水热法合成磷酸铋纳米棒及其光催化活性研究

采用水热法对磷酸铋的合成工艺进行探索,并以亚甲基蓝(MB)为探针研究了磷酸铋在紫外光照条件下的光催化性能.通过对制得的磷酸铋粉末进行X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-VisDRS)表征.研究发现反应的保温温度、反应的时间、反应环境的pH值会影响磷酸铋的降解性能以及磷酸铋的形貌.磷酸铋对亚甲基蓝的降解率随水热合成的保温温度的提高而先增大后减小,其中170℃时磷酸铋的形貌为规则的纳米棒状,降解性能最好达67.1;.反应时间为3h增加到24 h时,磷酸铋对亚甲基蓝的降解率逐渐增大,从24 h增加到72 h时磷酸铋对亚甲基蓝的降解率逐渐降低,反应时间为24h磷酸铋对亚甲基蓝的降解率最高,形貌最规则.反应环境的pH值越小,磷酸铋的降解性能越高,形貌呈现规则的纳米棒状,结晶度越高,当反应环境pH=1时磷酸铋的降解率为99.9;.     

不同形貌的钨酸铋纳米材料的制备及其光催化性能

利用水热法通过调节溶液pH值和表面活性剂CTAB浓度制备了不同结构与形貌的钨酸铋纳米材料,用X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等测试方法对产物进行了结构与形貌的表征,并研究了不同结构与形貌的钨酸铋样品对甲基橙的可见光催化降解性能.结果表明,在低pH值时样品为Bi2WO6相纳米片,随着pH值的增加,样品中出现了Bi3.84W0.16O6.24相八面体纳米颗粒,高pH值时,样品则为纯Bi3.84W0.16O6.24相八面体颗粒.随着表面活性剂浓度的增加,Bi2WO6纳米片有自组装的趋势,最终形成花瓣状结构.光催化甲基橙实验结果表明不同形貌的钨酸铋样品对甲基橙有不同的催化降解活性,片状Bi2WO6相纳米片高于Bi3.84W0.16O6.24相八面体颗粒.     

可见光催化剂Ni-BiVO4的水热合成及其光催化性能研究

以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O、NH4VO3和Ni(NO3)2·6H2O为原料,采用水热法合成了Ni-BiVO4光催化剂,并利用XRD、SEM、XPS、Raman、UV-Vis DRS等测试手段对产品进行表征和分析,探讨不同pH值对BiVO4颗粒晶相与形貌的影响.以亚甲基蓝作为模型污染物考察Ni-BiVO4催化剂的光催化性能.结果表明,提高前驱液pH值,可得到单斜晶系白钨矿型Ni-BiVO4光催化剂.光催化剂中的Ni元素以NiO形式存在.Ni的引入使可见光吸收带发生红移,能带隙减小至2.35 eV.可见光催化降解亚甲基蓝溶液的结果表明,Ni掺杂有利于提高BiVO4的活性.其中pH值为5.0、Ni掺杂量为2.0wt;的BiVO4具有最好的光催化效果,可见光照射120 min后,对初始浓度为10 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液的最高降解率由纯BiVO4的77;提高到99.45;.并对Ni引入后光催化活性提高的机理进行了分析.     

磷酸银/沸石复合光催化剂制备及其性能研究

以人工沸石为载体,采用化学沉积法制备了Ag3 PO4/沸石复合物,采用了X-射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜对样品进行了表征.以亚甲基蓝溶液作为研究对象,分别在可见光和紫外光照射下研究了Ag3PO4/沸石复合物对亚甲基蓝溶液的光催化降解作用效果.光催化结果表明:Ag3 POJ沸石复合物对亚甲基蓝溶液具有较好的光催化性能,在紫外光下光催化180 min后,磷酸银/沸石复合物对亚甲基蓝溶液脱色率达到87.6;;在可见光下光催化180min后,磷酸银/沸石复合物对亚甲基蓝溶液脱色率达到82.4;,且磷酸银/沸石复合物具有一定的重复利用性能.     

Ag3PO4/TiO2复合催化剂的制备及光催化性能研究

为提高纳米TiO2的光催化降解性能和稳定性,采用两步水热法制备具有高催化性能的Ag3PO4/TiO2复合催化剂,采用XRD、SEM、EDS、XPS、TEM等仪器对其表面微观形貌和形态大小、表面元素组成、物相结构等进行表征,并研究了TiO2的比表面积和Ag3PO4颗粒尺寸大小对Ag3PO4/TiO2光催化性能的影响.以亚甲基蓝(MB)和苯酚为目标降解物来考察复合光催化剂的光催化性能.结果表明:1h后Ag3PO4、TiO2、Ag3PO4/TiO2对亚甲基蓝的降解率为25;、42;、92;;复合光催化剂Ag3PO4/TiO2经过5次光催化降解实验后,对亚甲基蓝的降解率仍可达78;.     

ZnTiO3/TiO2异质复合材料的制备及光催化性能

将均相沉淀法制备的ZnO粉体加入到TiO2前驱体中合成了ZnTiO3/TiO2异质复合材料,利用XRD、SEM、UV-Vis-DRS、BET以及FTIR等手段对其进行表征,同时在紫外光区测试了光催化氧化降解亚甲基蓝溶液的性能.结果表明,锌钛摩尔比和焙烧温度影响产物的组成、形貌和光催化性能,当锌钛摩尔比0.2、焙烧温度600 ℃,产物呈现出均匀棒状物形貌,具有介孔结构,-OH含量也最多,相对于纯TiO2具有更强的紫外吸收性能,并且出现红移现象,光照120 min后亚甲基蓝降解率可达到99;.     

水热法制备铁酸铋及光催化性能研究

以金属硝酸盐、硝酸、氢氧化钠和去离子水为原料,采用水热合成法来制备铁酸铋.研究了水热温度、pH值、水热反应时间对合成反应的影响,并采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、热重分析仪、振动样品磁强计等手段对制备的铁酸铋纳米粉体的相结构、微观形貌进行了表征.结果表明,水热产物和形貌依赖于水热反应条件,通过水热反应条件的调控,制备出平均粒径在300hm左右的BiFeO3纳米颗粒.最后,以甲基橙为目标降解物,研究了BiFeO3纳米颗粒在可见光下的光催化性能.光催化实验显示制备的铁酸铋纳米颗粒在可见光下具有良好的光催化活性.     

Ag-AgCl/Al2O3复合光催化材料的制备与光催化性能研究

以介孔γ-Al2O3为载体,采用化学沉积-光还原法制备了具有表面金属等离子体效应的Ag-AgCl/Al2O3复合光催化材料.用SEM、TEM、XRD及UV-Vis能谱等对复合材料进行了结构和性能表征,并以10 mg/L的亚甲基蓝(MB)溶液为目标降解物,对复合材料的光催化性能进行了评价.实验结果表明,复合光催化材料在可见光下光照60 min后对亚甲基蓝的降解率达95;以上,总有机碳TOC去除率约为65;,实验制备的Ag-AgCl/Al2O3具有很高的可见光催化活性,循环使用5次后依然具有90;以上的MB降解率.     

低温水热法制备高催化效率钒酸铋可见光催化剂

采用低温水热合成法,通过控制反应体系pH值实现了对晶体形貌的调控,制备了高催化效率的单斜相钒酸铋催化剂.对样品进行了X射线衍射、紫外可见漫反射吸收光谱、扫描电镜和比表面积分析,并以罗丹明B的降解考察了样品的光催化活性.结果表明,反应体系pH值影响钒酸铋的形貌和光催化性能,pH值为7条件下制备得到的BiVO4样品对罗丹明B的光催化降解率最大,光催化反应lh对罗丹明B的降解率为93.56;.H2O2作为电子捕获剂,与电子反应形成羟基自由基,抑制电子和空穴对的复合,H2O2协同催化显著提高了光催化效率.     

TiO2-ZnTiO3纳米复合薄膜的制备及光催化性能

将ZnO粉末加入TiO2溶胶中制备出TiO2/ZnTiO3复合薄膜.利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱对其形貌、晶体结构、化学组成和光谱响应特征进行了表征.以亚甲基蓝(MB)溶液的脱色降解为模型反应,考察了不同ZnO掺入比例对复合薄膜光催化性能的影响.结果表明,所得材料的光催化性能与复合结构中TiO2的结晶结构有关.Ti/Zn=6∶1时,所得复合薄膜由锐钛矿相TiO2与钙钛矿相ZnTiO3构成,薄膜中晶粒尺寸较小(约为30 nm)、结晶度较高、催化性能最好.在紫外光下5h可使亚甲基蓝(MB)溶液脱色降解率达到94;,明显高于纯TiO2薄膜(87;).     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.