Relationship between the Molecular Structure of Cyanine Dyes and the Vibrational Fine Structure of their Electronic Absorption Spectra

Vibronic sub‐bands in the electronic absorption spectra of symmetrical cyanine dyes (see picture) are attributed to the symmetric C? C valence vibration of the polymethine chain in the excited state. The ³J(H,H) coupling constants in the polymethine chain can be used to characterize the bond localization within the chain in the ground state and thus to explain the intensity distribution of the sub‐bands.

     

肌肉醇磷酸盐的晶体结构分析及量子化学计算

自制肌肉醇磷酸盐,其结构经1H NMR、IR和元素分析确证,并测定了肌肉醇磷酸盐的晶体结构。其晶体属单斜晶系,空间群为P21/n;晶胞参数为:a=1. 01401(14) nm,b=1. 0912(15) nm,c=1. 7645(2)nm,α=90. 00°,β=103. 923(2)°,γ=90. 00°,V=1. 9036(5) nm~3,Dc=1. 501g·cm-3,Z=8,F(000)=912,μ=0. 288mm-1。对其进行了量子化学计算,获得了优化构型,并对其分子前沿轨道、Mulliken电荷分布进行了分析,为肌肉醇磷酸盐的结构和性能的研究提供了基础数据。     

Physicochemical Characterization of the Loganic Acid–IR,Raman, UV-Vis and Luminescence Spectra Analyzed in Terms of Quantum Chemical DFT Approach

The molecular structure and vibrational spectra of loganic acid (LA) were calculated using B3LYP density functional theory, the 6–311G(2d,2p) basis set, and the GAUSSIAN 03W program. The solid-phase FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of LA were recorded in the 100–4000 cm⁻¹ range. The assignment of the observed bands to the respective normal modes was proposed on the basis of the PED approach. The stability of the LA molecule was considered using NBO analysis. The electron absorption and luminescence spectra were measured and discussed in terms of the calculated singlet, triplet, HOMO, and LUMO electron energies. The Stokes shift derived from the optical spectra was 20,915 cm⁻¹.     

Re_2(edt)_4的电子结构和电子吸收光谱的从头算研究

用密度泛函理论中的B3LYP/CEP-4G方法对Re2（edt）4进行了结构优化和自然键轨道计算,并用单电子激发组态相互作用方法（CIS）计算了Re2（edt）4的分子轨道和激发态。结果表明Re-Re之间不存在明显的三重键,进而很好地解释了Re2（edt）4分子的电子吸收光谱。     

小金刚烃分子结构和拉曼光谱的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT),在B3LYP/6-31G^*水平上,对金刚烃分子(C_4n+6H_4n+12,n=1～4)的全部七种分子结构进行构型优化,筛选出最低能量构型.并在此基础上,对其拉曼光谱进行计算,根据振动模式对其特征峰进行了指认.     

Molecular Structure of tert-Butylazide: A Gas-Phase Electron Diffraction and Quantum Chemical Study

The molecular structure of tert-butylazide has been determined by gas-phase electron diffraction and quantum chemical calculations. The HF/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G** calculations yielded near C _s symmetry for the tert-butyl group, anti conformation of the (C)N—N bond with respect to one of the bonds, and an essentially free rotation around the bond with a 0.34 kcal/mol energy difference between syn and anti conformations of the CNNN moiety, the anti being the more stable form. The electron diffraction analysis was carried out by modeling a mixture of conformational isomers, generated by rotating the terminal nitrogen of the azide group, using a computed rotational potential. The data are consistent with C _s symmetry for the tert-butyl group. The bond, however, was found to be rotated out of the anti position, with respect to one of the bonds, by 12.5(12)°. The electron diffraction analysis yielded the following bond lengths (r _g), bond angles, and torsional angles: , .     

Synthesis,Crystal Structure,Characterizationand Quantum Chemical Studies on 1N-Acetyl-3-（2,4-dichloro-5-fluorophenyl）-5-（p-methyl-phenyl）-2-pyrazoline

1N-Acetyl-3-（2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-phenyl）-5-（p-methyl-phenyl）-2-pyrazoline has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-Vis and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. Ab intio calculations have been carded out for the compound by using both B3LYP and HF methods at the 6-31G^＊ basis set. The calculated results show that the predicted geometry can well reproduce the structural parameters. The electronic absorption spectra calculated by B3LYP/6-31G^＊ method are approximate to the experiments and the Natural Bond Orbital （NBO） analyses suggest that the above electronic transitions are mainly assigned to n→π^＊ and π→π^＊ transitions. CIS-HF/6-31G^＊ method is not suitable to predict the electronic spectra for the title compound. The calculation of the second order optical nonlinearity was carded out, giving the value of molecular hyperpolarizability equal to 2.194^＋ 10^-30 esu. On the basis of vibrational analyses, the thermodynamic properties of the compound at different temperature have been calculated, revealing the correlation between C p, m^0, S m^0, H m^0 and temperature.     

苯并咪唑衍生物的合成、晶体结构及量子化学计算

合成了两种苯并咪唑衍生物:2-苄基-苯并咪唑(1)和1-苄基-2-苯基-苯并咪唑(2).用元素分析、红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对产物进行了表征,并且测定了它们的单晶结构.化合物1属正交晶系,空间群Pbca, a=0.93783(6) nm, b=0.97155(6) nm, c=2.49187(16) nm, V=2.2705(2) nm3, Dc=1.218 g/cm3, Z=8, F(000)=880, μ=0.073 mm-1, R=0.0816, wR=0.1698, GOF=0.948.化合物2属单斜晶系,空间群P21/c, a=0.60272(12) nm, b=1.7059(3) nm, c=1.5257(3) nm, β=91.45(3)°, V=1.5682(5) nm3, Dc=1.204 g/cm3, Z=4, F(000)=600, μ=0.071 mm-1, R=0.0730, wR=0.1215, GOF=1.191.采用量子化学方法,在B3LYP/6-31G·水平上计算了标题化合物1和2的优化构型、电荷分布和热力学函数.     

Quantum Chemical Study of Spatial Structure and Stereoelectronic Properties of Iminodihydrofuran Ensembles

A quantum chemical study of structural peculiarities of iminodihydrofuran ensembles (from dimers to tetramers with individual calculations for penta- and hexamers) associated with their rotation isomerism was carried out. Three basic spatial packings of the iminodihydrofuran chains were distinguished with increasing the number of ensemble elements. The spiral and linear packings are equally probable from the standpoint of their thermodynamic stability. The third packing, exhibiting the curvature radius, is inferior to the former two, as judged from the relative stability. It was shown that ensembles in the alternating linear-spiral form are fundamentally possible to exist. Data was obtained testifying to a possibility for the intramolecular hydrogen bond forming between the imine and amine moieties in the tetramer spiral structures; activation barriers of intramolecular prototropic rearrangement were determined.     

嘧霉胺合成、晶体结构及量子化学计算

用自制的嘧霉胺在无水乙醇溶液中培养出单晶,首次采用X射线单晶衍射法测定了嘧霉胺晶体结构,其晶体属三斜晶系,空间群为P2（1）/n.晶胞参数为：a=0.7532（1）nm,b=1.1701（1）nm,c=1.4640（2）nm,α=68.361（2）°,β=85.554（2）°,γ=71.291（2）°,V=1.1348...     

2-氯甲基苯并咪唑硝酸盐的晶体结构、质子化特征及量子化学理论研究

制备了2-氯甲基苯并咪唑硝酸盐(C₈H₈N₂Cl⁺·NO₃^-)化合物,采用元素分析,IR, ¹H NMR和TG-DTA对产物进行了表征,并采用X射线单晶衍射仪测定了该化合物的晶体结构,该化合物属单斜晶系,空间群P21/n, a=0.74189(3) nm, b=1.53064(6) nm, c=1.05478(3) nm, β=120.930(2)º, V=1.02744 nm³, D_c=1.484 g/cm³, Z=4, F(000)=472, μ=0.363 mm^-1, R=0.0659, wR=0.1498, GOF=0.840.在此基础上,采用量子化学方法,在MP2/6-311G^**, B3LYP/6-311G^**和HF/6-311G^**水平上计算了2-氯甲基苯并咪唑及其质子化阳离子的优化构型、电荷分布、振动光谱、热力学函数及总能量.计算结果显示2-氯甲基苯并咪唑环具有较强质子化能力,这与晶体结构结果相一致.     

The Effects of Substituents and Solvents on the Ground‐State π‐Electronic Structure and Electronic Absorption Spectra of a Series of Model Merocyanine Dyes and Their Theoretical Interpretation

Two series of new merocyanine dyes have been synthesised and the dependence of their electronic structure on substituents and solvents has been studied by NMR spectroscopy, by using both the NMR ¹³C chemical shifts between adjacent C atoms in the polymethine chain and the ³J(H,H) coupling constants for trans‐vicinal protons. The widely used valence bond (VB) model based on two contributing structures cannot account theoretically for the observed alternating π‐electron density in the polymethine chain. In addition, the prediction of zero‐π‐bond order alternation (or zero‐bond length alternation) by this model is also incorrect. However, the results are consistent with the predictions of a qualitative VB model which considers the resonance of a positive charge throughout the whole polymethine chain. Based on this model and the Franck‐Condon principle the effect of substituents and solvents on the fine structure of the electronic spectra of these dyes can be explained as vibronic transitions from the vibrational state v=0 to v′, where v is the vibrational quantum number of the totally symmetric C?C valence vibration of the polymethine chain in the electronic ground state and v′ is that in the electronic excited state. In contrast, neither the effects of substituents or solvents on the electronic structure of merocyanines and their electronic spectra can be accounted for by the simple two state VB model.     

青蒿素分子的电子结构,紫外和圆二色谱的量子化学研究

以ＩＮＤＯ／Ｓ－ＣＩ法对青蒿素分子进行了量子化学研究。结合实验结果讨论了其紫外光谱和圆二色谱。     

TiO2-SiO2复合氧化物结构和红外光谱的量子化学研究

 构建了TiO2-SiO2复合氧化物晶胞结构,采用HyperChem量子化学程序中的从头计算方法以3-21G*基组对其进行了全优化计算,并进行了振动分析,预测了TiO2-SiO2复合氧化物各化学键的红外特征吸收频率. 采用IR谱对TiO2-SiO2复合氧化物进行了表征,通过理论计算与实验数据相结合的方法确定了TiO2-SiO2复合氧化物的分子结构,对其平衡几何构型、IR谱、电子结构和Lewis酸性进行了讨论.     

Concomitant Polymorphism in an Organic Solid: Molecular and Crystal Structure and Intra- and Intermolecular Potential Contributions to tert-Butyl and Methyl Group Rotation

We investigate the relationship between structure (crystal and molecular) and tert-butyl and methyl group dynamics in 2-(tert-butyl)-9-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)anthracene. Powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, taken together, show that different polycrystalline samples recrystallized from different solvents have different amounts of at least four polymorphs (crystallites having different crystal structures), of which we have identified three by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The molecules in the asymmetric units of the different crystal structures differ by the dihedral angle the tert-butylphenyl group makes with the anthracene moiety. Ab initio electronic structure calculations on the isolated molecule show that very little intramolecular energy is required to change this angle over a range of about 60° which is probably the origin of the concomitant polymorphism (crystals of more than one polymorph in a polycrystalline sample). Solid state ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-lattice relaxation experiments support the powder and single-crystal X-ray results and provide average NMR activation energies (closely related to rotational barriers) for the rotation of the tert-butyl groups and their constituent methyl groups. These barriers have both an intramolecular and an intermolecular component. The latter is sensitive to the crystal structure. The intramolecular components of the rotational barriers of the two tert-butyl groups in the isolated molecule are investigated with ab initio electronic structure calculations.     

Synthesis,Spectroscopy, Crystal Structure Determination,and Quantum Chemical Calculations of BODIPY Dyes with Increasing Conformational Restriction and Concomitant Red‐Shifted Visible Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra

Starting from the conformationally unconstrained compound 3,5‐di‐(2‐bromophenoxy)‐4,4‐difluoro‐8‐(4‐methylphenyl)‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene ( 1 ), two BODIPY dyes ( 2 and 3 ) with increasingly rigid conformations were synthesized in outstanding total yields through palladium catalyzed intramolecular benzofuran formation. Restricted bond rotation of the phenoxy fragments leads to dyes 2 and 3 , which absorb and fluoresce more intensely at longer wavelengths relative to the unconstrained dye 1 . Reduction of the conformational flexibility in 2 and 3 leads to significantly higher fluorescence quantum yields compared to those of 1 . X‐ray diffraction analysis shows the progressively more extended planarity of the chromophore in line with the increasing conformational restriction in the series 1 → 2 → 3 , which explains the larger red shifts of the absorption and emission spectra. These conclusions are confirmed by quantum chemical calculations of the lowest electronic excitations in 1 , 1a , 2 , 2a , 3 and dyes of related chemical structures. The effect of the molecular structure on the visible absorption and fluorescence emission properties of 1 , 1a , 2 , 2a , 3 has been examined as a function of solvent by means of the new, generalized treatment of the solvent effect (J. Phys. Chem. B 2009 , 113, 5951–5960). Solvent polarizability is the primary factor responsible for the small solvent‐dependent shifts of the visible absorption and fluorescence emission bands of these dyes.     

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Quantum Chemical Investigation of Bis-Schiff Base Compounds Derived from2-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxaldehyde with Diamine

Two new schiff base N,N＇-bis（（2-phenyl-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl）methylene）-1,3-propanediamine （1） and N,N＇-bis（（2-phenyl-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl）methylene） -1,4-butanediamine （2） were synthesized by condensation of 2-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxaldehyde with diamine, and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, IH NMR and MS spectra. Their crystal structures were determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction. Both crystals belong to the monoclinic system, space group P21/c. For compound 1（C21H20N8, Mr=384.45）： a = 16.314（3）, b =5.7168（11）, c = 21.316（4） A, β = 105.3（2）°, Z = 4, V = 1917.6（7） A^3, De =1.332 g/cm^3, F（000） = 808,μ = 0.086 mm 1, R = 0.0533 and wR = 0.1460; for compound 2 （C22H22N8, Mr=398.48）： a = 8.6156（17）, b = 5.2964（11）, c = 22.665（5）A, β = 100.54（3）°, Z = 2, V = 1016.8（4） A^3, De= 1.302 g/cm^3, F （000） = 420, μ = 0.083 mm^-1, R = 0.0373 and wR = 0.1155. Based on the crystal data, quantum chemistry calculation was performed on the two title compounds by means of Gaussian 98 program. The molecular orbital energies and atomic net charges population were obtained. Furthermore, we antilyzed their active atoms. The investigation can serve as a theoretical guide to study the synthesis and activity of the title compounds.     

C60O3的结构和电子光谱的理论研究

用INDO系列方法对C₆₀O₃的可能构型进行研究,结果表明:环氧结构邻近的6-6键易发生进一步的加成反应.其中3个氧原子加在同一个六元环的6-6边上,形成环氧结构最稳定的C₃v构型,第3个氧原子加在2个环氧结构相邻的六元环的6-6边上的C₂、C_s构型也相当稳定,C₂、C_s构型的部分¹³C NMR谱与实验吻合.C₆₀O₃可能有较好的反应活性,其电子光谱属于理论预测.     

Homo‐ and Heteronuclear meso,meso‐(E)‐Ethene‐1,2‐diyl‐Linked Diporphyrins: Preparation,X‐ray Crystal Structure,Electronic Absorption and Emission Spectra and Density Functional Theory Calculations

Homo‐ and heteronuclear meso,meso‐(E)‐ethene‐1,2‐diyl‐linked diporphyrins have been prepared by the Suzuki coupling of porphyrinylboronates and iodovinylporphyrins. Combinations comprising 5,10,15‐triphenylporphyrin (TriPP) on both ends of the ethene‐1,2‐diyl bridge M₂10 (M₂=H₂/Ni, Ni₂, Ni/Zn, H₄, H₂Zn, Zn₂) and 5,15‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl)porphyrinato‐nickel(II) on one end and H₂, Ni, and ZnTriPP on the other ( M₂11 ), enable the first studies of this class of compounds possessing intrinsic polarity. The compounds were characterized by electronic absorption and steady state emission spectra, ¹H NMR spectra, and for the Ni₂ bis(TriPP) complex Ni₂10 , single crystal X‐ray structure determination. The crystal structure shows ruffled distortions of the porphyrin rings, typical of Ni^II porphyrins, and the (E)‐C₂H₂ bridge makes a dihedral angle of 50° with the mean planes of the macrocycles. The result is a stepped parallel arrangement of the porphyrin rings. The dihedral angles in the solid state reflect the interplay of steric and electronic effects of the bridge on interporphyrin communication. The emission spectra in particular, suggest energy transfer across the bridge is fast in conformations in which the bridge is nearly coplanar with the rings. Comparisons of the fluorescence behaviour of H₄10 and H₂Ni10 show strong quenching of the free base fluorescence when the complex is excited at the lower energy component of the Soret band, a feature associated in the literature with more planar conformations. TDDFT calculations on the gas‐phase optimized geometry of Ni₂10 reproduce the features of the experimental electronic absorption spectrum within 0.1 eV.