含氧有机物水蒸气重整制氢催化剂研究进展

氢气作为一种高效清洁燃料,具有零污染、零碳排放、燃烧热值高等优点,近年因在氢燃料电池汽车中的应用受到广泛关注。同时,氢气也是重要的化工原料,主要用于氨合成、石油精炼以及甲醇和其他精细化学品的合成。本文主要介绍了甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和甲缩醛用于水蒸气重整制氢的研究,重点介绍了催化剂研究进展。     

氨氧化技术在清洁能源开发和污水净化中的研究进展（英文）

随着经济的发展,当今社会对能源的需求不断增加.然而,传统的化石燃料,如煤和石油,虽然能够提供大量的能源,但其资源有限,不可再生,并且燃烧产物对环境有害,不符合绿色低碳的发展理念,亟需开发新型、高效的清洁能源.氨(NH₃)因具有氢含量高、燃烧产物(完全燃烧时产物为N₂和H₂O)无害、可规模化生产、压缩性好、易于储存和运输等优点,被认为是直接氨燃料电池(DAFCs)的理想候选燃料.同时,氨也是常见的含氮污染物,广泛存在于人类生产和工农业活动中.因此,氨氧化反应(AOR)在清洁能源生产和含氨废水处理领域都起着重要作用.本文首先系统总结了AOR在不同领域的研究进展,强调了其在清洁能源领域(如DAFCs)的巨大应用潜力,突出了AOR与水电解反应中的阴极氢析出过程耦合制取氢气在能源转化领域的研究价值,以及AOR在含氨废水处理领域的重要性.然后,讨论了AOR机制:AOR反应过程中存在竞争,并可生成多种含氮产物(如N₂,NO,NO₂,NO₂^-和NO<...     

常温常压高效电化学合成氨催化体系的设计新策略

<正>氨是一种重要的生产原料。除传统工农业用途之外,氨还具有含氢量高(质量比达17.6%)、易液化、易储运等优点。若能实现绿色高效合成氨,势必能为其作为清洁储氢、储能材料等重要应用提供基础。目前,工业上广泛采用的Haber-Bosch方法需要在高温高压(300–500°C,100–200 atm (1atm=100 kPa))等苛刻条件下促进氮分子的活化。其能量和氢气都来自于化石燃料(如甲烷等),因而消耗大量的化石能源,并造成大量的二氧化碳排     

面向氢能源、燃料电池和二氧化碳减排的制氢途径的选择

对氢气的多种制造途径加以探讨,也涉及到氢能的利用、燃料电池以及二氧化碳的减排。需要指出的是氢气并非能源,而只是能量的载体。 所以氢能的发展首先需要制造氢气。对于以化石燃料为基础的制氢过程,如煤的气化和天然气重整,需要开发更经济和环境友好的新过程,在这些新过程中要同时考虑二氧化碳的有效收集和利用问题。对于煤和生物质,在此提出了一种值得进一步深入研究的富一氧化碳气化制氢的概念。对于以氢为原料的质子交换膜燃料电池系统,必须严格控制制备的氢气中的一氧化碳和硫化氢;对于以烃类为原料的固体氧化物燃料电池,制备的合成气中的硫也需严格控制。然而,传统的脱硫方法并不适宜于这种用于燃料电池的极高深度的氢气和合成气的脱硫。氢能和燃料电池的发展是与控制二氧化碳排放紧密相关的。     

氨燃烧及反应机理研究进展

现今的一系列环境和能源问题迫使人类急需寻找清洁的燃料以替代传统的化石燃料。氨作为一种富氢的无碳燃料,具有能量密度高、成本低、储运安全等优势,近年来受到了越来越多学者的关注,成为了一个研究热点。本文介绍了氨燃料的物化特性及燃烧特性,分析了氨与各种燃料混合燃烧在燃烧速度、火焰结构、污染物形成等方面的表现以及在发动机的应用情况,详述了氨燃烧机理及动力学模型的研究现状,指出有待进一步研究的问题并展望了氨燃烧研究的发展方向。     

甲醇水蒸气重整制氢Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂的研究

燃料电池作为一种无污染、高效率的能源引起世界各大汽车公司的广泛关注[1,2]。用于燃料电池的燃料目前研究较多的是氢气,用氢气作燃料存在储存、安全、运输等问题,寻求合适贮氢方法或替代燃料,实现车载制氢是解决问题的办法。甲醇作为液体燃料,因具有高能量密度,低碳含量,以及运输和贮存等优势成为车载制氢的理想燃料,甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应也成为研究的热点[3～10]。车载制氢对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应体系中的产氢速率,氢气和CO的含量都有一定的要求。尤其对CO含量要求更为苛刻,因CO易引起燃料电池阳极催化剂中毒[11,12]。因此,开…     

缺陷位工程在二维材料电催化析氢反应中的研究进展

面对不可再生资源的快速消耗和环境污染的日益加重,寻找清洁可再生能源势在必行.氢能是一种清洁可再生的能源,是目前最有希望替代化石燃料的一种能源.电化学水分解可用来产生高纯氢气,其中析氢催化剂起着至关重要的作用.尽管贵金属铂基催化剂表现出优异的析氢性能,然而稀缺性和高成本限制了其大规模应用.因此,开发高效和地球存量丰富的电...     

制氢催化剂研究进展

随着化石燃料的日趋枯竭和其带来的环境问题，人们迫切需要更有效的利用化石燃料及开发清洁、价廉的新能源．氢以其储量丰富、清洁、高效、便于运输、环境友好等特点在新能源开发中脱颖而出．氢气用于燃料电池，其化学能一电能转化比内燃机高3～4倍，因此欧、美、日等国家投入了大量的人力和财力开发高效燃料电池，并且将此种电源应用于汽车、宇宙飞船和航天飞机．日本电气公司（NEC）已开发出笔记本电脑专用燃料电池．     

层状Au/α-MoC负载催化剂催化低温水煤气变换反应

正水煤气变换反应(CO+H2O=CO2+H2)可以从水中取氢,是化石能源和生物质制氢以及氢气纯化过程的重要反应,其与水蒸汽重整反应的组合是目前廉价制氢的主要工业技术,广泛应用于合成氨以及油品和化学品的生产过程~1。同时,随着氢能经济的发展,氢燃料电池成为重要的新能源应用平台。为防止氢燃料中一氧化碳(CO)对燃料电池催化剂的毒化,需采用水煤气变换反应对     

车用燃料电池技术的现状与研究热点

燃料电池汽车作为清洁能源汽车的一部分近十几年来得到很大的发展。然而燃料电池的寿命、成本仍然是制约其商业化的瓶颈,其中材料是根本问题。本文对组成燃料电池的三种关键材料电催化剂、质子交换膜、双极板的发展现状进行了综述,并对研究热点进行了剖析。针对燃料电池在车载工况存在的问题,如电催化剂衰减、膜降解、双极板腐蚀等,基于已有试验结果和理论分析指出了可能的解决方案、对策与发展方向。     

Water‐Splitting Catalysis and Solar Fuel Devices: Artificial Leaves on the Move

The development of new energy materials that can be utilized to make renewable and clean fuels from abundant and easily accessible resources is among the most challenging and demanding tasks in science today. Solar‐powered catalytic water‐splitting processes can be exploited as a source of electrons and protons to make clean renewable fuels, such as hydrogen, and in the sequestration of CO₂ and its conversion into low‐carbon energy carriers. Recently, there have been tremendous efforts to build up a stand‐alone solar‐to‐fuel conversion device, the “artificial leaf”, using light and water as raw materials. An overview of the recent progress in electrochemical and photo‐electrocatalytic water splitting devices is presented, using both molecular water oxidation complexes (WOCs) and nano‐structured assemblies to develop an artificial photosynthetic system.     

Conversion of Solar Energy to Fuels by Inorganic Heterogeneous Systems

Over the last several years,the need to find clean and renewable energy sources has increased rapidly because current fossil fuels will not only eventually be depleted,but their continuous combustion leads to a dramatic increase in the carbon dioxide amount in atmosphere.Utilisation of the Sun’s radiation can provide a solution to both problems.Hydrogen fuel can be generated by using solar energy to split water,and liquid fuels can be produced via direct CO2 photoreduction.This would create an essentially free carbon or at least carbon neutral energy cycle.In this tutorial review,the current progress in fuels’ generation directly driven by solar energy is summarised.Fundamental mechanisms are discussed with suggestions for future research.     

稀土催化材料的应用及研究进展

介绍了稀土催化材料在石油化工，化石燃料催化燃烧、机动车尾气的催化净化，有毒有害废气的治理，Cl化工、固体氧化物燃料电池及移动制氢、稀土催化理论研究等方面的应用和研究现状，并就稀土催化材料研究中存在的问题和稀土催化材料的发展进行了思考和展望。     

Hydrides,Amides and Imides Mediated Ammonia Synthesis and Decomposition

Ammonia is feeding nearly half the world population and also holds the promise as a carbon‐free energy carrier. The development of ammonia synthesis and decomposition processes under milder conditions is a grand challenge for more than a century. Increasing effort is devoted to this area in recent years and encouraging progress has been achieved. In this paper, we summarize our recent research using alkali or alkaline earth metal amides, imides and hydrides for ammonia synthesis and decomposition. These materials could serve as either indispensible component of active center in thermal catalytic process or nitrogen carrier for chemical looping ammonia synthesis. The synergy of amide, imide, or hydride with transition metals enables ammonia synthesis or decomposition with unprecedented high efficiency under milder reaction conditions, and thus opens an avenue to advance the chemistry or catalysis of N₂ fixation reaction. The compositional and structural diversity of the amide, imide and hydride materials provides plenty of opportunity and potential for further exploration and optimization.     

Role of membranes and membrane reactors in the hydrogen supply of fuel cells

Production, storage and supply of high-purity hydrogen as a clean and efficient fuel is a key point for the development of fuel cell technology, in particular in vehicle traction. Presently, technologies for handling liquefied or gaseous hydrogen in transports are not available so that various alternative fuels are considered with the aim of in-situ generation of hydrogen through catalytic processes. The concept of integrated membrane reactors (MRs) can greatly benefit to these technologies. Particular emphasis is put on inorganic membranes and their role in MR performance for H₂ production.     

A review on non-noble metal based electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction

In order to find a clean, efficient and sustainable new energy source that can replace fossil fuels, hydrogen energy is considered to be the most ideal choice. Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution plays a vital role in the development of hydrogen energy, promotes the research of new electrocatalysts, and is dedicated to find materials with high electrocatalytic efficiency. This article discusses in detail the major developments in OER electrocatalysts, including recently reported metal and non-metal based materials. Metal-based catalysts, although having the advantages of high catalytic activity, have disadvantages such as poor stability and low selectivity, which hinder the further application of such materials. Non-metallic based materials avoid such disadvantages and exhibit very substantial performance in overall water decomposition. This review provides useful knowledge of a well-designed OER electrocatalyst and a possible strategy for OER/HER dual-function catalytic performance for future development.     

Electrochemical characterization of MnO2 as electrocatalytic energy material for fuel cell electrode

 Development of inexpensive non Pt based high electrocatalytic energy materials is the need of the hour for fuel cell electrode to produce clean alternative green energy from synthesized bio alcohol using biomass. MnO₂, electro synthesized at different current density is found to be well performed electrocatalytic material, comparable to Pt, with higher current density, very low overvoltage for the electrochemical oxidation of methanol. From EIS study, the polarization resistance of the coated MnO₂ is found to be much low and electrical double layer capacitance is high, the effect increases with increase in current density of electro deposition. XRD, EDX and AAS analysis confirm the MnO₂ deposition. The morphology of SEM images exhibits an enhanced 3D effective substrate area, for electro oxidation of the fuel. A few nano structured grains of the deposited MnO₂ is also observed at higher current density. The fact supports that a high energetic inexpensive electro catalytic material has been found for fuel cell electrode to synthesis renewable energy from methanol fuel.     

稀土催化材料的应用及研究进展

稀土元素具有未充满电子的4f轨道和镧系收缩等特征,当用作催化剂的活性组分或载体时常常表现出独特的催化性能. 稀土催化材料的研究和发展为La和Ce等高丰度轻稀土元素的高质、高效利用提供了有效的途径. 目前稀土催化材料在石油化工、化石燃料的催化燃烧、机动车尾气净化、工业废气治理和固体氧化物燃料电池等领域发挥着重要的作用. 本文综述了稀土催化材料的应用以及理论研究进展,重点讨论了稀土元素对所涉及催化剂的结构、活性和稳定性等的影响.