Passive muscle behaviour – experimental and numerical investigations

The material behaviour of skeletal muscles can be decomposed into two parts: an active part, describing the contractile mechanisms, and a passive one, characterising the passive components such as the connective tissue. Computational models are used to support the understanding of complex mechanism inside a muscle. In the present work, we focus on the three-dimensional passive tissue behaviour from the experimental as well as modelling point of view. Therefore, quasi-static experiments have been performed on specimens with regular geometry. By using a three-dimensional optical measurement system the shape of the specimens has been reconstructed at different deformation states. On the modelling side a hyperelastic model with transversal isotropic fibre orientation has been used to describe non-linear stress responses. The model has been validated by performing analyses for different fibre orientations. In summary, it figures out that the proposed modelling approach is able to reflect the experimental results in a satisfying manner. (© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Stabilization of objects using a constant control

A special class of nonlinear control systems describing the process of combustion of carbon in an oxygen-rich vessel with complete mixing is considered. The control parameter is the consumption of carbon supplied to the vessel. Differential equations describing the complicated reaction of combustion are suggested. The method of successive approximations for determination of a steady control is shown to converge; the steady-state solution is shown to be stabilized using this control. In the presence of a small external disturbance the original problem is reduced to the problem of stability of the general system under permanent disturbance. A control algorithm has been developed. Simulation experiments for the combustion process have been carried out. The results of these experiments suggest that the algorithm for control of the carbon combustion process is capable of being used in practice.     

Vibration viscosimetry and a numerical method for determining gelation dynamics

Under consideration are the equations describing the movement of a vibration sensor probe in a viscoelastic medium during. A method is proposed for performing experiments and processing the experimental data for simultaneous determination of viscosity and elasticity. Some test calculations using the model case are presented.     

The first initial–boundary-value problem for a nonlinear model of the electrodynamics of vibrating elastic media

The first initial–boundary-value problem for nonlinear differential equations describing the interactions of a vibrating electroconductive body and the electromagnetic field is studied. We assume that the motion of the body occurs at velocities that are much smaller than the velocity of propagation of the electromagnetic waves through the elastic medium. The model under study consists of two coupled differential equations; one of them is the hyperbolic equation (an analogue of the Lamé system) and the other is the parabolic equation (an analogue of the diffusion Maxwell system). We prove an existence and uniqueness result. The proof is based on the classical Faedo–Galerkin method.     

An inverse problem of identifying the coefficient of first-order in a degenerate parabolic equation

This work studies an inverse problem of determining the first-order coefficient of degenerate parabolic equations using the measurement data specified at a fixed internal point. Being different from other ordinary parameter identification problems in parabolic equations, in our mathematical model there exists degeneracy on the lateral boundaries of the domain, which may cause the corresponding boundary conditions to go missing. By the contraction mapping principle, the uniqueness of the solution for the inverse problem is proved. A numerical algorithm on the basis of the predictor-corrector method is designed to obtain the numerical solution and some typical numerical experiments are also performed in the paper. The numerical results show that the proposed method is stable and the unknown function is recovered very well. The results obtained in the paper are interesting and useful, and can be extended to other more general inverse coefficient problems of degenerate PDEs.     

Probabilistic nonlinear analysis of CFR dams by MCS using Response Surface Method

This paper presents the probabilistic analysis of concrete-faced rockfill (CFR) dams according to the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) results which are obtained through the Response Surface Method (RSM). ANSYS finite element program is used to get displacement and principal stress components. First of all, some parametric studies are performed according to the simple and representative finite element model of dam body to obtain the optimum approximate model. Secondly, a sensitivity analysis is performed to get the most effective parameters on dam response. Then, RSM is used to obtain the approximate function through the selected parameters. After the performed analyses, star experimental design with quadratic function without mixed terms according to the k = 1 is determined as the most appropriate model. Finally, dam-foundation-reservoir interaction finite element model is constituted and probabilistic analyses are performed with MCS using the selected parameters, sampling method, function and arbitrary factor under gravity load for empty and full reservoir conditions. Geometrically and materially nonlinearity are considered in the analysis of dam-foundation-reservoir interaction system. Reservoir water is modeled by fluid finite elements based on the Lagrangian approach. Structural connections are modeled as welded contact and friction contact based on Coulomb’s friction law. Probabilistic displacements and stresses are presented and compared with deterministic results.     

Problem of two-beam tomography

An idea was developed suggested in a number of studies dealing with the search for inhomogeneous inclusions inside an unknown medium given the radiation measured in a plane outside the desired body. Specifically, the medium was proposed to be probed in two directions (at two angles) in contrast to previous works, where a single direction was used. Accordingly, the probing results became more informative: the determination of the object’s shadow on the measurement area (antenna) was supplemented with the possibility of localizing the desired body in space. A tomographic location algorithm was proposed that can underlie a new orientation method in arbitrary absorbing and scattering media. As before, the case was considered where direct visualization (photograph) fails to produce a distinguishable structure of the medium. The problem was solved by analyzing signals passing through the medium. A number of numerical experiments were performed by applying computer simulation. The numerical results were illustrated by plots and tomograms.     

Dynamic positioning of a floating structure

In order to test numerical models describing the dynamics of a wave excited vessel a laboratory model setup for investigating roll motions at zero or small forward speeds was designed. A position and attitude measurement system consisting of an inertial measurement unit and a stereo–camera using an extended Kalman–filter was developed. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Method of successive approximations for three-dimensional laminar boundary layer problems (locally self-similar case) : PMM vol. 37, n6, 1973, pp. 974–983

We present an analytical method for the computation of problems of incompressible boundary layer theory based on an application of the method of successive approximations. The system of equations is reduced to a form suitable for integration. Parameters characterizing the external flow and the body geometry are contained only in the coefficients of the system and do not enter into the boundary conditions. The transformed momentum equations are integrated across the boundary layer from a current value to infinity with the boundary conditions taken into account. If the integration is made from zero to infinity, then the equations pass over into the Kármán relations. Integrating the system of equations a second time, using the boundary conditions at the wall, we obtain a system of nonlinear integro-differential equations. To solve this system of equations we apply the method of successive approximations. To satisfy the boundary Conditions at infinity we introduce, at each step of the iterations, unknown “governing” functions. From the conditions at the outer side of the boundary layer we obtain additional equations for their determination. With the iterational algorithm formulated in this way, the boundary conditions, both on the body and at the outer side of the boundary layer; are satisfied automatically.We consider a locally self-similar approximation. In this case, relative to the “governing” functions, we obtain an algebraic system of equations. We write out the solution in the first approximation. The results obtained in the first approximation are compared with the results of finite-difference computations for a wide range of problems. The results obtained in this paper are compared with those obtained in [1] for the flow in the neighborhood of a stagnation point. An indication is given of the nonuniqueness of the solutions of the three-dimensional boundary layer equations.     

方差分析在复杂测量系统能力分析中的应用

测量系统分析是QS9000标准中的核心要素之一,主要用来评估测量系统对工序质量改进的保证程度。传统的测量系统能力分析主要采用极差分析或方差分析研究单台测量仪器组成的二因素交叉型简单测量系统,本文从企业的实际情况出发,采用方差分析法研究包含多台测量仪器的复杂测量系统,基于三因素套析因混合效应实验模型的方差分析和方差估计,提出了这种测量系统能力分析的方法,并给出了应用实例。     

Buckling and vibration analysis of nonlocal axially functionally graded nanobeams based on Hencky-bar chain model

Buckling and free vibration analyses of nonlocal axially functionally graded Euler nanobeams is the main objective of this paper. Due to its simplicity, the Eringen's differential constitutive model is adopted for describing the nonlocal size dependency of nanostructure beam. The nonlocal equilibrium equation is derived using the principle of the minimum potential energy principle, and discretized by using the link-spring model known in literature as Hencky bar-chain model. The general applicability of the proposed approach allows analyses of functional graded microbeams without any restriction on variability, boundary and loading conditions. A comparison with results available in the literature shows the reliability of the method.     

An inverse backward problem for degenerate parabolic equations

This work studies the inverse problem of reconstructing an initial value function in the degenerate parabolic equation using the final measurement data. Problems of this type have important applications in the field of financial engineering. Being different from other inverse backward parabolic problems, the mathematical model in our article may be allowed to degenerate at some part of boundaries, which may lead to the corresponding boundary conditions missing. The conditional stability of the solution is obtained using the logarithmic convexity method. A finite difference scheme is constructed to solve the direct problem and the corresponding stability and convergence are proved. The Landweber iteration algorithm is applied to the inverse problem and some typical numerical experiments are also performed in the paper. The numerical results show that the proposed method is stable and the unknown initial value is recovered very well.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 33: 1900–1923, 2017     

Parallel CPR preconditioner for a multicomponent fluid flow filtration problem in a porous medium

The constrained pressure residual (CPR) preconditioning method is considered with regard to solution of systems with matrices appearing in discretization of PDE systems describing multicomponent fluid flow in porous media. New versions of algorithms are proposed. Numerical experiments using an actual parallel hydrodynamic simulator were performed for test and actual oil fields in Western Siberia, these experiments confirm the efficiency of the methods.     

Study of moisture absorption by an organoplastic

Conclusion A complex experimental study of the state of sorbed moisture in a unidirectionally reinforced organoplastic was conducted. The methods of TG, DSC, DTA, and NMR showed that moisture absorption in OP is reversible up to 8%, the sorbed moisture does not crystallize in the temperature range from –70 to 0 °C, it is finely dispersely distributed and is in the strongly and weakly bound state, and there is almost no free moisture. The results of the sorption experiments conducted on OP and its structural components: microplastic and EDT-10 binder, in a wide range of temperature-humidity conditions and the data from physical studies showed that moisture absorption in the materials basically takes place by diffusion and is satisfactorily described by a phenomenological model based on the Fick equation.A method of accelerated determination of the sorption characteristics of anisotropic composite materials was developed, using the introduced concept of the fictitious diffusion coefficient and the extrapolation method of determining the limiting moisture content. The features of migration of moisture on the interface in a multiphase system were investigated, and the possibility of successive calculation estimation of the sorption characteristics of an organoplastic at different structural levels was demonstrated: components—unidirectionally reinforced composite—model laminated article. The tested phenomenological model of the sorption process and the experimentally obtained values of the characteristics of the material were the basis for a method of calculation determination of the resource of moisture-proofing properties of a model multilayer article of CM in nonstationary external conditions.Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, No. 4, pp. 624–632, July–August, 1990.     

X-ray tomographic determination of the chemical composition and structure of an inhomogeneous medium

The chemical composition of an inhomogeneous body consisting of several homogeneous parts is determined by x-ray tomography. At the first stage, an indicator of inhomogeneities is used to determine the internal structure of the body. Next, under certain additional assumptions about the properties of the parts, a method is proposed for partial or complete determination of the chemical composition of each part as based on the results of the previous stage. Mathematically, the problem is reduced to solving the radiative transfer equation and systems of linear algebraic equations. Numerical experiments are performed via computer simulation. The numerical results are illustrated by graphs and tomograms.     

Vibrations of Pipes with Internal Flow and Rigid Body Degrees of Freedom

In the present paper the nonlinear dynamics of elastic pipes conveying fluid at arbitrary flow rates are investigated. The nonlinear equations of motion are derived using a unified form of the Lagrange Equations for non-material volumes formulated by Irschik and Holl [1], see also Chapter 3 of [2]. In a first step cantilevered pipes are considered using elastic degrees of freedom combined with a Ritz-Galerkin Ansatz of arbitrary order for modelling the deformations of the pipes. The Lagrange Equations for non-material volumes include a nonzero surface integral of the kinetic energy due to the moving outlet surface at the end of the pipe. The linear equations of motion obtained from this model are then analytically investigated utilizing the corresponding Eigenvalue problem. The results are visualized in an Argand representation of the corresponding Eigenvalues of the system matrix and compared to existing results obtained by using different formulations, such as the Hamilton Principle for Open-Systems, formulated by Benjamin [4], as demonstrated by Païdoussis [5], see also chapter 3.5 of [6]. In a next step an elastic pipe with a rigid body degree of freedom combined with a Ritz-Galerkin Ansatz is modelled with one supported and one free end. The derivation of the equations of motion is performed by using a floating-frame of reference formulation which leads to a system of nonlinear second order differential equations describing the motion of the pipe. Finally, the stability of the solutions of the equations of motion for varying flow rate is studied numerically. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Efficient optimisation of a vehicle suspension system, using a gradient-based approximation method, Part 1: Mathematical modelling

A methodology is proposed for the efficient determination of gradient information, when performing gradient based optimisation of an off-road vehicle’s suspension system. The methodology is applied to a computationally expensive, non-linear vehicle model, that exhibits severe numerical noise. A recreational off-road vehicle is modelled in MSC.ADAMS, and coupled to MATLAB for the execution of the optimisation. The successive approximation method, Dynamic-Q, is used for the optimisation of the spring and damper characteristics. Optimisation is performed for both ride comfort and handling. The determination of the objective function value is performed using computationally expensive numerical simulations.This paper proposes a non-linear pitch-plane model, to be used for the gradient information, when optimising ride comfort. When optimising for handling, a non-linear four wheel model, that includes roll, is used. The gradients of the objective function and constraint functions are obtained through the use of central finite differences, within Dynamic-Q, via numerical simulation using the proposed simplified models. The importance of correctly scaling these simplified models is emphasised. The models are validated against experimental results. The simplified vehicle models exhibit significantly less numerical noise than the full vehicle simulation model, and solve in significantly less computational time.     

Large eddy simulation and PIV experiments of air–water mixing tanks

The simulations and experiments of a turbulent bubbly flow are carried out in a cylindrical mixing vessel. Dynamics of the turbulent bubbly flow is visualized using a novel two-phase particle image velocimetry (PIV) with a combination of back lighting, digital masking and fluorescent tracer particles. Using an advanced technique, Mie’s scattering at surfaces of bubbles is totally filtered out and, henceforth, images of tracer particles and of bubbles are obtained with high quality. In parallel to the comprehensive experimental studies, numerical results are obtained from large eddy simulations (LES) of the two-phase air–water mixer. The impeller-induced flow at the blade tip radius is modeled by using sliding mesh method. The results demonstrate the existence of large structures such as tip-vortex tips, and also some finer details. In addition, the stability of the jet is found to be connected with the fluctuations of the tip vortices whose dynamics are affected by the presence of bubbles. Numerical results are used to interpret the measurement data and to guide the refinement of consistent theoretical analyses. Such information is invaluable in the development of advanced theories capable of describing bubbly flows in the presence of complex liquid flow. This detailed information is of real significance in facilitating the design and scale-up of practical stirred tanks.     

Coexistence of Two Species in a Strongly Coupled Schoener’s Competitive Model

This paper deals with the existence of positive solution to a strongly coupled system with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions describing a Schoener’s competitive interaction of two species. Making use of the Schauder fixed point theorem, a sufficient condition is given for the system to have a coexistence. And true solutions are constructed based on monotone iterative method. Our results show that this model possesses at least one coexistence state if cross-diffusions and intra-specific competitions are weak.