Larvicidal and structural studies of some triphenyl- and tricyclohexyltin para-substituted benzoates

Several new triphenyl- and tricyclohexyltin para-substituted benzoates were synthesized. Their structures were characterized by IR and Mössbauer spectroscopies. The structures were determined to be four-coordinated monomers. Larvicidal activities of the new compounds as well as other benzoates were evaluated against the 2nd larval instar of the Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Results from the screening studies indicated that the triphenyltin benzoates were more toxic towards the Ae. aegypti larvae. A quantitative-structure activity relationship was also developed for the An. stephensi larvae.     

Thermodynamic,Dielectric and Conformational Studies on Hydrogen Bonded Binary Mixtures of Propan-1-ol with Methyl Benzoate and Ethyl Benzoate

Dielectric relaxation studies of propan-1-ol with alkyl benzoates (methyl benzoate and ethyl benzoate) have been carried out, for various mole fractions, at different temperatures using a LF impedance analyzer, Plunger method, and an Abbe’s refractometer in the radio, microwave and optical frequency regions, respectively. Kirkwood’s effective correlation factor, the corrective Kirkwood correlation factor, Bruggeman parameter, relaxation time, excess inverse relaxation time and thermodynamic parameters were calculated using the experimental data. Conformational analysis of the formation of hydrogen bonds in the equi-molar binary mixtures of propan-1-ol with alkyl benzoates is supported by experimental and theoretical FT-IR values.     

Organolithium addition to 5,6-disubstituted pyrimidines

The addition of organolithium reagents to the azomethine bond of 5,6-disubstituted pyrimidines provided, in every case, a single adduct. When reacted with either ethyl chloro-formate or hydrogen chloride, these adducts gave a single dihydro pyrimidine. The resulting N-H dihydro pyrimidines were oxidized with potassium permanganate to the corresponding pyrimidines.     

Effects of the molecular properties of mixed solvents on the elution of alkyl benzoates in RPLC.

The retention behavior and mechanism of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, buthyl and isobuthyl benzoates have been studied at different eluent compositions of aqueous mixtures with water-soluble organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, acetonitrile (AN), 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofuran (THF)) in RPLC. The retention of the solutes is discussed based on the solvent composition, solvent polarity (ETN value), preferential solvation, hydrogen bonding and solvent clusters of the eluents. The smaller ETN values and the larger preferential solvation of the mixed solvent eluted the solutes faster. The IR spectra of HDO suggested that the solvents, except for methanol and ethanol, break the hydrogen bonding between water molecules, resulting in fast elution of the solutes. Based upon the results, we chose an optimum solvent composition for the separation of benzoates and applied it to the determination of the benzoates in clove.     

One‐Pot Synthesis of 3‐Alkoxy‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐isoindol‐1‐ones by the Reactions of 2‐(Azidomethyl)benzoates with NaH

A new and facile method for the general preparation of 3‐alkoxy‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐isoindol‐1‐ones has been developed. Thus, the reaction of 2‐(azidomethyl)benzoates with NaH affords, after workup with H₂O, 3‐alkoxy‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐isoindol‐1‐ones 2 . 2‐Substituted 3‐alkoxy‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐isoindol‐1‐ones 4 can be obtained by adding alkyl halides prior to workup with H₂O.     

AN EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF DIHYDRO SELENOLO (2,3-b)QUINOLINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ETHYL ESTERS AND 2-SELENOXO-1, 2-DIHYDRO-3-CARBETHOXY ETHYL QUINOLINES—THEIR ANTI-BACTERIAL STUDIES

The compounds dihydro selenolo(2,3-b)quinoline-2-carboxylic ethyl esters and 2-selenoxo-1, 2-dihydro-3-carbethoxy ethyl quinolines were synthesized in varying yields upon reacting 3-(2-chloro-3-quinolyl)acrylic methyl esters with the nucleophilic reagent sodium hydrogen selenide in ethanol medium under nitrogen atmosphere.     

Role of hydrogen bonds in acid-catalyzed hydrolyses of esters

Acid-catalyzed ester hydrolyses were studied by means of DFT calculations. A model composed of ester and H₃O⁺(H₂O)₁₅ was adopted, and substrates esters are ethyl acetate, ethyl para-X-substituted benzoates (X?=?O₂N, Cl, H, iso-Bu, MeO, and Me₂N), and isobutyl benzoate. For the ethyl acetate, a stepwise path, precursor????TS1????Int1????Int2????TS2????product, was obtained. Here, TS is the transition state, and Int is the tetrahedral intermediate. The path is somewhat different from the established A_AC2 mechanism; the carbocation intermediate was calculated to be absent in the present model. The absence holds even for benzoates that may stabilize the cation except the X?=?Me₂N substituted one. At each local energy minimum, the cation character is retained in H₃O⁺. Proton relays along hydrogen bonds were found to prompt interchanges of covalent bonds. The rate-determining step is either TS1 for the electron-withdrawing X or TS2 for the electron-donating one.     

Reductive carboxylation of aromatic esters by electron transfer from magnesium metal

Magnesium-promoted reductive carboxylation of ethyl benzoate in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane in N,N-dimethylformamide brought about a new carbon-carbon bond formation between the carbonyl carbon atom and carbon dioxide to give the corresponding benzoylformic acid in good yield. It is noteworthy that only ethyl benzoates with substituents at the meta-position were converted into benzoylformic acid derivatives. Moreover, no mandelic acid was detected even under the reductive conditions. This result indicates that benzoylformic acid was obtained after hydrolysis of a carboxylated intermediate, which would be alive as a stabilized structure in the reaction media.     

Three closely related dibenzazepine carboxylic acids: hydrogen‐bonded aggregation in one,two and three dimensions

In the structure of (6R*,11R*)‐5‐acetyl‐11‐ethyl‐6,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo[b,e]azepine‐6‐carboxylic acid, C₁₉H₁₉NO₃, (I), the molecules are linked into sheets by a combination of O—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds; in the structure of the monomethyl analogue (6RS,11SR)‐5‐acetyl‐11‐ethyl‐2‐methyl‐6,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo[b,e]azepine‐6‐carboxylic acid, C₂₀H₂₁NO₃, (II), the molecules are linked into simple C(7) chains by O—H...O hydrogen bonds; and in the structure of the dimethyl analogue (6RS,11SR)‐5‐acetyl‐11‐ethyl‐1,3‐dimethyl‐6,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo[b,e]azepine‐6‐carboxylic acid, C₂₁H₂₃NO₃, (III), a combination of O—H...O, C—H...O and C—H...π(arene) hydrogen bonds links the molecules into a three‐dimensional framework structure. None of these structures exhibits the R₂²(8) dimer motif characteristic of simple carboxylic acids.     

Synthesis and transformations of 2- and 4-(2-Methylquinolin-4-ylamino)benzoic acids and ethyl 4-(2-methylquinolin-4-ylamino)benzoates and their fluorescent properties

2- and 4-(2-Methylquinolin-4-ylamino)benzoic acids and ethyl 4-(2-methylquinolin-4-ylamino)-benzoates having a substituent in the 6(8)-position of the quinoline ring were synthesized by reaction of the corresponding substituted 4-chloro-2-methylquinolines with 2- and 4-aminobenzoic acids and ethyl 4-aminobenzoate. Intramolecular cyclization of 2-(2-methylquinolin-4-ylamino)benzoic acids in concentrated sulfuric acid gave 7-hydroxy-6-methyldibenzo[b,h][1,6]naphthyridines, and ethyl 4-(2-methylquinolin-4-ylamino)benzoates were converted into 4-(2-methylquinolin-4-ylamino)benzoic acids by alkaline hydrolysis.     

Synthesis and Biological Screening of 2‐Substituted 5,6‐Dihydro‐5‐oxo‐ 4H‐1,3,4‐oxadiazine‐4‐propanenitriles and of Their Intermediates

To evaluate the effect of substituents on biological activities of electron‐rich N‐containing heterocycles, the variably 2‐substituted 5,6‐dihydro‐5‐oxo‐4H‐1,3,4‐oxadiazine‐4‐propanenitriles 26 – 33 were synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal, and enzyme‐inhibition activities. The target compounds were obtained from alkyl 4‐ or 3‐hydroxy benzoates 1 and 2 , respectively, and from methyl indoleacetate 3 . The phenolic OH group of benzoates 1 and 2 were substituted with p‐toluenesulfonyl (→ 4 and 5 ), benzoyl (→ 6 and 7 ), and benzyl groups (→ 8 and 9 ) and then converted to 5,6‐dihydro‐5‐oxo‐4H‐1,3,4‐oxadiazine‐4‐propanenitriles. To establish structure‐activity relationships (SAR), a pharmacological screening of the intervening intermediates was also conducted, which revealed that the intermediate hydrazide 11 possesses significant antimicrobial and MAO‐A inhibiting properties and intermediates 12, 24, 28 , and 29 appreciable antifungal activities. Compound 7 inhibits α‐chymotrypsin.     

A structural study of 4‐aminoantipyrine and six of its Schiff base derivatives

Six derivatives of 4‐amino‐1,5‐dimethyl‐2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐one (4‐aminoantipyrine), C₁₁H₁₃N₃O, (I), have been synthesized and structurally characterized to investigate the changes in the observed hydrogen‐bonding motifs compared to the original 4‐aminoantipyrine. The derivatives were synthesized from the reactions of 4‐aminoantipyrine with various aldehyde‐, ketone‐ and ester‐containing molecules, producing (Z)‐methyl 3‐[(1,5‐dimethyl‐3‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)amino]but‐2‐enoate, C₁₆H₁₉N₃O₃, (II), (Z)‐ethyl 3‐[(1,5‐dimethyl‐3‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)amino]but‐2‐enoate, C₁₇H₂₁N₃O₃, (III), ethyl 2‐[(1,5‐dimethyl‐3‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)amino]cyclohex‐1‐enecarboxylate, C₂₀H₂₅N₃O₃, (IV), (Z)‐ethyl 3‐[(1,5‐dimethyl‐3‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)amino]‐3‐phenylacrylate, C₂₂H₂₃N₃O₃, (V), 2‐cyano‐N‐(1,5‐dimethyl‐3‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)acetamide, C₁₄H₁₄N₄O₂, (VI), and (E)‐methyl 4‐{[(1,5‐dimethyl‐3‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)amino]methyl}benzoate, C₂₀H₁₉N₃O₃, (VII). The asymmetric units of all these compounds have one molecule on a general position. The hydrogen bonding in (I) forms chains of molecules via intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds around a crystallographic sixfold screw axis. In contrast, the formation of enamines for all derived compounds except (VII) favours the formation of a six‐membered intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen‐bonded ring in (II)–(V) and an intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond in (VI), whereas there is an intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond in the structure of imine (VII). All the reported compounds, except for (II), feature π–π interactions, while C—H...π interactions are observed in (II), C—H...O interactions are observed in (I), (III), (V) and (VI), and a C—O...π interaction is observed in (II).     

Attempted synthesis of ethyl 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazine‐3‐carboxylate and 3‐acetate derivatives

Ethyl 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazine‐3‐carboxylate derivatives 2 were obtained and isolated in low yields from the condensation of 2‐aminophenol and ethyl 2,3‐dibromopropanoate. They can be obtained by hydrogenation of ethyl 2H‐1,4‐benzoxazine‐3‐carboxylate in satisfactory yield. Using 2‐iminophenol did not direct the condensation with ethyl 2,3‐dibromopropanoate towards 2 but was fruitfull for the preparation of ethyl 2‐(4‐benzyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐yl)acetate from ethyl bromocrotonate.     

3-芳胺甲烯基-6-烷基(芳基)-5,6-二氢-2H-吡喃-2,4-二酮的合成及其杀菌活性的研究

以5,6-二氢-6-烷基(芳基)-2H-吡喃-2,4-二酮(1)、芳胺(2)和原甲酸三乙酯进行缩合反应,合成了20个3-芳胺甲烯基-6-烷基(芳基)-5,6-二氢-2H-吡喃-2,4-二酮(3).由于分子内氢键的形成,化合物3由一对构象异构体4和5组成.生物活性初步测定结果表明,这些化合物均有一定的杀菌活性.     

Electric dipole moment studies of carboxylic ester conformations: alkyl acetates,benzoates, 2,4,6-trimethyl-benzoates and 2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzoates

Electric dipole moments μ in benzene at 30 °C have been determined (Table 3) on methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and t-butyl esters of the title compounds to determine steric effects on conformation in solution. Experimental moments were compared with those calculated for various possible conformations by a 3-dimensional vectorial addition method using bond moments and bond angles. The experimental moments for the alkyl acetates were best interpreted in terms of an out-of-plane deviation of the alkyl group from an s-trans conformation caused by steric interference between the alkyl group and the carbonyl oxygen and increasing in the series from methyl to t-butyl. The dihedral angles 0 (deviations) were calculated using a vector addition method. An increase in the moments of the benzoate series over the acetates was interpreted in terms of conjugative interaction between phenyl and carbonyl groups. Angles of twist φ for the benzoates and trimethylbenzoates were calculated using the Braude-Sondheimer equation. A decrease in the moments of the methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl trimethyl-benzoates as compared with the benzoates was interpreted in terms of steric interference between ortho methyls and both oxygens. The decrease in the angles of twist from methyl to t-butyl for the trimethylbenzoates was tentatively explained by greater steric interaction of the alkyl group with both carbonyl oxygen and ortho methyls, which forces adoption of a more coplanar arrangement between the ring and the carbonyl group than for the other alkyl derivatives, this interaction increasing with the size of the alkyl group. Dipole moments for 2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzoates were nearly the same as for corresponding trimethyl-benzoates, thus showing no conclusive evidence for operation of a “buttressing” effect.     

β-oxoacids esters in the synthesis of benzo[<Emphasis Type="Italic">f</Emphasis>]quinoline derivatives

Condensation of ethyl acetoacetate and ethyl 3-oxo-3-(2-furyl-, 2-quinolyl-, 3-pyridyl)propanoates with azomethines of 2-naphthylamine series led to the formation of ethyl (3-arylbenzo[f]quinol-1-yl)acetates and of esters of the corresponding 3-aryl-1-heteryl-2-benzo[f]quinolylcarboxylic acids. The intermediate reaction products were isolated: ethyl 5-(2-naphthylamino)-3-oxo-5-phenylpentanoate, 2-[(aryl)(2-naphthylamino)methyl]-3-heteryl-3-oxopropanoates, dihydro and tetrahydro derivatives of benzoquinolylacetic and benzoquinolinecarboxylic acids.     

Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate: a versatile carboxylating reagent

Carbon nucleophiles generated by a non-nucleophilic base (LDA) were effectively trapped with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (Boc-anhydride) to provide the corresponding tert-butyl aryl acetates, di-tert-butyl aryl malonates, unsymmetrical aryl malonates and tert-butyl benzoates in high yields. This reaction represents another useful way to prepare a variety of tert-butyl carboxylates and highlights the synthetic utility of di-tert-butyl dicarbonate as a versatile carboxylating reagent.     

Novel synthesis of the pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazocine ring system via a Dieckmann condensation

A novel four-step synthesis to the pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazocine ring system is described. 1H-Pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde was alkylated with ethyl or methyl bromoacetate and the resulting ethyl or methyl (2-formyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)acetates oxidised with potassium permanganate to the corresponding 1-[(2-ethoxy or methoxy)-2-oxoethyl]-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acids. The latter was converted into their acid chlorides by reaction with thionyl chloride and without isolation transformed into the respective methyl 2-({[1-(2-ethoxy or methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-1H-pyrrol-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)benzoates by reaction with methyl anthranilate. Dieckmann condensation of methyl 2-({[1-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-1H-pyrrol-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)benzoate provided the pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazocine.     

One‐Pot Synthesis of 4‐Substituted 3,4‐Dihydro‐3‐methoxyisocoumarins via Carboxylation of α‐Substituted 2‐Lithio‐β‐methoxystyrenes with Carbon Dioxide

A new type of isocoumarins (=1H‐isochromen‐1‐ones=1H‐2‐benzopyran‐1‐ones), 4‐substituted 3,4‐dihydro‐3‐methoxyisocoumarins 2 , can be obtained by a one‐pot process from α‐substituted 2‐bromo‐β‐methoxystyrenes 1 . Thus, lithium 2‐(1‐aryl(or methyl)‐2‐methoxyethenyl)benzoates are conveniently generated via the Br/Li exchange between 1 and BuLi, followed by the action of CO₂ on the resulting α‐substituted 2‐lithio‐β‐methoxystyrenes. Upon treating with concentrated HCl at room temperature, these lithium benzoates undergo lactonization to provide the desired 3,4‐dihydroisocoumarins 2 in relatively good yields.     

Thermally induced reversible conformational changes in the host-guest adduct of meso-tetramethyltetrakis(ethyl)calix[4]pyrrole

The binding of methanol, ethanol, and N,N-dimethylformamide to meso-tetramethyltetrakis(ethyl)calix[4]pyrrole (1) was investigated in both solid and solution with the exhibition of multi-fashion hydrogen bonding as shown by X-ray crystallography. The thermodynamic stability of these host-guest inclusion complexes were determined by exploiting TGA and DTA. An unexpected conformational change in 1·2EtOH occurred by thermal induction.