A New Method for Rotation and Brightness Invariant Pattern Recognition Based on Modified Multiple Circular Harmonic Expansions

A new method for rotation and brightness invariant pattern recognition was proposed by applying multiple circular harmonic expansions to the joint transform correlator. The amplitudes of the multiple orders of circular harmonic expansions made from a detecting image were synthetically modified to respond to the same auto-correlation peaks. These modified circular harmonic expansions were arranged in the input plane as reference patterns together with an arbitrary target pattern, and the correlation signals between them were calculated in the subtracted joint transform correlator. The fraction of the correlation-peak intensities between the target and the references were extracted as a new discrimination parameter. This new parameter performs pattern recognition under rotation and brightness invariance with good discriminability. Its high discriminability has been proved in computer simulations using the face image patterns of many individuals.     

Multitarget Detection Using a Hybrid Optical Joint Transform Correlator with Power Spectrum Subtraction

Multitarget detection using a hybrid optical joint transform correlator with power spectrum subtraction is proposed. This architecture is a programmable single spatial light modulator joint transform correlator. It consists of a liquid crystal display panel, an imaging lens, and a liquid crystal light valve to enhance resolution and space-bandwidth production. In this technique, it has two joint images in the input plane. In the second joint image, the reference image is contrast-reversal. With this technique, the second joint power spectrum is subtracted from the first joint power spectrum and the subtracted joint power spectrum is then taken the inverse Fourier transform. This technique is found to yield better correlation output performance than that of the classical joint transform correlator. Computer simulation results and the optical experimental results for input scene of the multitarget are given.The results have verified the correctness of the system design and performance analysis.     

Multitarget Detection Using a Hybrid Optical Joint Transform Correlator with Power Spectrum Subtraction

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基于KNSBN:Cu晶体的光折变联合变换相关器

给出基于KNSBN:Cu晶体的光折变二波耦合联合变换相关器(TBJTC).以KNSBN:Cu晶体作为平方律转换器,将强度较大且携带参考图象和待识别图象联合频谱的信号光波与一强度较弱的相干平面参考光波同时输入于KNSBN:Cu晶体,通过光折变二波耦合过程的非线性能量转移,实现功率谱转换,进而实现相关识别.理论分析和实验结果表明,除输入输出外,该光学相关器无需CCD、LCLV等器件和相应的数字处理,是一个全光光学相关器.     

多目标识别的联合变换相关器的研究

提出了一种可用于多目标识别的联合变换相关器。为改善相关信号的性能,对功率谱作了优化处理。为消除相关面上的零级项和目标间的相关项,可用联合功率谱减去纯目标输入的功率谱和参考图像的功率谱;为增强和锐化相关峰,将相减的功率谱作指数函数滤波处理。分析了指数滤波参数对相关结果的影响。计算机模拟结果表明,这种相关器所输出的相关信号比经典联合变换相关器和二元联合变换相关器输出的相关信号更好,互相关得到了抑制,自相关得到了增强,具有很好的抗噪能力。     

用于指纹识别的基于离散余弦变换的二值化联合变换相关器

提出了一种利用离散斜弦变换对联合功率谱进行处理的二值化联合变换相关算法,利用这种二值联合变换相关器,进行了一个待识别指纹同四个参考指纹的比较,这种相关器同采用局部中值阈值技术的二值化联合变换相关器相比,能提高输出峰边比,提高相关峰的强度。光电混合处理实验的结果表明,这种方法能大大提高多指纹识别系统的识别性能。     

修正振幅调制的光电混合圆谐联合变换相关器作旋转不变的目标检测

提出一种修正振幅调制的光电混合圆谐联合变换相关器作旋转不变的目标检测的实验系统。参考图像（即圆谐展开分量的实部和虚部）、圆盘状的局部偏置函数以及目标图像同时显示于输入面。此方法对联合功率谱作了修正,先将联合功率谱减去纯输入景物（含局部偏置函数）的功率谱和参考图像（含局部偏置函数）的功率谱,再加上局部偏置函数的功率谱,然后将所得修正的联合功率谱乘以振幅调制滤波函数。这种方法能产生比普通的圆谐联合变换     

Printed Chinese character recognition with a real-time optical correlator

A prototype real-time Chinese character recognition processor, which utilizes the Vander Lugt type complex spatial filter is presented. A real-time correlation operation is performed with a photoconductor-liquid crystal device as an incoherent-to-coherent image converter. Bandpass Fourier transform images passing through a bandpass spatial filter are sequentially recorded on a rotating hologram recording plate as stored reference patterns. It makes possible holding the stable discrimination for noisy unknown input patterns and storing a huge number of reference patterns. The typewritten Chinese characters in practice are experimentally discriminated from very similar ones in the real-time optical correlator. This indicates the possibility of more than 2000 printed Chinese character recognition with the optical correlation.     

仅用参考物功率谱取阈的二元联合变换相关器

提出一种用特征物功率谱取阈值的新型二元联合变换相关器。与传统的联合变换相关器相比较,它有高光能效率、高鉴别率和输入空间宽带的优点;与现行的二元联合变换相关器相比较,它有鉴别率高和不需靶物功率谱测量的特点,因而是一种简便和高性能的相关器。     

联合变换相关器在光纤检测中离焦影响的讨论

对联合变换相关器在光纤检测中离焦采集谱问题进行了理论分析,计算机模拟以及光纤缺陷检测实验。得出了离焦距离与相关峰值的关系曲线,示出了对不同相似程度的输入物的离焦谱和焦面谱两种情况下进行相关的计算机模拟结果;提供了在焦面上和离焦一定范围两种情况下缺陷程度不同的光纤的相关检测结果。     

位相调制的实时联合变换相关器

提出一种位相调制的实时联合变换相关器。它采用液晶显示屏作为输入器件，用液晶光阀记录和显示联合功率谱。利用液晶显示屏上的光栅状结构的衍射级，提高光能的利用率，并充分利用液晶光阀的有效使用面积。采用成像透镜放大各衍射级的联合频谱，适应液晶光阀较低的分辨率要求。在相关器的光路中插入两块倾斜的平行平面玻璃板，以改变各衍射级的参考图像和目标图像之间的位相差。这种方法可产生比传统的实时联合变换相关器更好的输出相关性能。实验结果证实了该系统设计及性能分析的正确性     

基于功率谱相减实现无零级衍射的联合变换相关器

联合变换相关器的零级衍射光斑会影响相关峰探测。将参考目标和待识别目标的联合功率谱与参考目标本身的功率谱做相减运算可消除零级衍射光斑,可提高联合变换相关器的识别能力。通过计算机仿真和实验验证了该方法的可行性。     

基于空域啁啾编码频域平行光斜照射的联合变换相关器

针对经典联合变换相关器的缺陷,提出了基于空域啁啾编码频域斜光束照射的联合变换相关技术.利用空域啁啾编码实现相关峰尖锐;频域平行光斜照射实现自相关峰边缘化、互相关峰中心化,不需要计算机进行数字处理,实时性强.理论分析和实验表明,该方法不仅能获得尖锐的相关峰,而且探测器上只保留了互相关峰,大大提高了识别能力和探测器的利用效率,同时使输入面的空间带宽得到更充分的利用.     

Conjugate Image Plane Correlator with Holographic Disk Memory

A conjugate image plane correlator with holographic disk memory is proposed. Optical correlation between conjugate images reconstructed from a holographic disk and an input image on liquid-crystal television is executed with the rotation of the disk. Regardless of Fourier hologram recording with the pseudorandom diffuser, it is found possible to take out the diffuser from the original hologram recording scheme using an image reconstruction process and to get correlation signals between input and reconstructed conjugate images in the output plane of a two-lens imaging system. Generation of conjugate replicas with high contrast causes exact matching with an input image which results in high recognition performance for autocorrelation signals. The transfer function of an optical system can be controlled by adjustment of either hologram size or hologram area illuminated with a laser beam. Hence, the output intensity distribution can be adjusted by selecting a proper pupil function and the size of an output pupil defined by the input pupil size and the optical system magnification factor. The real-time character recognition by optical parallel high-speed processing for two dimensional images with position normalization is demonstrated.     

使用振幅调制和功率谱相减的联合变换相关器作多目标检测

提出一种使用振幅调制和功率谱相减的联合变换相关器作多目标检测，这一方法对联合功率谱作了修正，先将联合功率谱减去纯输入景物的功率谱和参考图象的功率谱，再将所得修正的联合功率谱乘以振幅调制滤波函数。分析和量化了输入景物噪声对联合变换相关器性能的影响。这种方法比条纹调节的联合变换相关器和修正的条纹调节的联合变换相关器能产生更好的相关输出和适应输入景物噪声的能力。     

Wavelet-modified fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator

In this paper, we implement a wavelet-modified fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator (JTC) for real-time target recognition applications. In real-time situation the input scene is captured using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The obtained joint power spectrum is multiplied by a pre-synthesized fringe-adjusted filter and the resultant function is processed with an appropriately scaled wavelet filter. Three performance measure parameters: correlation peak intensity, peak-to-sidelobe ratio, and signal-to-clutter ratio have been calculated for fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator (FJTC) and wavelet-modified fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator (WFJTC). The WFJTC has been found to yield better results in comparison to conventional FJTC. To suppress the undesired strong dc, the resultant function is differentiated. Differential processing wavelet-modified fringe-adjusted joint power spectrum removes the zero-order spectra and hence improves the detection efficiency. To focus the correlation terms in different planes in order to capture one of the desired autocorrelation peaks and discard the strong dc and another autocorrelation peak, chirp-encoding technique has also been applied. Targets with Gaussian and speckle noise have also been used to check the correlation outputs. Computer simulation and experimental results are presented.     

Image displacement based on phase-encoded reference joint fractional transform correlator

In order to utilize the space of an input plane efficiently and make the optical structure more flexible, an image displacement measurement based on phase-encoded reference joint fractional transform correlator (PER-JFrTC) is proposed. We use a random phase mask to encode the reference image and overlay it with the target image forming the input image. Joint power spectrum (JPS) of the input image is obtained by Fourier transform and the resultant is encoded by the same phase mask. Then a fractional Fourier transform with an order p is applied to the phase-encoded JPS (PJPS), resulting in a correlation output with a sharp cross-correlation peak, which includes the displacement information between the reference and the target image. Contrast to displacement measurement based on traditional joint transform correlator (JTC), PER-JFrTC can use the space of the input plane efficiently and reduces the influence of the auto-correlation. Also the position of cross-correlation peak can be fixed arbitrarily according to the fractional order p as well as the optical set-up can be more flexible and easier to implement. Results based on digital computation show that PER-JFrTC could detect the displacement accurately and verify our proposal. A possible optical set-up is suggested.     

基于微分滤波的联合变换相关

分析了微分滤波对联合变换功率谱的影响，得到了一种称之为功率谱形式的微分滤波器，该滤波器的滤波函数为一实数并且有一定的特点，因此很容易制得，计算机模拟表明，功率谱微分滤波联合变换相关器在相关峰值，旁瓣比，半宽度等方面比一般联合变换相关器有显著的改善，可以大大提高相关图像识别的可靠性，文中给出了实验结果，与模拟计算结果吻合，引入一个新参数可以更好地描述相关图像识别中的相关性。     

Correlation with spherical wave illumination

In the classical Van der Lugt correlator the plane wave illumination beam has been replaced by a spherical wave to avoid overshining of the undiffracted light in the photographic emulsion when weakly modulated objects have to be correlated. So the object information will be spread over a larger hologram area and an additional spatial frequency filter may be introduced without lengthening the experimental arrangement.     

低对比度目标自动识别技术研究

提出了在实时光电混合联合变换相关器中应用拉普拉斯锐化技术.通过对联合变换功率谱面的锐化处理,提高了联合变换功率谱的杨氏条纹对比度,使得相关峰的对比度明显增强,从而提高了目标识别率.实验证明：利用该技术所能探测的目标对比度最低限度约为0.5%.作为实例,给出复杂背景下低对比度(0.8%)地面目标汽车的实验结果.