用组合式电磁粒子速度计研究JOB-9003炸药的冲击起爆过程

用组合式电磁粒子速度计研究了JOB-9003炸药在不同冲击压力下的起爆过程。粒子速度计所测波形较好地反映出了炸药中冲击波向爆轰波的转变过程。对冲击波跟踪器所测波形的分析表明,冲击压力为4.9 GPa时,JOB-9003炸药冲击转爆轰的距离和时间分别为xD=6.06 mm和tD=1.13 s,当冲击压力增加到 5.8 GPa时,转爆轰的距离和时间减小为xD=5.66 mm和tD=1.01 s。     

Breakdown of a discontinuity,taking account of the real equation of state of the detonation products from a condensed explosive

The problem is considered concerning the breakdown of an arbitrary discontinuity, due to the emergence of a detonation wave at the boundary of a condensed explosive charge. The real equation of state of the detonation products of Hexogen was used in the numerical calculations. A u vs p diagram is constructed, which allows graphical calculations to be carried out of the discontinuity breakdown for different media. A comparison is carried out of the calculated values of the initial shock-wave velocities with the experimental data obtained at a certain distance from the explosive charge. It is shown that an increase of the pressure of the gas in which dispersion of the explosion products occurs leads to a reduction of the initial shock wave velocity and to an enhancement of its attenuation during its further motion in the shock tube.     

用光电技术测定爆轰参数

本文介绍了一种用光电技术同时测定爆速和爆温、爆压和爆温的方法。用光电比色技术测定炸药爆轰温度的同时,用两个爆轰面上爆轰的时间差计算爆轰波速度;或用透明介质中冲击波速度来反算炸药中的爆轰压力。方法原理可靠,技术简便。     

A chemical shock tube driven by detonation

A chemical shock tube driven by a detonation driver is described in the present paper. This shock tube can produce a single controlled high-temperature pulse for studies of gas-phase reaction kinetics, but the difficulty associated with the timing for the rupture of diaphragms in the conventional chemical shock tube is overcome, because the detonation wave in the driver section can be predicted correctly and shows a good repeatability. In addition, this shock tube is capable of providing higher temperature conditions for the test gas than the conventional high-pressure shock tube, owing to the inherently high-driving capability of the detonation driver. The feasibility of this shock tube is examined by numerical simulations and preliminary experiments.     

Theory of the detonation of weak condensed explosives

The possibilities of detonation taking place in a material characterized by a shock adiabatic containing a sharp break (leading to a double shock-wave configuration) are examined. The range of possible velocities D of a self-sustaining detonation in the second shock wave is determined; D may be subsonic with respect to the original material. However, even for an arbitrarily low velocity of sound the range of subsonic D values above the break point on the adiabat is extremely limited: The minimum detonation velocity D_min coincides (apart from a factor of 0.5–0.8) with the velocity of a longitudinal sound wave in the original material below the break point. This limitation with regard to D is associated with the formation of a wave of rarefaction in the reaction products, For D < D_min the shock wave of rarefaction reaches the Jouguet point and breaks the steady-state complex of the detonation wave. The results obtained are valid not only for weak, but also for powerful, explosive substances, if (by virtue of any kind of losses) low-velocity forms of detonation are realized in these materials.     

Experimental study of the shock response of an HMX-based explosive

Experiments have been fired in which the HMX-based explosive EDC37 was subjected to one-dimensional shocks generated by plate impact. The response of the explosive to sustained shocks, double shocks and a short-pulse shock was monitored using embedded particle velocity gauges and shock tracker gauges. The final stages of the growth to detonation process were similar for all of the different input profiles. A strong reactive wave grows and accelerates to overtake and dominate the initial shock. It is shown that the curves showing the growth of the shock and the reactive wave in the sustained shock experiments can be normalised to give universal curves. These curves provides a reference against which to compare the explosive's response, not only to single sustained shocks, but also to double shock and short-pulse inputs. The treatment provides an empirical route for predicting the effects of sustained and more complex shocks on EDC37. PACS 47.40.-x; 82.33.Vx     

在球面散心冲击波作用下JB-9014炸药冲击引爆过程实验研究

采用双灵敏度VISAR对JB-9014炸药在20 GPa的球面散心冲击波作用下冲击引爆过程开展了实验研究。测得的不同厚度JB-9014炸药/窗口界面的粒子速度历程表明,到爆轰距离为2~3 mm,在3~5mm处反应冲击波已发展为稳定爆轰波。开展了相应的初步数值计算工作,计算结果与实验基本吻合。     

研究爆速直径效应的爆轰冲击波动力学方法

利用爆轰冲击波动力学（ＤＳＤ）的广义几何光学模型，得到了圆杆药柱中拟定态二维爆轰波阵面形状的解析解。在两步反应模型假定下建立了ＤＳＤ的边界条件，用爆速亏损表示阵面上炸药未反应分数，就可得到渐近爆速与药柱直径的关系，即得到计算爆速直径效应的模型。本文模型的实际意义是利用直径效应已有的大量实验数据，给定ＤＳＤ方法所需要的、又难以实验测定的各种常用炸药的爆速曲率常数（ｄＤｎ／ｄ）０，以及渐近状态下爆轰波与药柱边界的夹角。     

Mechanisms of detonation transmission in layered H2-O2 mixtures

When a plane detonation propagating through an explosive comes into contact with a bounding explosive, different types of diffraction patterns, which may result in the transmission of a detonation into the bounding mixture, are observed. The nature of these diffraction patterns and the mode of detonation transmission depend on the properties of the primary and bounding explosives. An experimental and analytical study of such diffractions, which are fundamental to many explosive applications, has been conducted in a two channel shock tube, using H₂-O₂ mixtures of different equivalence ratios as the primary and bounding or secondary explosive. The combination of mixtures was varied from rich primary / lean secondary to lean primary / rich secondary since the nature of the diffraction was found to depend on whether the Chapman-Jouguet velocity of the primary mixture,D _p, was greater than or less than that of the secondary mixture,D _s. Schlieren framing photographs of the different diffraction patterns were obtained and used to measure shock and oblique detonation wave angles and velocities for the different diffraction patterns, and these were compared with the results of a steady-state shock-polar solution of the diffraction problem. Two basic types of diffraction and modes of detonation reinitiation were observed. WhenD _p>D _s, an oblique shock connecting the primary detonation to an oblique detonation in the secondary mixture was observed. WithD _p<D _s, two modes of reinitiation were observed. In some cases, ignition occurs behind the Mach reflection of the shock wave, which is transmitted into the secondary mixture when the primary detonation first comes into contact with it, from the walls of the shock tube. In other cases, a detonation is initiated in the secondary mixture when the reflected shock crosses the contact surface behind the incident detonation. These observed modes of Mach stem and contact surface ignition have also been observed in numerical simulations of layered detonation interactions, as has the combined oblique-shock oblique-detonation configuration whenD _p>D _s. WhenD _p>D _s, the primary wave acts like a wedge moving into the secondary mixture with velocityD _p after steady state has been reached, a configuration which also arises in oblique-detonation ramjets and hypervelocity drivers.     

爆速对爆炸焊接铝/不锈钢复合管界面及结合性能的影响

通过在粉状乳化炸药中添加不同比例的密度调节剂,配制了爆速范围为1 450~2 550 m/s的低爆速炸药;采用该爆速炸药进行了铝/不锈钢复合管爆炸焊接实验,结合最小碰撞速度理论,对实验结果及其界面微观结构和结合强度进行了测试和分析,确定该复合管爆炸焊接的合适爆速约为1 950~2 150 m/s,其结合质量能够满足后续加工要求;同时发现界面由介于直线与波形之间的波状形态组成,且呈现不太规则的扁平波状结合,经分析,炸药爆速、复合管的爆炸焊接环境和爆炸产物飞散条件对界面结合波形及熔化层厚度有很大影响。     

孔隙度对PBX炸药冲击起爆影响的实验研究

为了研究孔隙度(装药密度)对PBX炸药冲击起爆爆轰成长的影响，采用炸药冲击起爆锰铜压阻一维拉格朗日实验测试系统，测量了不同孔隙度的PBXC03炸药(HMX的质量分数为87%，TATB的质量分数为7%，黏结剂的质量分数为6%)冲击起爆过程不同拉格朗日位置的压力-时间历史。结果显示:在本文装药范围和加载条件下，孔隙度对PBX炸药冲击起爆爆轰过程的影响不单调，中等密度的炸药冲击起爆和爆轰成长最快，这是热点点火过程与燃烧反应过程共同作用的结果。     

一种以TATB/HMX为基的高聚物粘结炸药的短脉冲冲击起爆特性

利用金属箔电爆炸驱动聚酯薄膜飞片产生短脉冲冲击波的加载技术（电炮），依据DRM（Delayed Robbins-Monro）试验程序，研究了以TATB/HMX为基的高聚物粘结炸药的短脉冲冲击起爆特性，获得了其50%起爆概率条件下的冲击起爆阈值和100%起爆的最小起爆阈值。利用光纤探针/光电转换器/示波器接收技术，研究了冲击起爆压力幅值和脉宽对该炸药到爆轰距离的影响，得到了相应的Pop关系。     

Aluminum Particles–air Detonation at Elevated Pressures

The effect of initial pressure on aluminum particles–air detonation was experimentally investigated in a 13 m long, 80 mm diameter tube for 100 nm and 2 μm spherical particles. While the 100 nm Al–air detonation propagates at 1 atm initial pressure in the tube, transition to the 2 μm aluminum–air detonation occurs only when the initial pressure is increased to 2.5 atm. The detonation wave manifests itself in a spinning wave structure. An increase in initial pressure increases the detonation sensitivity and reduces the detonation transition distance. Global analysis suggests that the tube diameter for single-head spinning detonation or characteristic detonation cell size would be proportional to (d ₀: aluminum particle size, p ₀: initial pressure). Its application to the experimental data results in m ~ O(1) and n ~ O(1) for 1 to 2 μm aluminum–air detonation, thus indicating a strong dependence on initial pressure and gas-phase kinetics for the aluminum reaction mechanism in detonation. Hence, combustion models based on the fuel droplet diffusion theory may not be adequate in describing micrometric aluminum–air detonation initiation, transition and propagation. For 2 μm aluminum–air mixtures at 2 atm initial pressure and below, experiments show a transition to a “dust quasi-detonation” that propagates quasi-steadily with a shock velocity deficit nearly 40% with respect to the theoretical C–J detonation value. The dust quasi- detonation wave can propagate in a tube with a diameter less than 0.4–0.5 times the diameter required for a spinning detonation wave.     

Measuring the velocity of a gas wake in a shock tube from the induced electromotive force

It is shown that the velocity of the gas wake in a shock tube can be measured from the induced electromotive force for argon and xenon at initial pressures greater than 1 mm Hg and conductivities above 1 mho/cm. In a strongly ionized gas ( > 0. 01) the flow velocities measured directly behind the shock front are close to the flow velocities corresponding to steady-state ionization equilibrium. It is noted that the expenditure of energy to dissociate an admixture of air causes a noticeable increase in the velocity of the flow along the entire plug of hot gas. A 3–6% acceleration of the flow along the plug. in the equilibrium ionization zone is observed; this is probably caused by the action of the boundary layer formed on the walls of the shock tube on the free flow.     

On the motion of flying plate under explosive attack

The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the weak shock behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter purterbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three. Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.     

正向爆轰驱动高焓激波风洞的数值模拟

对充满氢氧可燃气体、带扩容腔的正向爆轰驱动的激波风洞进行了数值模拟。计算采用了欧拉方程,频散可控耗散差分格式（DCD）和改进的二阶段化学反应模型。在扩容腔附近采用二维轴对称计算模型,而在驱动段和被驱动段的直管道部分则采用一维计算模型。本文分析了爆轰波在管道中的传播、反射和绕射过程。计算结果表明扩容腔的尺寸对爆轰波的传播、反射、汇聚等起着决定性的作用;带扩容腔的正向爆轰驱动的激波风洞能够得到平稳的持续时间较长的气流,提高了实验的精确度和可重复性。     

Euler–Lagrange simulation of high pressure shock waves

This paper presents the numerical simulation of overdriven detonation (or O.D.D.) that occurs when a high velocity object impacts an explosive. The pressure and the velocity at this state are higher than those of the Chapman–Jouguet (C–J) state. First, before the simulation of this event, a study of PBX air blast by using multi-material Eulerian method is presented. Pressure peaks are computed for several distances from the explosive. Second, the O.D.D. phenomenon is modeled by the Euler–Lagrange penalty coupling, which permits to couple a Lagrangian mesh of the flyer plate to multi-material Eulerian mesh of explosives and air. This coupling gives us the high detonation velocities in the acceptor explosive and demonstrates that it is able to handle shock–structure interaction problems.     

长管强约束条件下压装PBX炸药点火实验研究

为探究压装炸药PBX-A在较强约束条件下、在药柱一端使用点火药引燃后能否发生燃烧转爆轰，在传统DDT管的基础上重新设计了特定位置约束增强的厚壁钢柱壳管实验装置，利用多路PDV诊断技术，配套高速摄影记录对点火药引燃炸药实验过程中的柱壳膨胀、断裂特性等实验现象进行了全过程连续监测。对比由爆轰驱动的相同装药条件下实验现象及对应过程物理状态的区别，发现:爆轰实验和点火实验 的总反应时间历程存在数量级的差别；柱壳上各个测点速度历程反映出装置内部炸药反应引起的压力增长历程特征，以及炸药反应的传播过程均存在明显差异。分析表明，在较强约束条件下，典型压装炸药PBX-A在一端使用点火药引燃后的反应行为实际是以高温、高压反应产物沿装药缝隙对流，炸药表面的层流燃烧及其伴随的结构响应行为为主要表现形态；从反应压力水平及其增长的时间历程来看，炸药基体中没有形成冲击波，因而无法实现从冲击到爆轰的转变。     

Advances in detonation driving techniques for a shock tube/tunnel

Early works on the detonation driven shock tube are reviewed briefly. High initial pressure detonable mixture can be used in backward-detonation driver when the buffer tube is attached to the end of the driver for eliminating the excessive reflected peak pressure. Experimental data showed that an improvement on attenuation of the incident shock wave generated by the forward driver can be obtained, provided the diameter of the driver is larger than that of the driven section and an abrupt reduction of cross-section area is placed just beyond the diaphragm. Also, it is clearly verified by a numerical analysis. An additional backward-detonation driver is proposed to attach to the primary detonation driver and on condition that the ratios of initial pressure in the additional driver to that in the primary driver exceed the threshold value, the Taylor wave behind detonation wave in the primary detonation driver can be eliminated completely.     

Interaction of a high-speed combustion front with a closely packed bed of spheres

The head-on collision of a combustion front with a closely packed bed of ceramic-oxide spheres was investigated in a vertical 76.2 mm diameter tube containing a nitrogen diluted stoichiometric ethylene–oxygen mixture. A layer of spherical beads in the diameter range of 3–12.7 mm was placed at the bottom of the tube and a flame was ignited at the top endplate. Four orifice plates spaced at one tube diameter were placed at the ignition end of the tube in order to accelerate the flame to either a “fast-flame” or a detonation wave before the bead layer face. The mixture reactivity was adjusted by varying the initial mixture pressure between 10 and 100 kPa absolute. The pressure before and within the bead layer was measured by flush wall-mounted pressure transducers. For initial pressures where a fast-flame interacts with the bead layer peak pressures recorded at the bead layer face were as high as five times the reflected Chapman–Jouget detonation pressure. The explosion resulting from the interaction developed by two distinct mechanisms; one due to the shock reflection off the bead layer face, and the other due to shock transmission and mixing of burned and unburned gas inside the bead layer. The measured explosion delay time (time after shock reflection from the bead layer face) was found to be independent of the incident shock velocity. As a result, the explosion initiation is not the direct result of the shock reflection process but instead is more likely due to the interaction of the reflected shock wave and the trailing flame. The bead layer was found to be very effective in attenuating the explosion front transmitted through the bead layer and thus isolating the tube endplate. This paper is based on work that was presented at the 21th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Poitiers, France, July 23–27, 2007.