“化学教学设计”课程教学模式构建

主要根据化学教学的基本原理,构建了"化学教学设计"课程的教学内容和教学基本模式,形成了"化学教学设计"课程教学的特色。学习理论实施导修课教学。将化学知识按学习属性分类,按各类知识认知原理设计教学范例,并对学生进行教学设计和模拟教学训练,使学生对各类化学知识的教学原理有了深刻的认识和理解。5届硕士和3届本科生教学结果表明,学生化学教学设计能力和教学实践能力得到较理想的发展。     

提升学生对化学学科知识价值的认识——以“平衡常数的复习”一课为例

以"平衡常数的复习"一课为例,说明如何利用素材并进行有效设计,从而达到提升学生对化学知识价值认识的目的,进而让学生乐于学习化学。     

高分子化学教学中化学理论知识的有效融入

《高分子化学》是高分子材料与工程专业的一门重要的专业基础课程。高分子化学中融入了大量的基础化学理论知识,因此在《高分子化学》教学中适当地引入相关基础化学理论知识,将有利于帮助学生克服畏难心理,提高学生学习兴趣,有助于学生对重点难点的理解,有效提高教学效果。本文根据教学实践,介绍了自由基、活化能、过渡态等基础化学理论知识有效融入高分子化学教学的一些实例和心得体会。实践表明,通过以"旧知求新知"可以明显提高"教"与"学"的效果。     

元素化合物教学的定位与设计——以高中《化学1》为例

元素化合物知识在高中化学教学中主要有2种功能:(1)作为学生建立化学概念,认识化学理论,体验化学方法的知识载体;(2)让学生认识常见物质的性质,了解典型物质与生产生活的密切关系,体验化学学习的价值。教学功能决定教学设计,以"硫的转化"为例,分析教学设计中存在的主要问题。以高中《化学 1》(山东科技版)为例,分析元素化合物教学的定位与设计思路。     

美国中学化学教材中情境创设的分析与启示

美国主流理科教材《化学:概念与应用》以化学核心概念为主题,创设了丰富的学习情境。以该教材中"水和溶液"这一章创设的情境为例,讨论该教材中情境的类型、功能及呈现方式,为国内化学教材情境的创设提供建议。     

《高分子化学》教学过程新教学模式探讨

随着高分子科学技术的快速发展,《高分子化学》已经成为了化学、化工、材料等专业的必修课程,也成为了理科和师范院校的选修课程。但由于《高分子化学》涵盖的内容繁杂、抽象,致使学生在学习《高分子化学》课程中感觉非常吃力,常常出现难理解、难消化等问题。笔者在教授《高分子化学》课程中,使用"类比教学"、"实物教学"、"翻转教学""口诀教学"等手段将高分子化学所涉及的概念具体化、形象化、丰富化,使学生快速理解和掌握高分子化学中的概念知识,牢记知识要领,起到了很好的教学效果。     

"适当分块"策略在化学教学中的应用

研究了"适当分块策略"的内涵,并以化学概念教学为载体,对该策略的使用效果进行了研究.结果显示,该策略具有减轻学生学习负担、提高化学学习效率的作用,且对女生和中等学业成绩的学生影响尤为显著.     

组建近化学类专业本科生综合学习团队的探索

以生物制药和食品大类等近化学类专业本科生为成员组建旨在提升其综合学习能力的团队。开展基于"班级授课""校内实践""校外实践"和"网络媒介"的团队建设,引导团队成员夯实专业基础,开拓学术视野,全方位提升学习和实践能力。在学生学习积极性提升、学习成绩提高、学术性活动的参与度和成功率提高方面获得了初步成效。     

高师“化学教学论实验”课程项目化学习的教学实践探索

立足于教学实践,探讨了"自主、合作、探究"模式下高师"化学教学论实验"课程中项目化学习的设计思路、实施模式和实施程序。教学实践说明将项目化学习应用于"化学教学论实验"课程,能够有效提升化学师范生的实验教学能力。     

新课程化学课堂对话生成教学资源刍议

通过"纯碱纯度的测定"和"乙醇催化氧化反应类型的研究"课例阐述了对话教学是落实新课程学习观、彰显学生主体性和创新学习的重要方式,透视了化学课堂开展对话探究教学是生成有效教学资源和多元解读教材的有效途径。     

Nuclear Energy Reserves and Long-Term Energy Requirements

In this article the world's potential energy reserves are summarized on the basis of available estimates, and the future energy consumption is estimated with the aid of a working hypothesis relating to the growth of the world's population (P) and the energy consumption per capita (γ). According to this estimate, the energy requirements in 30 years will be about seven times and in 80 years about fifty times as high as they are today, and all the concentrated energy sources will be exhausted in about 120 to 160 years. – The energy requirements in the steady state (P_γ = const.) could be of the order of 10¹³ MWh per year and could be met out of magmatic rocks (U,Th) and sea water (U,D). High priority should be given to research and development work on the construction, reliability, and safety of breeder and fusion reactors, the chemical treatment and final disposal of radioactive waste, the extraction of uranium, thorium, and deuterium from the “primitive” raw materials, the relevant problems relating to protection of the environment, and the worldwide control of the excess birthrate.     

Energy materials

Fundamental advances in the solid state chemistry of ionically conducting solids are essential if we are to address the problem of clean energy supply and hence global warming. Several new directions are discussed in this context. Recently, we have synthesised, for the first time, TiO₂ nanowires. They possess diameters between 20 and 40 nm and may be up to several microns in length. The crystal structure is that of the less well known polymorph TiO₂B. The nanowires are excellent intercalation hosts for Li, reaching a composition of Li_0.91TiO₂B (corresponding to 305 mAh g⁻¹ of charge stored), almost twice the capacity of anatase. After a small irreversible capacity loss on the first cycle, reversibility of intercalation is excellent. This material is of interest as a potential negative electrode in rechargeable lithium batteries. The first synthesis of ordered mesoporous Fe₂O₃ materials is described. Two forms, exhibiting respectively pores ordered in 2 and 3 dimensions have been characterised. Metal–polyether complexes (polymer electrolytes), the solid state analogues of the crown ether complexes, are discussed. For some 30 years it was believed that only amorphous lithium-polyether complexes supported ionic conductivity, recently we have shown that this is incorrect. We have reported the first example of crystalline polymer electrolytes supporting ionic conductivity. New developments involving the doping of stoichiometric metal–polyether complexes, specifically PEO₆:LiXF₆, where X=P,As,Sb, are discussed that enhance the conductivity by up to 2 orders of magnitude.     

Energy recovery

Incinerators in use, power-generating incinerators and pollution-prevention methods in energy recovery from waste incineration are briefly reviewed. Results of a recent energy recovery experiment under real operating conditions are described: The addition of waste plastic to municipal solid waste brought about more stable combustion and no increase in the concentrations of dioxins. It is remarked that energy recovery through incineration is probably the best currently available means of disposal for plastics which are too difficult to recycle.     

Energy eigenvalue spectroscopy

A wave function which is other than an exact eigenfunction, if it obeys appropriate analytical conditions, can be considered to represent the initial configuration of a nonstationary state. In the course of its subsequent time development the quantum system exhibits implicitly its entire eigenvalue spectrum. A method based, in principle, on Fourier analysis of the evolving quantum system is applied to the direct calculation of the energy eigenvalue spectrum. The spectral function is expressed as a moment expansion, in terms of expectation values of powers of the Hamiltonian. When the expansion is truncated, as it must be in any practical application, the corresponding spectral function represents a smeared-out eigenvalue spectrum. An alternative approximation leads to the quantum-mechanical method of moments. As the number of terms is increased, the computed spectrum becomes sharper and more accurate. In certain cases the moment expansion can be circumvented, if the action of the evolution operator can be evaluated in closed form. This is equivalent to finding some solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The various methods of eigenvalue spectroscopy are applied to the harmonic oscillator.     

Energy partitioning schemes

The paper gives an overview, generalization and systematization of the different energy decomposition schemes we have devised in the last few years by using both the 3-D analysis (the atoms are represented by different parts of the physical space) and the Hilbert space analysis in terms of the basis orbitals assigned to the individual atoms. The so called "atomic decomposition of identity" provides us the most general formalism for analyzing different physical quantities in terms of individual atoms or pairs of atoms. (The "atomic decomposition of identity" means that we present the identity operator as a sum of operators assigned to the individual atoms.) By proper definitions of the atomic operators, both Hilbert-space and the different 3-D decomposition schemes can be treated on an equal footing. Several different but closely related energy decomposition schemes have been proposed for the Hilbert space analysis. They differ by exact or approximate treatment of the three- and four-center integrals and by considering the kinetic energy as a part of the atomic Hamiltonian or as having genuine two-center components, too. (Also, some finite basis correction terms may be treated in different manners.) The exact schemes are obtained by using the "atomic decomposition of identity". In the approximate schemes a projective integral approximation is also introduced, thus the energy components contain only one- and two-center integrals. The diatomic energy contributions have also been decomposed into terms of different physical nature (electrostatic, exchange etc.) The 3-D analysis may be performed either in terms of disjunct atomic domains, as in the case of the AIM formalism, or by using the so called "fuzzy atoms" which do not have sharp boundaries but exhibit a continuous transition from one to another. The different schemes give different numbers, but each is capable of reflecting the most important intramolecular interactions as well as the secondary ones--e.g. intramolecular interactions of type C-H[...]O.     

化学能转化成电能的实验设计

以常见的铜锌原电池反应为例,设计了一组对比实验装置,即化学反应装置与原电池装置。以化学反应装置中的能量变化为依据,展示了化学反应中释放出的能量具体形式为“热”与“功”;通过与原电池装置的比较,证明原电池实验装置中的“热”转化为了电能。     

Computed Potential Energy Surfaces and Minimum Energy Pathways for Chemical Reactions

Computed potential energy surfaces are often required for computation of such observables as rate constants as a function of temperature, product branching ratios, and other detailed properties. We have found that computation of the stationary points/reaction pathways using CASSCF/derivative methods, followed by use of the internally contracted CI method with the Dunning correlation consistent basis sets to obtain accurate energetics, gives useful results for a number of chemically important systems. Applications to complex reactions leading to NO_x and soot formation in hydrocarbon combustion are discussed.     

Journal of Energy Chemistry

正www.jenergychem.org AIMS AND SCOPE The Journal of Energy Chemistry is a publication that mainly reports on creative researches and innovative applications of chemical conversions of fossil energy, electrochemical energy and hydrogen energy, as well as the conversions of biomass and solar energy related with chemical issues to promote academic exchanges in the field of energy chemistry and to accelerate the exploration, research and development of energy science and technologies.     

Energy metabolism in mitochondria

Mitochondria are separate metabolic compartments within the cell. The functional boundary of the mitochondrial compartment is the inner membrane. This membrane contains the enzymatic apparatus for the electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. The substrate breakdown cycles are localized in the mitochondrial matrix space. Specific carriers are responsible for the exchange of ADP, ATP, phosphate, and intermediates of the citric acid cycle between the matrix space and the extramitochondrial space. The particular importance of the adenine nucleotide transport to the regulation of the energy metabolism of the cell is discussed in detail.