Electrochemistry of Organophosphorus Compounds

Progress in electrochemistry of organophosphorus compounds is rewieved. Mechanisms of oxidation and reduction reactions under the conditions of homogenous electrocatalysis and possibility of use the primary compounds for the synthesis of various organic and organoelement compounds are considered.     

多元胺-甲醛加成物的分子分布

本文通过概率分析给出了在一级取代效应前提下多元胺-甲醛加成反应体系的分子分布公式及反应程度同反应动力学参数的关系。将理论计算结果同实验数据比较表明两者基本符合。     

芳香族化合物的脱芳构化反应

芳香族化合物稳定、易得，通过芳香族化合物的脱芳构化反应，制备官能化的脂肪六元碳环化合物，早以引起人们的广泛兴趣。本文对六类脱芳构化反应进行了逐一评述，其包括：氧化脱芳构化反应；还原脱芳构化反应；光催化脱芳构化反应；亲核加成脱芳构化反应；σ-键迁移重排脱芳构化反应；过渡金属参与的脱芳构化反应。其中，过渡金属参与的脱芳构化反应，反应条件温和，反应底物广泛，可应用于生物活性物质的合成。     

芴类化合物的研究新进展

芴及其衍生物是一类重要的具有刚性平面联苯结构的化合物,分子内含有较大的共轭体系,这种特殊的刚性稠环结构使芴类化合物表现出许多独特的光电性能及生物活性,在光电材料、医药等多领域具有潜在的广泛应用.更为重要的是芴类化合物易于进行结构修饰,在芴环上可方便地引入各种功能基,芴类衍生物的合成及其开拓芴类化合物潜在的新用途,成为近些年来十分活跃的研究领域,且发展迅速.结合自己的工作,参考国内外文献,全面综述了芴类化合物在有机电致发光材料、双光子吸收材料、光致变色材料、太阳能电池材料和生物医药等领域的研究与开发新进展,并对其发展趋势作了展望.     

Coordination Numbers of Central Atoms in Coordination Compounds

A sample of structurally characterized 10000 complexes (X-ray diffraction data) was carefully selected from available databases for analysis of coordination numbers (CNs) of their central atoms (complexing agents). The coordination numbers of various chemical elements are tabulated for their different oxidation numbers (ONs). Variations in CN with the ordinal number of an element in the Periodic Table were followed. A general distribution of the sample complexes over the CNs of the central atom, as well as their distributions for particular ONs, is displayed. References to particular coordination compounds are given for extreme and very uncommon CNs of a central atom with different ONs. A general pattern of the observed variations in the CN of chemical elements can be useful for predicting the properties of complexes, constructing their stability models, designing compounds with rich and unique properties, and developing retrieval and graphic tools for chemical databases.     

The Photolysis of Iodoaromatic Compounds

Under appropriate conditions, the photolysis of iodoaromatic compounds yields derivatives of biphenyl and phenanthrene, as well as organometallic compounds. Ring closures of o-terphenyls to triphenylenes and of benzanilides to phenanthridones are described. The formation of dehydrobenzene (benzyne) on photolysis of 1,2-diiodobenzene in solution has been established. The photolysis of various substituted iodoaromatic compounds or of substances such as CH₃I, ICN, ICH₃, COOH, or RC?CI, provides a general method for the generation of a large variety of free radicals in solution. The potential uses of photochemically initiated exchanges of iodine in ArI for ¹³¹I, Li, D, Cl, or Br are noted.     

手性螺旋状配合物的自组装

手性和螺旋是生命体系中对生物功能起着重要作用的两大元素。近年来,由于螺旋状配合物特别是手性螺旋配合物被陆续发现在不对称催化、分子识别、手性拆分、非线性光学材料等方面存在较大的应用价值而备受化学家的关注。该文主要针对国内外已报道的手性螺旋配合物的组装方式进行分类总结,概括了手性螺旋配合物的主要构筑途径,包括:氢键作用、配位作用、π-π堆积以及亲银作用。     

A Comparative Evaluation of Nitrogen Compounds in Petroleum Distillates

Although the concentration of nitrogen compounds in crude oil is relatively low, they can become more concentrated in petroleum distillates and poison the catalysts used in refining processes. They cause undesirable deposits, color formation and odor in products; they also contribute to air pollution and some are highly carcinogenic. The poisoned catalyst becomes deactivated for hydrodesulfurization and unable to remove sulfur from middle distillates. In order to understand the effect on catalytic processes, it is desirable to identify the nitrogen compounds in various petroleum distillates. This paper compares the nitrogen species profiles in different petroleum distillates using a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector. In addition, four different petroleum distillate samples from different refineries were analyzed to find the variation in their nitrogen profiles. The nitrogen compounds in petroleum distillate samples were identified as anilines, quinolines, indoles, and carbazoles and their alkyl derivatives. Quantitation was carried out against known reference standards. The quantitative data were compared to the total nitrogen content determined by elemental analysis.     

New Carbamoyl Organophosphorus Compounds

Abstract

The syntheses of various organophosphorus compounds, which contain a function with potentially agropharmaceutical properties (acylureas [1], acylsemicarbazides [2] or imidazolidinetriones [3]) are described.     

HPLC of Nitrogen-Bridged Compounds

Abstract

In the area of structure-activity relationships of nitrogen bridged compounds, certain structure-coherent physical properties with ion exhange HPLC behaviour has been studied. This paper illustrates the results in finding the best conditions to separate the various structural types of model compounds. For this purpose, ion exhange HPLC technique has proved as highly advantageous.     

过渡金属原子簇中的协同效应

以铁硫、铁钼硫簇合物为例对过渡金属簇合物中的协同效应进行了讨论。利用结构谱学数据,从簇骼转化、电子加入对簇骼的影响,端基、桥基、非邻近基团的作用等几个方面讨论了铁硫、铁钼硫簇合物中各种基团之间的相互作用。     

海洋环境中的天然溴代有机物

近些年来,环境中的溴代有机污染物逐渐成为人们关注的热点。最近的研究发现,海洋环境中的一些溴代有机物并非来自于人为污染,而是来自于天然合成。海洋环境中存在的这些天然溴代有机物引起了人们极大的兴趣。这些天然溴代有机物在海洋生物、底泥、海水以及大气中广泛存在,并可在海洋哺乳动物体内富集。毒理学研究表明,一些天然溴代有机物具有一定的生物活性与毒性。因此,深入研究天然溴代有机物的环境分布与环境影响具有重要的意义。本文介绍了代表性天然溴代有机物的环境分布、毒性及其可能的来源,并对其未来研究方向和趋势作了展望。     

Polymer Networks Containing Cholesteryl Compounds of Different Functionality

Abstract

The synthesis of densely crosslinked polymer networks with a helicoidal structure from various cholesteryl compounds is described. By mixing nematic diacrylates with cholesteryl compounds of different functionality, cholesteric phases are obtained. The reflection wavelength can be varied by the composition of the mixture. Isothermal photopolymerization leads to crosslinked networks with different fixation of the cholesteryl compounds to the network depending on their functionality. The influence of temperature and organic solvents on the reflection wavelength as well as the angular dependence of the reflection wave length have been investigated.     

Encapsulation of Fruit Flavor Compounds through Interaction with Polysaccharides

Production and storage, the influence of packaging materials and the presence of other ingredients in fruit products can cause changes in flavor compounds or even their loss. Due to these issues, there is a need to encapsulate flavor compounds, and polysaccharides are often used as efficient carriers. In order to achieve effective encapsulation, satisfactory retention and/or controlled release of flavor compounds, it is necessary to understand the nature of the coated and coating materials. Interactions that occur between these compounds are mostly non-covalent interactions (hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals forces); additionally, the formation of the inclusion complexes of flavor compounds and polysaccharides can also occur. This review provides insight into studies about the encapsulation of flavor compounds, as well as basic characteristics of encapsulation such as the choice of coating material, the effect of various factors on the encapsulation efficiency and an explanation of the nature of binding.     

Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry of Organoaluminum Compounds

The accuracy and reliability of thermodynamic data on vaporization of trialkylaluminum, alkylaluminum hydrides, and alkylaluminum chlorides and of thermochemical data for these compounds were estimated on the basis of author's and published data. A unified system of consistent thermodynamic characteristics of the organoaluminum compounds was proposed, and the enthalpies of vaporization of a number of unstudied compounds and the dissociation energies of Al-R bonds were estimated.     

大环化合物作为药物增溶剂的应用

药物研发的过程中,越来越多的化合物存在溶解性低的问题,因此提高药物溶解度是目前迫切需要解决的问题。环糊精、杯芳烃、葫芦脲等大环化合物可以通过主客体作用形成包合物从而增加难溶性药物的水溶性。本文介绍了几种大环化合物在药物增溶领域的应用。首先,基于大环化合物化学结构和空腔属性的差异,列举了它们可增溶药物的种类和范围;其次,主客体的动态可逆包合作用还能改善药物稳定性、溶出速率等,从而使药物的生物利用度进一步提升;另外,补充了大环化合物的相关毒理学数据,这增加了其作为药物辅料批准上市的可能性;最后,总结了大环化合物作为增溶剂存在的问题,并指出空腔尺寸的局限和更全面的安全性评估是未来研究的方向。     

The Chemistry of Simple Phosphorus-Carbon Compounds

With the aid of selected examples an overview is given of the development trends in phosphoruscarbon chemistry over the past few years. An attempt is made to demonstrate the relationships between various parameters and properties such as constitution, basicity, substitution by functional groups, reaction behavior etc. of the compounds. In the case of basis compounds containing methylphosphorus groups the state of development of industrially interesting processes is also outlined. In addition, the synthesis of a few bifunctional phosphorus-carbon compounds which can be employed as comonomers in the production of polymers is described.     

Review of Sublimation Thermodynamics of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds and Heterocycles

This review details sublimation vapor pressure and thermodynamic data on 85 polycyclic aromatic compounds and heterocycles from the early 1900s through 2012. These data were collected using a variety of vapor pressure measurement techniques, from effusion to gas saturation to inclined‐piston manometry. A brief overview of each measurement technique is given; these methods yield reproducible sublimation vapor pressure data for low volatility organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic compounds and heterocycles. Several conclusions can be drawn from this literature survey, specifically that there remains a dearth of data on the sublimation thermodynamics (and fusion thermodynamics) of heteroatomic high molecular weight aromatic compounds, inhibiting a holistic understanding of the effect of specific heteroatoms and substituent position on the thermodynamics of these compounds. However, we can clearly see from the data that there are a variety of potential intermolecular interactions at work that generally tend to increase the enthalpy of sublimation and decrease the vapor pressure of a substituted polycyclic aromatic compound/polycyclic heterocycles versus its parent compound.     

Are Polar Organometallic Compounds “Carbanions”? The Gegenion Effect on Structure and Energies of Alkali-Metal Compounds

Polar organometallic compounds such as alkyllithium compounds or Grignard reagents often are conceived as “carbanions”, although it is well known from experiments that the metal gegenions may have a strong, and often directing, influence on the reactivity (for example, the basicity vs. the nucleophilicity) of the “carbanion”. This demonstrates that “carbanions” are tightly associated ion pairs, at least in commonly used less polar or nonpolar solvent systems like ethers or hydrocarbons. However, despite about ninety years of widespread application of these organometallic compounds as bases or nucleophilic reagents, the role of the gegenion is not yet understood fully. The focus of this review is on the inherent influences of the metal gegenion on the structures, reaction energies, and activation barriers of some representative alkali-metal compounds. While most comparisons of physical and chemical properties determined experimentally for Group I compounds are precluded due to different substituents, solvents, ligands, etc., ab initio calculations of model compounds can yield intrinsic data that are useful for a better understanding of chemical behavior. For this reason, most of the data reviewed in this article are based on quantum chemical calculations, which are compared with experimental data where available.     

Structural Studies of Crystalline Pentacalent Organobismuth Compounds

The syntheses and X-Ray analyses of three pentavalent organobismuth compounds are described; one of these compounds has a novel diphenylbis(trifluoroacetato)-bismuthate anion with trigonal bipyramidal geometry and a stereochemically active lone pair. Analysis of these structures together with other data from the literature allows a mapping of the reaction coordinate for bismuth polyhedra.