Drag difference between steady and shocked gas flows passing through a porous body

Experimental and numerical investigations of gas flows through porous materials have been carried out. We have investigated steady and unsteady processes occurring when the gas flow interacts with porous materials. Densities and porosities of the four open-cell-type polyurethane foams which were investigated are kg/m and , with the foams having different structures. Experiments were conducted to determine the steady drag coefficient of the porous material at low Reynolds numbers, evaluated from the pressure drop. The Forchheimer equation was applied to determine the drag. Values of permeability coefficients () in the Forchheimer equation were estimated by comparing computed and experimental results. Results show that the drag coefficient is largely affected by the internal structure of the foam, and has almost no effect on the stress history, while the value of dominates the stress history variation. Differences of 1000 times exist between the steady flow and unsteady shock tube flow values. Received 15 May 1998/ Accepted 15 March 1999     

Hydrodynamic Characterization of Nickel Metal Foam,Part 1: Single-Phase Permeability

This article presents results of the investigation of the fluid dynamic behavior in CVD processed nickel metal foams. An experimental facility was developed to measure the single-phase permeability in nickel metal foams in Darcian flow regime. Data on permeability values of seven different nickel foam samples was obtained. The pore sizes of the foam were obtained with scanning electron microscope. By defining friction factor and Reynolds number based on the permeability length scale a correlation was obtained for the foam permeability in Darcian flow regime. The result from this study was compared with the correlations reported by other researchers, and was found to be in good agreement.     

The Blocking Ability and Flowing Characteristics of Steady Foams in Porous Media

Foam flow experiments were carried out to study the influence factors such as surfactant concentration, foam quality, injection rate of liquid and gas, permeability of porous media, temperature, and oil saturation on blocking ability and flowing characteristics of steady foams in porous media. Foam blocking mechanisms and flowing characteristics were summarized according to the experimental results and foam migration behavior. The results showed that the pressure distribution of flowing foams was linearly descending in porous media at steady state. The results further showed that the foam size and quality in pores along the sand pack were almost uniform, that is, foam generation and destruction gradually reached dynamic equilibrium at steady state. In porous media, the blocking ability of steady foams increased with the concentration of the foaming agent and the increase in the permeability of porous media, but the blocking ability decreased with the increase in the temperature, the shearing rate, and the oil saturation of the porous media. Foam resistance factor reached maximal value at the foam quality of 85% in porous media.     

低雷诺数翼型蒙皮主动振动气动特性及流场结构数值研究

针对低雷诺数(Re)翼型气动性能差的特点,文章通过对翼型柔性蒙皮施加主动振动的方法,提高翼型低Re下的气动特性,改善其流场结构.采用带预处理技术的Roe方法求解非定常可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,对NACA4415翼型低Re流动展开数值模拟.通过时均化和非定常方法对比柔性蒙皮固定和振动两种状态下的升阻力气动特性和层流分离流动结构.初步研究工作表明在低Re下柔性蒙皮采用合适的振幅和频率,时均化升阻力特性显著提高,分离泡结构由后缘层流分离泡转变为近似的经典长层流分离泡,分离点后移,分离区缩小.在此基础上,文章更加细致研究了柔性蒙皮两种状态下单周期内的层流分离结构及壁面压力系数分布非定常特性和演化规律.蒙皮固定状态下分离区前部流场结构和压力分布基本保持稳定,表现为近似定常分离,仅在后缘位置出现类似于卡门涡街的非定常流动现象.柔性蒙皮振动时从分离点附近开始便产生分离涡,并不断向下游移动、脱落,表现为非定常分离并出现大范围的压力脉动.蒙皮振动使流体更加靠近壁面运动,大尺度的层流分离现象得到有效抑制.      

Effect of variable porosity on laminar convection in a uniformly heated vertical porous channel

The present investigation is devoted to the study of fully developed mixed convective flow through a vertical porous channel. The lateral variations of porosity and thermal diffusivity in the bed near the wall, are approximated by exponential functions. The correlation between permeability and porosity is brought through Kozney-Carman approximation. The volume averaged one dimensional low speed momentum equation proposed by Vafai is employed for the analysis of the problem. Results are obtained for steady heating of ascending cold fluid and steady cooling of ascending hot fluid. For the above physical situations it is observed that the heat transfer rate, and ratio of friction factor increases with increase in porous parameter, whereas the ratio of mass flow rate decreases with increase in porous parameter. The velocity profiles exhibit hydrodynamic channelling and peak velocity shifts towards the wall for higher values of the porous parameter. For steady heating of ascending could fluid increase in Rayleigh number enhances the heat transfer rate, and mass flow rate, while it reduces the ratio of friction factor. An opposite trend is observed for the case of steady cooling of ascending hot fluid.     

A Theoretical Model with Experimental Verification to Predict Hydrodynamics of Foams

An experimentally validated theoretical model, based on hydraulic resistance network and scale analysis at the pore level, is developed to predict the pressure drop for flow through foams. The complex microstructure of the foams is modeled as a matrix of interconnected solid ligaments forming simple cubic arrays of cylinders. New correlations for permeability and form drag (inertia) coefficient are presented as functions of the mean pore and ligament diameter as well as the foam porosity. The present model makes it possible to conduct parametric studies. Results obtained from the proposed model are successfully compared with our experimental data as well those found in the literature to observe good agreement.     

Transient effects of orthogonal pipe oscillations on laminar developing incompressible flow

This paper presents a numerical study of the transient developing laminar flow of a Newtonian incompressible fluid in a straight horizontal pipe oscillating around the vertical diameter at its entrance. The flow field is influenced by the tangential and Coriolis forces, which depend on the through‐flow Reynolds number, the oscillation Reynolds number and the angular amplitude of the pipe oscillation. The impulsive start of the latter generates a transient pulsating flow, whose duration increases with axial distance. In any cross‐section, this flow consists of a pair of symmetrical counter‐rotating vortices, which are alternatively clockwise and anti‐clockwise. The circumferentially averaged friction factor and the axial pressure gradient fluctuate with time and are always larger than the corresponding values for a stationary pipe. On the other hand, local axial velocities and local wall shear stress can be smaller than the corresponding stationary pipe values during some part of the pipe oscillation. The fluctuation amplitude of these local variables increases with axial distance and can be as high as 50% of the corresponding stationary pipe value, even at short distances from the pipe entrance. Eventually, the flow field reaches a periodic regime that depends only on the axial position. The results show that the transient flow field depends on the pipe oscillation pattern (initial position and/or direction of initial movement). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identification of Drag Parameters of Flow in High Permeability Materials by U-Tube Method

The identification procedure of linear and nonlinear drag parameters of flow of liquid in high permeability materials by U-tube method is presented. The experimental technique is based on control of pressure in liquid oscillating in the U-tube including porous material and direct computer data acquisition. The macroscopic model which takes into account inertial forces, gravity, and interaction of oscillating liquid with porous material and U-tube walls is elaborated. The drag parameters are determined numerically for porous foams by fitting model predictions to experimental data. The methodology incorporates calibration of the U-tube system without sample of porous material, which is a necessary step to determine independently parameters of interaction of liquid with tube walls.     

Free-molecular gas flow through an oscillating membrane

Free-molecular gas flow through a membrane oscillating in its own plane is investigated. The probability of the passage through the membrane by gas molecules is calculated as a function of dimensionless parameters characterizing the channel geometry, themolecularmass, the gas temperature, and the membrane oscillation frequency and amplitude. It is shown that the membrane permeability for one or another gas can be controlled by means of changing the forced oscillation parameters.     

Hydrodynamic Characterization of Nickel Metal Foam,Part 2: Effects of Pore Structure and Permeability

In this article, the structural characterization of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) nickel metal foam is presented. Scanning electron microscope and post image processing were used to carefully analyze the surface of the nickel metal foams. Data on foam unit cell, ligament thickness, projected pore diameter, and averaged porosity was obtained. Unit cell and projected pore diameters of CVD nickel metal foam possess Gaussian-like distribution. Characteristics of pore structure and its effect on permeability in Darcian flow regime were analyzed. The relations between the permeability, pore size, and porosity are presented. Present and previous data are compared with these relations. Measurement results indicate that the permeability or the viscous conductivity of the CVD processed metal foam is affected not only by the pore size, and porosity but also by the ligament structure.     

Simulation of Pressure Transient Behavior for Asymmetrically Finite-Conductivity Fractured Wells in Coal Reservoirs

Based on Fick’s law in matrix and Darcy flow in cleats and hydraulic fractures, a new semi-analytical model considering the effects of boundary conditions was presented to investigate pressure transient behavior for asymmetrically fractured wells in coal reservoirs. The new model is more accurate than previous model proposed by Anbarci and Ertekin, SPE annual technical conference and exhibition, New Orleans, 27–30 Sept 1998 because new model is expressed in the form of integral expressions and is validated well through numerical simulation. (1) In this paper, the effects of parameters including fracture conductivity, coal reservoir porosity and permeability, fracture asymmetry factor, sorption time constant, fracture half-length, and coalbed methane (CBM) viscosity on bottomhole pressure behavior were discussed in detail. (2) Type curves were established to analyze both transient pressure behavior and flow characteristics in CBM reservoir. According to the characteristics of dimensionless pseudo pressure derivative curves, the process of the flow for fractured CBM wells was divided into six sub-stages. (3) This paper showed the comparison of transient steady state and pseudo steady state models. (4) The effects of parameters including transfer coefficient, wellbore storage coefficient, storage coefficient of cleat, fracture conductivity, fracture asymmetry factor, and rate coefficient on the shape of type curves were also discussed in detail, indicating that it is necessary to keep a bigger fracture conductivity and fracture symmetry for enhancing well production and reducing pressure depletion during the hydraulic fracturing design.     

Finite amplitude oscillations of flanged laminas in viscous flows: Vortex–structure interactions for hydrodynamic damping control

In this paper, we study the problem of harmonic oscillations of a flanged lamina in a quiescent Newtonian incompressible viscous fluid. We conduct a comprehensive fluid–structure interaction investigation with the goal of assessing the effect of the presence of the flanges on the added mass and hydrodynamic damping experienced by the oscillating solid. We determine the complex nonlinear hydrodynamic function incorporating these effects via its real and imaginary parts, respectively, and its dependence on three nondimensional parameters that govern the flow evolution. We further investigate in detail the flow physics and the effects of nonlinearities on vortex shedding, convection, and diffusion in the vicinity of the oscillating structure. We find that the added mass effect is relatively independent of the oscillation amplitude and increases with the flange size. On the other hand, the hydrodynamic damping effect is remarkably affected by the interplay of geometry and dynamic parameters resulting into a peculiar non-monotonic behavior. We show the existence of a minimum in the hydrodynamic damping which can be attained via specific control of vortex–structure interaction dynamics and discuss its properties and significance from a physical perspective through analysis of the relevant flow fields. This novel finding has potential application for damping reduction in elastic systems where reduction of energy losses and increase of oscillation quality factor are desired.     

A calculating method of shock wave oscillating frequency due to turbulent shear layer fluctuations in supersonic flow

One of the more severe fluctuating pressure environments encountered in supersonic orhypersonic flows is the shock wave oscillation driven by interaction of a shock wave withboundary layer.The high intensity oscillating shock wave may induce structure resonanceof a high speed vehicle.The research for the shock oscillation used to adopt empirical orsemiempirical methods because the phenomenon is very complex.In this paper atheoretical solution on shock oscillating frequency due to turbulent shear layer fluctuationshas been obtained from basic conservation equations.Moreover,we have attained theregularity of the frequency of oscillating shock varying with incoming flow Mach numbersM_∞and turning angleθ.The calculating results indicate excellent agreement withmeasurements.This paper has supplied a valuable analytical method to study aeroelasticproblems produced by shock wave oscillation.     

Analytical considerations of flow boiling heat transfer in metal-foam filled tubes

Flow boiling in metal-foam filled tube was analytically investigated based on a modified microstructure model, an original boiling heat transfer model and fin analysis for metal foams. Microstructure model of metal foams was established, by which fiber diameter and surface area density were precisely predicted. The heat transfer model for flow boiling in metal foams was based on annular pattern, in which two phase fluid was composed by vapor region in the center of the tube and liquid region near the wall. However, it was assumed that nucleate boiling performed only in the liquid region. Fin analysis and heat transfer network for metal foams were integrated to obtain the convective heat transfer coefficient at interface. The analytical solution was verified by its good agreement with experimental data. The parametric study on heat transfer coefficient and boiling mechanism was also carried out.     

氧化锆陶瓷/碳纤增强聚醚醚酮在水润滑下的摩擦磨损特性研究

在材料端面摩擦试验机上对氧化锆陶瓷与碳纤增强聚醚醚酮(CFRPEEK)配副在水润滑条件下的摩擦磨损特性进行了试验研究,探讨了滑动速度和接触压力对材料摩擦磨损的影响规律.发现氧化锆陶瓷与CFRPEEK配副在水润滑条件下的摩擦系数随速度增加而减小,在速度较低时,存在明显的磨合过程;速度较高时,摩擦系数较小且随滑动过程变化很小,CFRPEEK的磨损率随速度变化不大.压力为0.4和0.5 MPa时,CFRPEEK的摩擦系数和磨损率均较小,但当压力达到0.8 MPa时,摩擦系数显著增加且剧烈振荡,并发生严重磨损.CFRPEEK的磨损机理主要是黏着磨损,氧化锆陶瓷磨损的主要机理是应力引起的点蚀.     

Secondary flow of Rivlin-Ericksen fluids between two concentric spheres oscillating about a fixed diameter

Summary The paper deals with the study of the nature of secondary flow of aRivlin-Ericksen fluid, contained between two concentric spheres, which perform oscillations about a fixed diameter. The steady part of the secondary flow is discussed in detail in the following three cases (i) the outer sphere at rest, the inner oscillating, (ii) the two spheres oscillating with the same angular velocity in the same sense and (iii) the spheres oscillating with the same angular velocity in opposite sense. In a previous paper, a similar problem was discussed for theOldroyd fluids. We find that the secondary flow is strongly dependent on the common frequency of oscillation of the two spheres and on the rotational nature of the motion for the present investigation also. Certain contrasting features of interest between the secondary flow field of the two fluids are also noted.     

A SIMPLISTIC ANALYTICAL MODEL OF PERMEABILITY FOR OPEN-CELL METALLIC FOAMS

针对通孔金属泡沫中的渗透率预测及现有理论模型的局限性,发展了一种新的全解析渗透率模型. 该模型以立方体结构作为代表单元,采用基于追踪流体微团轨迹的分支算法解析求解代表单元内的流动迂曲度. 渗透率的表达形式简单且不含任何拟合或经验参数,仅是孔隙率与平均孔径的函数. 采用实验测量和文献数据对模型预测进行了验证. 结果表明:提出的模型能够在较为宽广的孔隙率(0.55~0.98) 和孔密度(5~100 PPI) 范围内预测孔通孔金属泡沫的渗透率;采用分支算法得到的流动迂曲度能够较好地描述流体在通孔金属泡沫中的流动特征;采用开孔率修正的解析模型亦能对半开孔泡沫材料的渗透率提供良好预测.     

Separation flow control on a generic ground vehicle using steady microjet arrays

A model of a generic vehicle shape, the Ahmed body with a 25° slant, is equipped with an array of blowing steady microjets 6 mm downstream of the separation line between the roof and the slanted rear window. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of this actuation method in reducing the aerodynamic drag, by reducing or suppressing the 3D closed separation bubble located on the slanted surface. The efficiency of this control approach is quantified with the help of aerodynamic load measurements. The changes in the flow field when control is applied are examined using PIV and wall pressure measurements and skin friction visualisations. By activating the steady microjet array, the drag coefficient was reduced by 9–14% and the lift coefficient up to 42%, depending on the Reynolds number. The strong modification of the flow topology under progressive flow control is particularly studied.     

Mixed convection flow over a vertical wedge embedded in a highly porous medium

 The steady mixed convection flow over a vertical wedge with a magnetic field embedded in a porous medium has been investigated. The effects of the permeability of the medium, surface mass transfer and viscous dissipation on the flow and temperature fields have been included in the analysis. The coupled nonlinear partial differential equations governing the flow field have been solved numerically using the Keller box method. The skin friction and heat transfer are found to increase with the parameters characterizing the permeability of the medium, buoyancy force, magnetic field and pressure gradient. However the effect of the permeability and magnetic field on the heat transfer is very small. The heat transfer increases with the Prandtl number, but the skin friction decreases. The buoyancy force which assists the forced convection flow causes an overshoot in the velocity profiles. Both the skin friction and heat transfer increase with suction and the effect of injection is just the reverse. Received on 21 May 1999     

Strain rate intensity factors for a plastic mass flow between two conical surfaces

The concept of strain rate intensity factor was introduced in [1], where the asymptotic expansion of the velocity field in a perfectly rigid-plastic material was obtained near the maximum friction surface, which is determined by the condition that the specific friction forces on this surface are equal to the simple shear yield strength. In particular, it was shown in this paper that near the maximum friction surface the equivalent strain rate (the second invariant of the strain rate tensor) tends to infinity inversely proportional to the square root of the distance to this surface. We note that the same result was obtained in the case of plane flow in [2]. The strain rate intensity factor is defined to be the coefficient of the leading singular number in the series expansion of the equivalent strain rate near the maximum friction surface. It was shown in [3] that there is a sufficiently complete formal analogy between the strain rate intensity factor and the stress intensity factor in mechanics of cracks [4]. In [5], it was suggested to use the concept of strain rate intensity factor to estimate the thickness of the layer near the friction surface where one should take into account viscosity effects. (Thus, this is an intensive strain layer formed as a result of a very large equivalent strain rate.) Therefore, the problem of calculating the strain rate intensity factor in specific processes is topical in the development of the general concept based on the use of the strain rate intensity factor and its applications in the theory of metal forming processes. These factors have already been calculated for several processes such as plane upsetting and drawing [3]. In the present paper, we calculate the distribution of the strain rate intensity factor in a plastic mass flow through an infinite converging channel formed by two conical surfaces on which the law of maximum friction acts (Fig. 1). A specific characteristic of this problem is the existence of two maximum friction surfaces and, accordingly, two distributions of the strain rate intensity factor. Since, according to the theory [5], the strain rate intensity factor is related to the thickness of the intensive strain layer near the friction surface, the solution of this problem may serve as a starting point for experimental confirmations of the theory. Note that the intensive strain layer thickness can be determined experimentally without any difficulties [6, 7] and the flow in an infinite channel of the shape under study can successfully model the tube drawing process [8].