石墨和纳米碳中缺陷和电子密度随温度的变化

测量了石墨和纳米碳在不同温度下的正电子寿命谱,研究了石墨和纳米碳中缺陷和电子密度随温度的变化.结果表明,纳米碳中缺陷的开空间和缺陷浓度分别大于和高于石墨晶体;纳米碳的平均自由电子密度低于石墨晶体.当温度从25K升至295K时,石墨和纳米碳中的平均自由电子密度随温度的升高而下降:石墨晶体中的自由电子密度随温度的升高变化较小;纳米碳的自由电子密度随温度的升高变化较大.随着温度的升高,石墨和纳米碳中的热空位数量增多,而且这些空位可迁移至微孔洞的内表面使微孔洞的开空间增大.     

基于紫外-可见光谱法研究叶黄素聚集体结构及其动力学

利用紫外-可见分光光度计,检测了乙醇/水溶液中,不同温度下叶黄素吸收谱,并探测了光谱随时间的变化。结果表明,在1∶1乙醇/水溶液中,高浓度和低浓度样品中,叶黄素H-聚集体随温度升高呈线性降低规律。1∶2溶液中,叶黄素聚集结构不随温度变化而变化,结构稳定。对其吸收光谱的动力学检测发现,1∶1溶液中,随着时间的推移,H-聚集体呈指数增加。分析认为,溶液中水分子的氢键是形成叶黄素聚集结构的决定因素,水分子和氢键数目的增加促使叶黄素形成稳定的H-聚集结构。     

异性纳米通道中NaCl水溶液电渗输运特性

采用分子动力学方法模拟了电场驱动下纳米通道中NaCl水溶液的电渗输运特性,壁面为无电荷和带有负电荷两种情况,统计了速度、密度、黏度和热传导系数的分布规律.在壁面电荷作用下,Na+被壁面吸附,Cl-聚集在通道中央;Na+与水分子朝电场负方向、Cl-朝电场正方向运动;Na+、Cl-呈电渗流动,水分子则较为复杂,呈电渗流和被...     

CNT界面水分子动力学特性研究

采用非平衡态分子动力学模拟方法研究了碳纳米管(CNT)入口界面的水分子输运特性,分析了不同CNT直径下,水分子动力学特性的变化规律。结果表明,随着CNT直径的增大,水分子流入CNT的通量逐渐增大;界面处水分子密度沿轴向分布更加均匀且逐渐趋近于体相区域的水分子密度。由于大管径CNT对水分子热运动的约束减弱,水分子间相互扰动增强,使得CNT内部的氢键寿命逐渐缩短,有效降低界面传质能量壁垒并改善了水分子输运特性。本文的研究有助于深化对纳米多孔介质入口界面流体的输运特性理解,并为纳米多孔材料的优化设计提供基础理论指导。     

乙醇水混合物在碳纳米管中的吸附与结构性质

用分子动力学模拟研究乙醇水混合物在碳纳米管中的结构与吸附．在(6,6)到(10,10)碳纳米管内,几乎总是充满乙醇分子,很少有水分子．在更粗的碳纳米管中有一些水分子,管内的乙醇质量分数远远高于体相值．对管内外的分子进行了径向、轴向、角向的密度和取向的分布以及氢键数目的分析．管外第一溶剂化层中分子的角向密度分布指出乙醇分子的甲基和碳壁有最强的作用,被钉扎在碳纳米管的六角形中心位置．基于对这些现象微观机制的理解,推测碳纳米管在甲醇和乙醇中更倾向吸附乙醇,通过对乙醇甲醇混合物与碳纳米管的分子动力学模拟验证了这个预测．     

磷酸二氢铵水溶液构型能和径向分布函数的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟对不同温度下磷酸二氢铵水溶液的构型能和径向分布函数进行了研究．磷酸二氢根被看作七节点模型,铵离子被看作五节点模型,而水分子则被看作简单点电荷模型．在饱和温度 附近,体系局域粒子数密度有波动．373?400 K的溶液势能增长缓慢表明磷酸二氢铵部分分解．磷酸二氢根中的氧原子与铵离子中氢原子的径向分布函数在三种不同温度下呈现明显不同,表明溶液中平均氢键数目随温度的变化明显改变．温度对磷酸二氢根中的氢原子和氧原子的结合有一定的影响,而在饱和溶液中有更多的生长基元产生．     

单壁碳纳米管受限空间内水的分布

碳纳米管管腔作为分子物质的纳米通道,其储存或输送水的能力具有重要研究价值.为了研究碳纳米管管腔受限空间对水分子团簇结构和分布的影响,本文采用分子动力学方法探究了管径、手性和温度对单壁碳纳米管管腔内水的结构和分布的影响.结果表明:在常温下,管径尺寸范围为1.018—1.253 nm的单壁碳纳米管管内易形成有序的多元环水结构,此范围以外碳纳米管管内难以形成水的有序结构;且随着管径尺寸增大,多元环水呈现由三元环至六元环的结构变化;范德瓦耳斯势分布分析表明,在上述管径范围内,水分子趋向于贴近碳纳米管管壁分布而形成水的有序结构.对比管径尺寸差别较小的碳纳米管,其手性对多元环水结构影响不大.多元环水结构的稳定性表现出温度依赖性,管径较大的碳纳米管内的多元环水的有序结构更易随温度升高而消失.     

在水中的纳米水分子的发现和它的特点及实验证实

我们从水的实验中发现了纳米水分子的存在,所谓的纳米水分子是由大量的水分子通过氢键连接起来的环状和线性的Clusters.我们用水的红外光谱发现了这种环状和线性的纳米水分子中的OH的对称和反对称振动分别对应于3415 cm-1 和3281 cm-1与3163 cm-1和3037 cm-1峰.又从水分子的极化实验,一阶相变的特点和庞建立的氢键系统中质子传递的理论所得出的结果进一步从实验和理论上证明了这种纳米水分子在水中的存在.这种纳米水分子能够导电,并能被磁化.因此,它的发现改变了我们对水的传统认识,并能对很多水的奇特能加以清楚的解释.     

高盐溶液蒸发过程中的分子动力学模拟与研究

随着我国工业的快速发展,如何减量化处理工业排放的高盐废水已经成为了亟待解决的环境问题.在处理高盐废水的各种工艺中,热蒸发技术因具备脱盐效果好,灵活性好等特点得到了广泛应用.本文从微观角度出发,采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了LiCl、KCl、CaCl_(2)三种溶液在400 K和500 K两种温度加热条件下的蒸发过程,分析了Li^(+)、K^(+)、Ca^(2+),Cl^(-)四种盐离子对蒸发速率、水分子取向、氢键、溶液结构等性质的影响.研究结果表明温度的提升会对蒸发速率产生极大影响,温度的提高不会改变配位水化层的位置但会明显减少离子的配位水分子数,有利于提高活跃水分子的占比和蒸发速率.     

不凝性气体对纳米通道内水分子流动传热影响的分子动力学模拟

随着电子元件高性能化和小型化的发展,纳米通道内工质的流动传热问题受到了更多的关注.本文采用分子动力学模拟方法,模拟了300,325,350 K的纳米通道中流体的流动传热情况,工质为水,水中不凝性气体用氩气代替.结果表明:流动过程中,氩原子形成高势能团簇,随着温度升高,流体势能上升,团簇逐渐减小或消失;少量气体原子能够促进流动,而较多氩气会导致通道中心区域形成较大气体团簇而阻碍流动,同时,被加热的工质能显著减小流动阻力系数;近壁面区域流体温度高于中心区域,团簇内部原子活动更加剧烈,平均分子动能更大,温度更高;水的氢键结构可以促进纳米通道内的传热,氩原子会影响氢键数量,高温会破坏水分子形成的氢键网络,使努塞尔数下降.本研究分析了不凝性气体影响下微通道内水分子流动传热的机理,为电子设备的强化传热提供了理论指导.     

Hydrogen-bond dynamics of interior and surface molecules in a water nanocluster: temperature and size effects

Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to investigate the effects of temperature and size on the hydrogen-bond dynamics of interior molecules and surface molecules in a water nanocluster. The flexible three-centred (F3C) water model is invoked in the simulations. To inspect the dynamics of the interior hydrogen bonds and the surface hydrogen bonds, a spherical water nanocluster is modelled and then divided into interior molecules and surface molecules according to the density profile of the water nanocluster. It is observed that at higher temperatures the average number of hydrogen bonds decreases and yields faster hydrogen-bond relaxation for both interior molecules and surface molecules of the water nanocluster. Furthermore, the surface molecules have a lower average number of hydrogen bonds than the interior molecules. The lifetime of the surface hydrogen bonds is slightly longer than that of the interior hydrogen bonds, whereas the hydrogen-bond structural relaxation time of the surface molecules is more obviously slower than that of the interior molecules. Regarding the size effect, a larger water nanocluster is seen to have a larger average number of hydrogen bonds and a longer hydrogen-bond structural relaxation time.     

Two commensurate hydrogen-bonded monolayer structures of melamine on Ag(111)

Melamine (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine) was deposited on the Ag(111) surface under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. It forms two different monolayer structures, which were investigated by low energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy. The α-phase is a honeycomb structure containing two molecules per unit-cell. The molecular orientation within the unit-cell is determined by six hydrogen bonds. The α-phase is kinetically preferred upon deposition at room-temperature and can be transferred to the thermodynamically more stable β-phase by annealing at 333 K. The β-phase has an oblique unit-cell containing four molecules and shows a higher surface density with additional hydrogen bonds between adjacent amino groups. Both structures are commensurate. While the structural motif of the α-phase has been observed before on Au(111) and Ag–Si(111) surfaces, the structure of the β-phase has been so far only theoretically predicted.     

Structure and dynamics of ordered water in a thick nanofilm on ionic surfaces

The structure and dynamics of water in a thick film on an ionic surface are studied by molecular dynamic simulations. We find that there is a dense monolayer of water molecules in the vicinity of the surface. Water molecules within this layer not only show an upright hydrogen-down orientation, but also an upright hydrogen-up orientation. Thus, water molecules in this layer can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules in the next layer. Therefore, the two-dimensional hydrogen bond network of the first layer is disrupted, mainly due to the O atoms in this layer, which are affected by the next layer and are unstable. Moreover, these water molecules exhibit delayed dynamic behavior with relatively long residence time compared with those bulk-like molecules in the other layers. Our study should be helpful to further understand the influence of water film thickness on the interfacial water at the solid-liquid interface.     

Analysis of water molecules around GTP in Hras-GTP complex and GDP in Hras-GDP complex by molecular dynamics simulations

We investigate the structures of the Hras-GTP and the Hras-GDP complexes in water solvents in order to understand the mechanism of GTP hydrolysis in the Hras-GTP complex. We performed MD simulations of these complexes in order to study the positions and the orientations of water molecules around the guanosine nucleotides. Using trajectories we calculated the angular distribution of water molecules around the most distant phosphorus from guanosine in our previous work. It was shown that water molecules are distributed evenly in GTP, although unevenly in GDP. This suggests that the trigger of GTP hydrolysis is possibly the attack of water molecule to γ?phosphate from the appropriate direction. In this paper, in order to investigate the role of water molecules in GTP hydrolysis in detail, we calculate the orientation of water molecules. The distribution of the orientation is different between GTP and GDP. In order to investigate the cause of this difference, we examine the hydrogen bonds between water molecules and oxygen atom of the most distant phosphate from guanosine. We find that these hydrogen bonds are formed. We also find that the oxygen atom of hydrogen bond is determined by the position of the water molecule of hydrogen bond.     

Oxide/water interfaces: how the surface chemistry modifies interfacial water properties

The organization of water at the interface with silica and alumina oxides is analysed using density functional theory-based molecular dynamics simulation (DFT-MD). The interfacial hydrogen bonding is investigated in detail and related to the chemistry of the oxide surfaces by computing the surface charge density and acidity. We find that water molecules hydrogen-bonded to the surface have different orientations depending on the strength of the hydrogen bonds and use this observation to explain the features in the surface vibrational spectra measured by sum frequency generation spectroscopy. In particular, 'ice-like' and 'liquid-like' features in these spectra are interpreted as the result of hydrogen bonds of different strengths between surface silanols/aluminols and water.     

Molecular mechanism of gelation upon the addition of water to a solution of poly(acrylonitrile) in dimethylsulfoxide

The solidification of a solution of poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) upon introduction of water into the solution is studied by Raman spectroscopy. In the absence of water, DMSO molecules are found to produce dipole-dipole bonds with PAN molecules. Upon the introduction of water, DMSO molecules produce hydrogen bonds with it and bands at 1005 and 1015 cm⁻¹ appear in the Raman spectrum, which are assigned to the valence vibrations of S=O bonds involved in the hydrogen bonds. Simultaneously, water molecules produce hydrogen bonds with PAN molecules: R-C≡N...H-O-H...N≡C-R, where R is the carbon skeleton of a PAN molecule. Accordingly, a band at 2250 cm⁻¹ arises in the Raman spectrum, which is assigned to the valence vibrations of C≡N bonds producing hydrogen bonds with a water molecule. When the water content is low and the DMSO concentration is high, the length of the hydrogen bonds varies in wide limits and the band at 2250 cm⁻¹ is wide. As the water content rises, DMSO molecules come out of PAN, the variation of the hydrogen bond length in it decreases (the band at 2250 cm⁻¹ narrows), and a high-viscosity system (gel) arises that consists of PAN molecules bonded to water molecules via “equally strong” hydrogen bonds.     

Self-assembly of 2,6-dimethylpyridine on Cu(1 1 0) directed by weak hydrogen bonding

Sequential stages of formation of a self-assembled monolayer of flat-lying 2,6-dimethylpyridine molecules on a single crystal Cu(1 1 0) surface have been observed by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (LT-STM). At an adsorption temperature of 10 K, all of the molecules are randomly distributed at low coverage upon adsorption. The isolated molecules align their molecular axes parallel to the 〈0 0 1〉 azimuth of the Cu lattice. The nitrogen atom in the molecule is located at the four-fold hollow site. Upon annealing to 100 K, the molecules associate to form head-to-head dimers. The dimer units involve a pair of weak hydrogen bonds between methyl group-hydrogen atoms and N moieties on adjacent molecules, forming a core structure for further growth. In a later stage of self-assembly, single head-to-tail weak hydrogen bonds between ring C-H bonds and N moieties form in chains on the periphery of the central cores, leading to larger domains with a c(6 × 2) overlayer structure.     

The concentration effect on the ‘hydrophobic’ and ‘hydrophilic’ behaviour around DMSO in dilute aqueous DMSO solutions. A computer simulation study

We have carried out a molecular dynamics study of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in water at 298 K at two different densities by simulating two different concentrations: 0.055 and 0.19 mole fraction. We have found an enhancement in the structure of water, an effect that becomes more pronounced as the concentration of DMSO increases. At both concentrations there is a well-defined hydration structure around the oxygen atom of DMSO, which is able to establish strong hydrogen bonds with surrounding water molecules. An increase in the concentration of DMSO depletes the solution of bulk water molecules, reducing the number of hydrogen bonds that water can have in the immediate vicinity of DMSO but increasing the strength of the hydrogen bonds made between the oxygen atom of DMSO and water. There is clear evidence of ‘hydrophobic’ hydration around the methyl groups of DMSO, which is enhanced as the concentration of DMSO increases.     

用分子动力学模拟甲烷水合物热激法结合化学试剂法分解

用分子动力学模拟方法研究甲烷水合物的热激法，化学试剂法，以及热激法结合化学试剂法分解，系统研究温度为277K和340K时添加液态水(WTR)和30wt％乙二醇(EG)溶液对水合物分解的影响.模拟显示WTR与水合物表面水分子形成氢键，破坏水合物原有的氢键平衡，造成笼状结构坍塌，水合物分解.EG分子中的羟基与水合物表面水分子形成氢键，从而破坏原有的稳定结构，造成水合物笼状结构被破坏，达到促进水合物分解，释放甲烷气体的效果.比较温度为277K和340K时添加WTR和30wt％EG溶液对水合物分解效果得出EG(340K)> WTR(340K)>EG(277K)>WTR(277K)，热激法结合化学试剂法能更好促进水合物分解.