Review on the application and prospect of magnetohydrodynamics in aeronautical engineering

介绍了磁流体动力学在航空工程中的主要应用方式,主要包括：磁流体冲压组合发动机、磁流体涡轮组合发动机、燃烧室后磁流体发电、表面磁流体发电、磁流体加速风洞、磁流体推力矢量、进气道大尺寸磁流体流动控制、边界层分离流动控制、边界层转捩控制、飞行器头部热流控制等;探讨了磁流体技术在应用中存在的关键科学与技术问题,对导电流体的产生、磁流体实验设备与实验技术、多场耦合机理及数值模拟方法等进行了分析;最后对磁流体技术在航空工程上的应用与发展进行了总结与展望.     

磁流体动力学在航空工程中的应用与展望

介绍了磁流体动力学在航空工程中的主要应用方式,主要包括:磁流体冲压组合发动机、磁流体涡轮组合发动机、燃烧室后磁流体发电、表面磁流体发电、磁流体加速风洞、磁流体推力矢量、进气道大尺寸磁流体流动控制、边界层分离流动控制、边界层转捩控制、飞行器头部热流控制等;探讨了磁流体技术在应用中存在的关键科学与技术问题,对导电流体的产生、磁流体实验设备与实验技术、多场耦合机理及数值模拟方法等进行了分析;最后对磁流体技术在航空工程上的应用与发展进行了总结与展望.     

进气道等离子体/磁流体流动控制研究进展

为实现高速飞行器的宽速域飞行,如何保证进气道在非设计状态下的性能至关重要。相比于传统被动控制方式,等离子体/磁流体流动控制技术作为新概念主动流动控制技术,由于其具有结构简单,快速响应,并可根据实际飞行条件进行反馈控制等优势,在国内外上得到了广泛关注。本文介绍了等离子体/磁流体在高超/超声速进气道的主要应用方式与等离子体/磁流体建模方法。当进气道处于超临界状态时,等离子体/磁流体流动控制主要通过热阻塞效应产生虚拟型面,从而将激波系推回至唇口,该技术有望在需要短时间流动控制的高马赫数导弹上走向工程应用;由于等离子体/磁流体激励器与壁面平齐安装,对于高超声速飞行条件,相比于粗糙元其对热防护的要求较低,并且通过超声速风洞实验初步证明了通过高频激励对边界层施加扰动的可行性,需要从稳定性理论的角度对其物理机制进行研究。在后续发展中需要进一步创新等离子体产生技术及激励方式,发展等离子体与流的全耦合计算模型等离子体与流的全耦合计算模型与高效算法 ,为指导工程应用提供依据.      

进气道等离子体/磁流体流动控制研究进展

为实现高速飞行器的宽速域飞行,如何保证进气道在非设计状态下的性能至关重要。相比于传统被动控制方式,等离子体/磁流体流动控制技术作为新概念主动流动控制技术,由于其具有结构简单,快速响应,并可根据实际飞行条件进行反馈控制等优势,在国内外上得到了广泛关注。本文介绍了等离子体/磁流体在高超/超声速进气道的主要应用方式与等离子体/磁流体建模方法。当进气道处于超临界状态时,等离子体/磁流体流动控制主要通过热阻塞效应产生虚拟型面,从而将激波系推回至唇口,该技术有望在需要短时间流动控制的高马赫数导弹上走向工程应用;由于等离子体/磁流体激励器与壁面平齐安装,对于高超声速飞行条件,相比于粗糙元其对热防护的要求较低,并且通过超声速风洞实验初步证明了通过高频激励对边界层施加扰动的可行性,需要从稳定性理论的角度对其物理机制进行研究。在后续发展中需要进一步创新等离子体产生技术及激励方式,发展等离子体与流的全耦合计算模型等离子体与流的全耦合计算模型与高效算法,为指导工程应用提供依据.     

基于高温气体效应的磁流体流动控制研究进展

高超声速飞行器强激波后高温气体形成具有导电性的等离子体流场,电离气体为磁场应用提供了直接工作环境.磁流体控制技术利用外加磁场影响激波后的离子或电子运动规律,可有效地改善高超声速飞行器气动特性,在飞行器气动力操控和热环境管理等方面均具有广阔的应用前景; 同时,超导材料及电磁技术的发展又重新推动了这一领域的研究热潮.虽然国内外在高超声速磁流体流动控制领域已开展了一些研究工作,但其实验研究依然极具挑战, 且由于实验条件及测量技术等限制,其压力、热流等参数的测量并没有得出较为系统的结论,因此需要对影响脱体激波距离、热流、压力变化的规律及机理进行深入研究; 同时,数值模拟方法和理论分析也亟待可靠的实验数据来对其进行验证.本综述调研和讨论了基于高温真实气体效应的磁流体流动控制技术研究,主要针对磁流体流动控制的试验技术、数值模拟、理论方法以及流动控制的主要研究方向等进行了总结,并对其发展趋势进行了讨论和展望.      

Hall效应对三维磁流体发生器的影响

应用三维非理想低磁雷诺数磁流体五方程模型发展了对带有强制项的Navier-Stokes方程组采用熵条件格式, 对椭圆型电势方程采用SOR进行迭代的数值方法,研究了Hall效应对磁流体旁路超燃冲压发动机中磁流体发生器流动及性能的影响.磁流体发生器采用电子束获得有效可靠的电导率. 计算结果表明,Hall效应可引起流场和电场的扭曲, 从而诱导出不稳定二次流的发展与演变,并破坏Joule热的分布. 对这些磁流体现象作出了较详细的分析.最后计算了磁流体发生器的性能参数, 说明Hall效应将导致磁流体发生器的性能下降.      

磁流体技术的工业应用

介绍磁性流体的结构模型和分类方法,综述了磁流体密封技术、磁流体润滑、磁流体研磨、磁流体传热、磁流体传感器技术、磁流体分离技术、磁流体印刷技术的原理和应用,介绍了磁流体阻尼器、磁流体微泵、磁流体膜和医学等方面的应用,提出了磁流体及其应用技术研究的展望．     

基于无网格Galerkin法求解矩形绝缘管道内的磁流体流动

无量纲磁流体流动控制方程中的哈特曼数较大将导致数值计算发散或误差过大。将无网格Galerkin法引入绝缘管道内的稳定磁流体流动计算中,针对磁流体控制方程中大哈特曼数导致计算误差大的情况,对无网格Galerkin法添加了稳定项。计算结果表明,同等条件下,添加了稳定项的无网格Galerkin法总体相对误差远小于标准无网格Galerkin法的结果,且可以计算哈特曼数最大达50000绝缘管道内的磁流体流动。     

超声速气流磁流体加速初步实验研究

利用激波风洞, 采用氦气驱动氩气, 在平衡接触面运行方式下得到高温气体,通过在低压段注入电离种子K₂CO₃粉末, 实现高温条件下导电流体的产生, 设计了超声速喷管及磁流体加速实验段, 采用大电容提供电能, 开展了超声速气流磁流体加速初步实验研究. 典型实验条件下, 当喷管入口总压为0.7049MPa、理论平衡温度为8372.8K, 喷管出口马赫数为1.5, 电容充电电压为400V, 磁感应强度为0.5T时, 对电压电流特性、电导率、负载系数、电效率、加速效果等进行了测量或计算, 主要结论有: 磁场作用下的超声速气流的电导率的值大约在150S/m; 磁流体加速通道负载系数约为4, 电效率约为28%, 平均输入功率约198kW; 采用电参数测试方法对磁流体加速效果进行评估, 速度增加约15.7%;超声速气流的电导率对加速通道的电效率及加速效果等有很重要的影响.      

磁流体压缩管道热电磁流动特性研究

利用磁流体五波模型对低磁雷诺数下压缩管道中磁流体流动进行数值模拟。该模型由带有电磁作用强制项的Navier-Stokes方程组与电势Poisson方程组成,数值格式分别采用严格保证熵条件的熵条件格式和中心差分格式。数值模拟对不同磁作用数下的不同几何外形管道进行数值模拟研究,结果表明在磁流体压缩管道中,由于发生器模式提取...     

Approximate solutions to MHD Falkner-Skan flow over permeable wall

The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Falkner-Skan boundary layer flow over a permeable wall in the presence of a transverse magnetic field is examined. The approximate solutions and skin friction coefficients of the MHD boundary layer flow are obtained by using a method that couples the differential transform method (DTM) with the Padé approximation called DTM-Padé. The approximate solutions are expressed in the form of a power series that can be easily computed with an iterative procedure. The approximate solutions are tabulated, plotted for the values of different parameters and compared with the numerical ones obtained by employing the shooting technique. It is found that the approximate solution agrees very well with the numerical solution, showing the reliability and validity of the present work. Moreover, the effects of various physical parameters on the boundary layer flow are presented graphically and discussed.     

Exact solutions of MHD second Stokes flow of generalized Burgers fluid

This work concerns with the exact solutions of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of generalized Burgers fluid describing the second Stokes problem. The modified Darcy law is taken into account. The related velocity distribution and shear stress are expressed as a combination of steady-state and transient solutions computed by means of integral transformations. The effects of various parameters on the flow field are investigated. The MHD flow results in reduction of velocity distribution and associated thickness of the boundary layer.     

Magnetohydrodynamic flow on a half-plane

We investigate the magnetohydrodynamic flow (MHD) on the upper, half of a non-conducting plane for the case when the flow is driven by the current produced by an electrode placed in the middle of the plane. The applied magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane, the flow is laminar, uniform, steady and incompressible. An analytical solution has been developed for the velocity field and the induced magnetic field by reducing the problem to the solution of a Fredholm's integral equation of the second kind, which has been solved numerically. Infinite integrals occurring in the kernel of the integral equation and in the velocity and magnetic field were approximated for large Hartmann numbers by using Bessel functions. As the Hartmann number M increases, boundary layers are formed near the non-conducting boundaries and a parabolic boundary layer is developed in the interface region. Some graphs are given to show examples of this behaviour.     

Experimental Study of an MHD Source of Light with a TC Layer

The possibility of using a high-temperature current layer initiated in a plasma flow as a powerful source of light with a wide range of emission is demonstrated. The study was performed on a setup with a disk MHD channel in the regime of TC layer generation in argon and sodium plasma flows.     

Entropy analysis of unsteady magneto-nanofluid flow past accelerating stretching sheet with convective boundary condition

The unsteady laminar magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) boundary layer flow and heat transfer of nanofluids over an accelerating convectively heated stretching sheet are numerically studied in the presence of a transverse magnetic field with heat source/sink. The unsteady governing equations are solved by a shooting method with the Runge-KuttaFehlberg scheme. Three different types of water based nanofluids, containing copper, aluminium oxide, and titanium dioxide, are taken into consideration. The effects of the pertinent parameters on the fluid velocity, the temperature, the entropy generation number, the Bejan number, the shear stress, and the heat transfer rate at the sheet surface are graphically and quantitatively discussed in detail. A comparison of the entropy generation due to the heat transfer and the fluid friction is made with the help of the Bejan number. It is observed that the presence of the metallic nanoparticles creates more entropy in the nanofluid flow than in the regular fluid flow.     

Dual solutions in MHD stagnation-point flow of Prandtl fluid impinging on shrinking sheet

The present article investigates the dual nature of the solution of the magneto- hydrodynamic （MHD） stagnation-point flow of a Prandtl fluid model towards a shrinking surface. The self-similar nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved numerically by the shooting： method. It is found that the dual solutions of the flow exist for cer- tain values of tile velocity ratio parameter. The special case of the first branch solutions （the classical Newtonian fluid model） is compared with the present numerical results of stretching flow. The results are found to be in good agreement. It is also shown that the boundary layer thickness for the second solution is thicker than that for the first solution.     

Generation of compressible modes in MHD turbulence

Astrophysical turbulence is magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) in nature. We discuss fundamental properties of MHD turbulence and in particular the generation of compressible MHD waves by Alfvénic turbulence and show that this process is inefficient. This allows us to study the evolution of different types of MHD perturbations separately. We describe how to separate MHD fluctuations into three distinct families: Alfvén, slow, and fast modes. We find that the degree of suppression of slow and fast modes production by Alfvénic turbulence depends on the strength of the mean field. We review the scaling relations of the modes in strong MHD turbulence. We show that Alfvén modes in compressible regime exhibit scalings and anisotropy similar to those in incompressible regime. Slow modes passively mimic Alfvén modes. However, fast modes exhibit isotropy and a scaling similar to that of acoustic turbulence both in high and low plasmas. We show that our findings entail important consequences for star formation theories, cosmic ray propagation, dust dynamics, and gamma ray bursts. We anticipate many more applications of the new insight to MHD turbulence and expect more revisions of the existing paradigms of astrophysical processes as the field matures. PACS 47.65.+a; 52.30.Cv; 52.35.Ra; 95.30.Qd     

Boundary layer development in an MHD duct

This study presents a method of calculation for two-dimensional, steady-state, laminar flow in the entrance region of an MHD duct. The electrically conducting fluid in the free stream is compressible whereas the medium in the boundary layer itself is taken to be incompressible. Thus, the density is variable in the axial direction of the duct only, and the momentum and energy equations for the boundary layer are uncoupled. These equations are solved using an extended Von Kármán-Pohlhausen method as described by U. P. Hwang for a compressible MHD flow with zero electric field. In this study, however, the electric field is essentially not zero and the MHD duct can work as a generator. The equations of the insulator boundary layer are solved in the assumption that the displacement thickness of the electrode boundary layer equals that of the insulator boundary layer, so the total influence of the varying effective crossection on the free stream is taken into account. In this way a quick method of calculating the MHD flow in the entrance region of a duct is obtained.