Practical Chemical Synthesis of Atypical Ubiquitin Chains by Using an Isopeptide‐Linked Ub Isomer

Chemical ubiquitination is an effective approach for accessing structurally defined, atypical ubiquitin (Ub) chains that are difficult to prepare by other techniques. Herein, we describe a strategy that uses a readily accessible premade isopeptide‐linked 76‐mer (isoUb), which has an N‐terminal Cys and a C‐terminal hydrazide, as the key building block to assemble atypical Ub chains in a modular fashion. This method avoids the use of auxiliary‐modified Lys and instead employs the canonical and therefore more robust Cys‐based native chemical ligation technique. The efficiency and capacity of this isoUb‐based strategy is exemplified by the cost‐effective synthesis of several linkage‐ and length‐defined atypical Ub chains, including K27‐linked tetra‐Ub and K11/K48‐branched tri‐, tetra‐, penta‐, and hexa‐Ubs.     

An activated building block for the introduction of the histidine side chain in aliphatic oligourea foldamers

A new N-Boc-protected monomer for the synthesis of oligourea foldamers containing the (1H-imidazolyl-4yl)methyl side chain of histidine, has been prepared in seven steps from Trt-His(τ-Trt)-OMe. This protecting group combination on histidine was found to be critical to ensure efficient access to the requisite activated building block. This new derivative, suitable for solid phase synthesis, expands the current arsenal of building blocks with proteinogenic side chains useful for the design of peptidomimetic oligourea foldamers.     

Solid-phase synthesis of 4-methylcarboxy-1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones

A solid-phase synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepinone-2,5-diones is described. This new route can afford benzodiazepinone bearing a N-urethane-protected amine and a carboxylic acid function. This kind of building block is valuable as a dipeptide mimic or beta-turn mimetic, and it can be introduced in place of any amino acid in peptide synthesis. Using an "analytical probe" strategy, we optimized the synthesis of a model compound on SynPhase Lanterns. Therefore, the efficiency of several linkers was investigated.     

基于Fmoc策略的O-磷酸化多肽化学合成研究

以Fmoc-策略固相合成方法为基础,以亚磷酰胺为磷酸化试剂,分别以总体磷酸化法和单体磷酸化法合成了多种磷肽、修饰磷肽及其对应的非磷酸化多肽,并以乙腈/水/0.06%三氟乙酸为洗脱体系,用HPLC对磷肽和多肽进行分离.肽链的长度增加,总体法的磷酸化效率降低;这种基于Fmoc-策略的单体磷酸化法目前只适用于含酪氨酸磷肽的合成.     

Formyl group activation of a bromopyrrole ester in Suzuki cross-coupling reactions: application to a formal synthesis of Polycitone A and B and Polycitrin A

A new pyrrole building block is described, which allows for the regiospecific synthesis of 2,3,5-trisubstituted pyrroles and 2,3,4,5-tetrasubstituted pyrroles. Optimization studies are presented for the preparation of the pyrrole building block along with the evaluation of various cross-coupling conditions and cross-coupling agents. A short, formal synthesis of the natural products Polycitone A, Polycitone B, and Polycitrin A from the pyrrole building block is also described.     

The first chemoenzymatic total synthesis of the phytotoxic nonenolide putaminoxin and its (5S,6E,9S)-diastereomer

The limitations of an alcohol dehydrogenase regarding the oxidative kinetic resolution of homoallylic alcohol containing alkyl chains were investigated, leading to a valuable building block for the total synthesis of phytotoxic nonenolide putaminoxin. The enzymatic approach towards the enantioenriched homoallylic alcohol was compared to classical, nonenzymatic approaches using asymmetric reagent controlled allyl additions and the obtained building block was used for the total synthesis of putaminoxin and its (5S,6E,9S)-diastereomer. After the spectroscopic analysis of the synthesized compounds, discrepancies were observed to already published data of isolated and synthesized putaminoxin. Therefore, a systematic comparison of NMR data was carried out. The result underlines the necessity of total synthesis for the absolute assignment of configuration.     

Oxidation of 3-alkyl-substituted 2-pyrazolino[60]fullerenes: a new formyl-containing building block for fullerene chemistry

A new building block for fullerene chemistry, endowed with a formyl group on C-3 of the 2-pyrazoline ring, has been prepared in a simple two-step synthesis by oxidation of readily available 3-alkyl-substituted 2-pyrazolino[60]fullerenes; the new building block paves the way for the preparation of new light-harvesting fullerenes.     

New gem-difluoromethylene-containing isocyanide as a useful building block for the synthesis of difluorinated pseudopeptides via Ugi reaction

A new and efficient method was developed for the synthesis of novel gem-difluoromethylene-containing isocyanide, which can be used as a building block for the synthesis of difluorinated pseudopeptides via Ugi reaction.     

Rapid, high-yield, solid-phase synthesis of the antitumor antibiotic sansalvamide A using a side-chain-tethered phenylalanine building block

A 10-step solid-phase synthesis of the cytotoxic depsipeptide sansalvamide A (1) has been accomplished in an overall yield of 67% with >95% purity employing polymer-bound phenylalanine building block 2. Both the N- and C-termini of 2 are extended followed by on-resin head-to-tail macrocyclization of the linear peptide in a high yield. This should be a general stategy for the synthesis of diverse libraries of cyclic peptides and depsipeptides that contain exclusively phenylalanine and other hydrophobic side chains.     

Synthesis of a new conformationally constrained glycoamino acid building block

The synthesis of a suitably protected β-d-glucopyranosyl-(S)-α-methylserine derivative—a new conformationally constrained glycosylated quaternary amino acid analogue of β-d-glucopyranosyl-l-serine—is described. This compound can be used as an attractive building block for the synthesis of new, constrained glycopeptides.     

Traceless solid-phase synthesis of chiral 3-aryl beta-amino acid containing peptides using a side-chain-tethered beta-amino acid building block

[reaction: see text] A general method for the attachment of a chiral aromatic side-chain-containing beta-amino acid to a polymer support using a traceless silyl linkage strategy has been developed. Using this building block, solid-phase synthesis was carried out to obtain tripeptide analogues with the aromatic ring either unsubstituted or halogenated (Br, I) at the position of the silyl group. The building blocks could generate libraries of peptidomimetics or cyclic peptides containing beta-amino acids with nonpolar side chains.     

Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of novel (X-DADAD)n conjugated polymers with fluorene and phenylene blocks

Novel fluorene- and phenylene-based conjugated polymers with the TBTBT molecular framework consisting of the thiophene (T) and benzothiadiazole (B) building blocks have been synthesized and investigated. It has been demonstrated that the variation of X building blocks with branched side chains in (X-TBTBT)_n-type structures, as well as the introduction of fluorine into the main chain, strongly affects the optical, electronic and physicochemical properties of the obtained polymers. The phenylene-based polymer with a fluorine- loaded TBTBT block achieves a power conversion efficiency of 7% in organic solar cells, which can be further improved by optimizing the active layer morphology.     

Heteromultivalent Glycooligomers as Mimetics of Blood Group Antigens

Precision glycomacromolecules have proven to be important tools for the investigation of multivalent carbohydrate–lectin interactions by presenting multiple glycan epitopes on a highly-defined synthetic scaffold. Herein, we present a new strategy for the versatile assembly of heteromultivalent glycomacromolecules that contain different carbohydrate motifs in proximity within the side chains. A new building block suitable for the solid-phase polymer synthesis of precision glycomacromolecules was developed with a branching point in the side chain that bears a free alkyne and a TIPS-protected alkyne moiety, which enables the subsequent attachment of different carbohydrate motifs by on-resin copper-mediated azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions. Applying this synthetic strategy, heteromultivalent glycooligomers presenting fragments of histo-blood group antigens and human milk oligosaccharides were synthesized and tested for their binding behavior towards bacterial lectin LecB.     

A new strategy for solid-phase depsipeptide synthesis using recoverable building blocks

The technique of choice for synthesis of small-scale depsipeptides is on a solid support. However, if expensive monomers have to be incorporated, solid-phase synthesis can quickly turn out to be unattractive because of its low atom economy. Herein, we describe a new type of recoverable and reuseable alpha-hydroxy acid building block for solid-phase synthesis and its application in the synthesis of a number of small cyclic depsipeptides. [structure: see text]     

Unusual supramolecular assembly and nonlinear optical properties of l-histidinium hydrogen malate

A new nonlinear optical material, l-histidinium hydrogen malate, has been synthesized. The crystal structure was determined at 90 K by single-crystal X-ray diffraction in order to analyze its supramolecular structure. A new building block type has been found. The malate anions form head-to-side infinite chains parallel to [100], via O-H?O interactions, instead of the usual head-to-tail infinite chains found in other hydrogen malate salts. The l-histidine cations form chains parallel to [100] via N-H?O hydrogen bonds, with cations of adjacent chains in anti-parallel way. The compound shows a good optical second-harmonic generation capability with an effective second-order susceptibility estimated to be 0.70 of that for potassium dihydrogen phosphate.     

Asymmetric synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted piperidines from sulfinimine-derived delta-amino beta-ketoesters. Formal synthesis of pseudodistomin B triacetate

[reaction: see text] N-Sulfinyl delta-amino beta-ketoester enaminones, a new sulfinimine-derived chiral building block, undergoes, on hydrolysis in one pot, an intramolecular Michael addition followed by a retro-Michael-type elimination to give enantiopure 2,4,5-trisubstituted piperidines, a structural motif found in numerous biologically active alkaloids. This new chiral building block is readily prepared by treating N-sulfinyl delta-amino beta-ketoesters with dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal. This new protocol was illustrated with a concise formal asymmetric synthesis of marine alkaloid pseudodistomin B triacetate.     

Synthesis of orthogonally protected 3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid--a versatile building block for the synthesis of cocaine analogues

An eight-step synthesis of an orthogonally protected 3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane from commercially available pyroglutamic acid was developed. The target compound can be used as a versatile building block for combinatorial synthesis of pharmacologically useful compounds and features a hidden α-, β-, δ- and ε-amino acid, which can also be seen as an example of a new class of cocaine analogues.     

不同拓扑构型嵌段液晶分子的合成与相变行为

本文对近来报道的三类嵌段液晶分子：多羟基1－苯甲酰胺－2，3－丙二醇两亲性分子I,星状季戊四醇苯甲酸酯II及带侧链的波拉化合物III的合成及自组装行为作了综述。这些分子由各向异性嵌段、两亲性嵌段和烷基链（或全氟链）以不同的拓扑形式组合而成，其合成的关键步骤是Pd(0)催化下碘代全氟烷烃对双键的自由基加成反应以及Pd(0)催化的偶合反应。通过调节亲水部分和亲脂部分的比例, 在I和II-F中观察到了从近晶层相（Sm）到柱相（Col）再到三维立方相（Cub）的液晶相序列；在波拉分子III-F中通过改变侧链的长度, 获得了一系列柱相及新型层相。这些研究表明, 利用多元化竞争组合理念，将分子中不相容的部分以不同的拓扑形式结合在一起，通过它们的微观相分离, 形成不同的微观区域, 获得不同的界面, 产生不同的界面曲率, 可设计合成具有不同微观结构的超分子体系， 从而在分子水平上控制分子的自组装行为； 同时全氟链的引入所带来的氟效应能促进微观分离，稳定液晶相，并有利于复杂超分子体系的产生。     

Self-assembly of inorganic nanoparticle vesicles and tubules driven by tethered linear block copolymers

Controllable self-assembly of nanoscale building blocks into larger specific structures provides an effective route for the fabrication of new materials with unique optical, electronic, and magnetic properties. The ability of nanoparticles (NPs) to self-assemble like molecules is opening new research frontiers in nanoscience and nanotechnology. We present a new class of amphiphilic "colloidal molecules" (ACMs) composed of inorganic NPs tethered with amphiphilic linear block copolymers (BCPs). Driven by the conformational changes of tethered BCP chains, such ACMs can self-assemble into well-defined vesicular and tubular nanostructures comprising a monolayer shell of hexagonally packed NPs in selective solvents. The morphologies and geometries of these assemblies can be controlled by the size of NPs and molecular weight of BCPs. Our approach also allows us to control the interparticle distance, thus fine-tuning the plasmonic properties of the assemblies of metal NPs. This strategy provides a general means to design new building blocks for assembling novel functional materials and devices.     

Sequence‐Defined Oligomers from Hydroxyproline Building Blocks for Parallel Synthesis Applications

The functionality of natural biopolymers has inspired significant effort to develop sequence‐defined synthetic polymers for applications including molecular recognition, self‐assembly, and catalysis. Conjugation of synthetic materials to biomacromolecules has played an increasingly important role in drug delivery and biomaterials. We developed a controlled synthesis of novel oligomers from hydroxyproline‐based building blocks and conjugated these materials to siRNA. Hydroxyproline‐based monomers enable the incorporation of broad structural diversity into defined polymer chains. Using a perfluorocarbon purification handle, we were able to purify diverse oligomers through a single solid‐phase extraction method. The efficiency of synthesis was demonstrated by building 14 unique trimers and 4 hexamers from 6 diverse building blocks. We then adapted this method to the parallel synthesis of hundreds of materials in 96‐well plates. This strategy provides a platform for the screening of libraries of modified biomolecules.