高温真实气体效应等耦合效应,表征该非定常流动现象对飞行器气动力、气动热以及目标光电特性等产生的影响是高超声速流动研究中的前沿课题.速度作为表征流动过程最重要的参数之一,准确的速度测量对于深入理解上述复杂流动-传输机理以及高超声速飞行器设计具有重要指导意义.文章针对高超声速流场速度测量中几种常用的非接触式激光测试技术进行了综述,主要包括基于空间法的粒子图像测速,基于激光吸收光谱、激光诱导荧光和瑞利散射的多普勒测速,基于飞行时间法的分子标记测速,以及基于流场折射率的聚焦激光差分干涉测速技术.首先简要介绍每种激光测速技术的基本原理,然后进一步介绍该技术在高超声速自由流、层/湍流边界层、激波/边界层干扰、尾流或其他复杂流动区域的速度及其脉动度测量等方面的典型应用,分析各种技术环境适用性及面临的局限性和挑战.最后对基于激光技术的高超声速流场速度测量进行了总结及发展趋势展望.     

数值研究激波与旋涡的相互作用

从非定常形式的Euler方程出发,数值模拟了运动激波与旋涡相互作用的非定常流动过程。为保证激波具有较高的分辨率,采用对称型TVD格式进行了数值计算。结果表明。这样可以有效地模拟流场中一些复杂的流动现象,如激波变形、激波分叉和三波点的形成,以及旋涡结构的变化过程等,并与已有的实验流动显示相符良好。同时,也是对TVD格式求解这类问题的一次初步尝试。     

多体空气动力学研究进展

多体飞行器普遍存在于航空航天、空天和武器领域中, 主要有以下三大类型: (1) 多个飞行器相互不接触的近距离飞行; (2) 多体飞行器相互接触或组合飞行; (3) 多体飞行器回收或解锁分离过程的相对运动. 多体飞行器在飞行、回收或分离过程中存在相互的流场干扰或作用, 使多体飞行器具有不同于孤立体飞行器的流动物理或特征, 特别是在超声速、高超声速的多体流动中, 多体间存在多重激波反射、衍射以及激波与旋涡、激波与边界层相互干扰或作用, 这些复杂流动能显著地改变多体飞行器的空气动力学特性. 作者引入“多体空气动力学”概念对多体飞行器这一类问题进行概括和总结, 并阐述其基本内涵、应用场景和研究方法/手段及典型多体构型的超声速/高超声速流动结构和特征.      

脉冲激光与正激波相互作用过程和减阻机理的实验研究

纳秒脉冲激光具有峰值功率密度高、易于击穿空气形成等离子体这一突出优势,在降低超声速波阻方面具有重要应用价值.以深刻揭示减阻机理为目的,针对激光与正激波相互作用这一基本物理现象开展实验研究.发展高精度纹影技术以测量复杂激波结构,时间分辨率达到 30ns,空间分辨率达到 1mm;搭建快速~PIV 实验系统以定量测量流场速度和涡量,时间分辨率达到 500ns.探明了激光等离子体引致的球面激波和高温低密度区域特性,揭示了激光等离子体在正激波冲击下的流动特性与演化规律,并结合数值模拟结果阐明了脉冲激光等离子体降低超声速波阻的根本原因.研究表明:激光等离子体引致激波的初始马赫数随着激光能量而增大,形状由水滴形逐渐发展为球面形,传播速度随着时间降低,在50$\mu$s 后接近于声速;高温低密度区域初始近似于球形,而后从激光入射方向的下游开始失稳,形成尖刺结构;在正激波冲击下,高温低密度区域演化为上下对称的双涡环结构,尺寸随着激光能量而增大.涡的卷吸和逆流可改变飞行器头部激波结构,是流场重构的重要形式,引起飞行器表面压力的大幅降低,是引起超声速飞行器波阻降低的重要机理.      

脉冲激光与正激波相互作用过程和减阻机理的实验研究

纳秒脉冲激光具有峰值功率密度高、易于击穿空气形成等离子体这一突出优势,在降低超声速波阻方面具有重要应用价值.以深刻揭示减阻机理为目的,针对激光与正激波相互作用这一基本物理现象开展实验研究.发展高精度纹影技术以测量复杂激波结构,时间分辨率达到30 ns,空间分辨率达到1 mm;搭建快速PIV实验系统以定量测量流场速度和涡量,时间分辨率达到500 ns.探明了激光等离子体引致的球面激波和高温低密度区域特性,揭示了激光等离子体在正激波冲击下的流动特性与演化规律,并结合数值模拟结果阐明了脉冲激光等离子体降低超声速波阻的根本原因.研究表明:激光等离子体引致激波的初始马赫数随着激光能量而增大,形状由水滴形逐渐发展为球面形,传播速度随着时间降低,在50μs后接近于声速;高温低密度区域初始近似于球形,而后从激光入射方向的下游开始失稳,形成尖刺结构;在正激波冲击下,高温低密度区域演化为上下对称的双涡环结构,尺寸随着激光能量而增大.涡的卷吸和逆流可改变飞行器头部激波结构,是流场重构的重要形式,引起飞行器表面压力的大幅降低,是引起超声速飞行器波阻降低的重要机理.     

超声速多喷流干扰流场特性研究

研究了旋成体上超声速来流与超声速横向多喷流相撞产生的层流干扰流场特性. 数 值方法针对三维可压缩Navier-Stokes方程按二阶精度Roe格式进行离散,采用基于多区对 接网格技术的有限体积法. 数值模拟结果描述了多喷流干扰流场的空间结构以及激波/边界层 干扰引起的分离范围,探讨了沿流向等间距排列的喷口个数对表面和空间流场结构以及压力 分布的影响规律. 结果表明,第一喷口对多喷流干扰流场主要结构和喷口上游表面分离范围 起主导作用. 其中三喷流流场数值模拟的对称面激波结构与实验纹影结果进行对比,符合较 好.     

超声速混合层中扰动增强混合实验

以基于纳米技术的平面激光散射(nano-based planar laser scattering, NPLS)流动显示技术定性研究了隔板扰动对超声速混合层($Mc=0.5$)的混合增强效果. 首先通过系列实验优化设计了扰动参数. 实验结果表明,超声速混合层对于从隔板引入的扰动非常敏感. 二维扰动的混合强化机制是提前混合层失稳位置,增厚混合层;而三维扰动的混合强化机制主要是通过诱导流向涡和展向运动,促进流动三维性质的发展. 总体而言,三维扰动的混合强化效果优于二维扰动. 由于是超声速混合层,隔板上的扰动片虽然很薄,但同样会引起激波的产生,是该方法中总压损失的主要原因.      

基于非结构网格的TTGC有限元格式的实现及在超声速流动中的应用

基于非结构网格系统,实现了时空三阶精度的TTGC有限元格式,并在三阶TTGC格式上发展了基于人工粘性的激波捕捉技术。在非结构网格下,采用这种方法对若干典型的超声速流动问题(SOD激波管、马赫数为3的前台阶流动以及马赫数为8的高超声速圆柱流动)进行了验证计算。结果表明,TTGC格式分辨率高,在粗糙网格下能够准确的模拟超声速流场中的激波、接触间断等复杂流动现象,并且能有效的控制间断附近的数值色散现象。与传统的有限体积方法相比,本文实现的TTGC有限元格式在模拟超声速流动问题方面具有格式精度高、数值耗散小等优点。     

Characteristics of unsteady type IV shock/shock interaction

Characteristics of the unsteady type IV shock/shock interaction of hypersonic blunt body flows are investigated by solving the Navier–Stokes equations with high-order numerical methods. The intrinsic relations of flow structures to shear, compression, and heating processes are studied and the physical mechanisms of the unsteady flow evolution are revealed. It is found that the instantaneous surface-heating peak is caused by the fluid in the “hot spot” generated by an oscillating and deforming jet bow shock (JBS) just ahead of the body surface. The features of local shock/boundary layer interaction and vortex/boundary layer interaction are clarified. Based on the analysis of flow evolution, it is identified that the upstream-propagating compression waves are associated with the interaction of the JBS and the shear layers formed by a supersonic impinging jet, and then the interaction of the freestream bow shocks and the compression waves results in entropy and vortical waves propagating to the body surface. Further, the feedback mechanism of the inherent unsteadiness of the flow field is revealed to be related to the impinging jet. A feedback model is proposed to reliably predict the dominant frequency of flow evolution. The results obtained in this study provide physical insight into the understanding of the mechanisms relevant to this complex flow.     

Investigation on onset of shock-induced separation

A great number of experimental data indicating shock wave/boundary layer interactions in internal or external supersonic flows were reviewed to make clear the mechanism of the interaction and to decide the onset of shock-induced separation. The interesting conclusions were obtained for the considerably wide range of flow geometries that the onset of separation is independent of the flow geometries and the boundary layer Reynolds number. It is found that the pressure rise necessary to separate the boundary layer in supersonic external flows could be applied to such internal flows as overexpanded nozzles or diffusers. This is due to the fact that the separation phenomenon caused by shock wave/boundary layer interactions is processed through a supersonic deceleration. The shock-induced separation in almost all of interacting flow fields is governed by the concept of free interaction, and the onset of shock-induced separation is only a function of the Mach number just upstream of shock wave. However, physical scales of the produced separation are not independent of the downstream flow fields.     

TVD格式在超音速喷管三维粘性流动求解中的应用

详细给出了任意三维曲线坐标系中Ｎｏｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程的对流项ＴＶＤ格式的构造过程，建立了数值求解三维粘性流动的计算方法，应用该方法对三维超音速喷管中有激波及无激波情况下的两种工况的层流流场进行了数值求解，并与实验做了对比。结果表明本文建立的计算方法具有较高的精度，同时也证明ＴＶＤ格式具有分辩率高，稳定收敛等优点，为进一步开展叶栅流场及紊流的研究打下了基础。     

Experimental investigation of three-dimensional supersonic flow of a gas in the interference region of intersecting surfaces

A contemporary high-speed aircraft represents a complex three-dimensional configuration, where supersonic gas flow is accompanied by numerous local flow interaction zones, in particular, near the intersection of different surfaces. Such a flow is characterized by three-dimensional systems of shock and expansion waves, and close to the surfaces one finds interaction of boundary layers and, above all, interaction of shock waves with the boundary layer. In general, the angular configurations are formed by intersection or contact of nonplanar surfaces with swept-back or blunted leading edges. This makes it practically impossible to obtain a rigorous theoretiical solution to the problem of gas flow over these surfaces, and presents considerable difficulty in an experimental investigation. It is therefore of interest to study the physical features of gas flow in corner configurations of very simple form [1–3]. The present paper examines the results of an experimental investigation of typical features of symmetric and asymmetric interaction of compressive, expansive, and mixed flows in the interference region of planar surfaces intersecting at an angle of less than 180?.     

Planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging in shock tube flows

The planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging method was used to perform flow visualization and quantitative planar thermometry in shock tube flow fields using toluene as a fluorescence tracer in nitrogen. Fluorescence quantum yield values needed to quantify PLIF images were measured in a static cell at low pressures (<1 bar) for various toluene partial pressures in nitrogen bath gas. Images behind incident and reflected shocks were taken in the core flow away from regions affected by boundary layers. Temperature measurements from these images were successfully compared with predicted values using ideal shock equations. Measured temperatures ranged between 296 and 800 K and pressures between 0.15 and 1.5 atm. The average temperature discrepancies between measurements and the predicted values behind the incident and reflected shocks were 1.6 and 3.6%, respectively. Statistical analyses were also conducted to calculate the temperature measurement uncertainty as a function of image resolution. The technique was also applied to the study of more complex supersonic flows, specifically the interaction of a moving shock with a wedge. Measured temperatures agreed well with the results of numerical simulations in all inviscid regions, and all pertinent features of the single Mach reflection were resolved.     

SPH simulation of oblique shocks in compressible flows

The Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is used to simulate shock waves in inviscid, supersonic (compressible) flow. It is shown for the first time that the fully Lagrangian SPH particle method, without auxiliary grid, can be used to simulate shock waves in compressible flow. The wall boundary condition is treated with ghost particles combined with a suitable repulsive potential function, whilst corners are treated by a novel ‘angle sweep’ technique. The method gives accurate predictions of the flow field and of the shock angle as compared with the analytical solution. The study shows that SPH is a good potential candidate to solve complex aerodynamic problems, including those involving rarefied flows, such as atmospheric re‐entry. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Visualization of Supersonic Low-Noise Flow Over Surface-Mounted Two-Dimensional Prisms

An experimental study of supersonic flow over two-dimensional surface-mounted prisms is carried out in a Mach 3 low-noise wind tunnel. The noise level of this supersonic wind tunnel, defined as the root mean-square Pitot pressure fluctuation normalized by the mean Pitot pressure, can be reduced to about 0.37%. The nanotracer planar laser scattering (NPLS) technique is used to analyze the influence of the prism geometry and the oncoming flow conditions on the typical flow structures including separation and reattachment shocks. With increase in the prism height the induced shocks move upstream. At a constant streamwise length L of a prism the timeaveraged NPLS images show that the length of the downstream recirculation region increases from 0.8L to 1.2L, when the prism height H changes from 3 to 5 mm. As compared with the flow structures occurring downstream of the prisms, the upstream flow structures are more susceptible to the oncoming boundary layer and are considerably different in laminar and turbulent flows. The separation shock wave is clearly visible in turbulent flow even for the 1-mm prism, whereas in the case of laminar flow there is no a distinct shock wave upstream of this prism. At the same time, the location of the flow reattachment and the angle of the reattachment shock wave in the downstream flow remain almost the same in both two flow regimes.     

Supersonic Gas Flows in Radial Nozzles

Results of experimental investigations and numerical simulations of supersonic gas flows in radial nozzles with different nozzle widths are presented. It is demonstrated that different types of the flow are formed in the nozzle with a fixed nozzle radius and different nozzle widths: supersonic flows with oblique shock waves inducing boundary layer separation are formed in wide nozzles, and flows with a normal pseudoshock separating the supersonic and subsonic flow domains are formed in narrow nozzles (micronozzles). The pseudoshock structure is studied, and the total pressure loss in the case of the gas flow in a micronozzle is determined.