Unsplit-Field PML Algorithm for Truncating Nonlinear FDTD Domains

In this paper, unsplit-field Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) formulations are presented for truncating nonlinear dispersive Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) grids. The proposed scheme is based on incorporating the nonlinear Z-transform FDTD algorithm into the Auxiliary Differential Equation PML (ADE-PML) formulations. Numerical example carried out in one dimensional domain which includes Lorentz dispersion as well as Kerr and Raman nonlinearities is included to show the validity of the formulations.     

Complex Envelope Crank-Nicolson Nearly PML Algorithm for the Left-handed Material FDTD Simulations

Unconditionally stable complex envelope (CE) absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) are presented for truncating left handed material (LHM) domains. The proposed algorithm is based on incorporating the Crank Nicolson (CN) scheme into the CE finite difference time domain (FDTD) implementations of the nearly perfectly matched layer (NPML) formulations. The validity of the formulations is shown through numerical example carried out in one dimensional Lorentzian type LHM FDTD domain.     

基于Z变换的高阶完全匹配层实现

基于拉伸坐标完全匹配层(SC-PML)公式和Z变换方法,提出以非分裂场形式来实现具有多极点的高阶完全匹配层的高效算法,来截断时域有限差分(FDTD)网格.在吸收性能方面,高阶PML同时具有传统PML和复频率偏移完全匹配层(CFS-PML)二者的优点.提供的数值算例是二维TE极化电磁波与无限长且有限宽度的理想电导体(PEC)薄片的相互作用.仿真结果显示,高阶PML公式在衰减低频行波和隐失波及减少后期反射方面效果好,比传统SC-PML和复频率偏移的卷积完全匹配层(CPML)算法有更好的吸收性能.     

Near-field performance analysis of locally-conformal perfectly matched absorbers via Monte Carlo simulations

In the numerical solution of some boundary value problems by the finite element method (FEM), the unbounded domain must be truncated by an artificial absorbing boundary or layer to have a bounded computational domain. The perfectly matched layer (PML) approach is based on the truncation of the computational domain by a reflectionless artificial layer which absorbs outgoing waves regardless of their frequency and angle of incidence. In this paper, we present the near-field numerical performance analysis of our new PML approach, which we call as locally-conformal PML, using Monte Carlo simulations. The locally-conformal PML method is an easily implementable conformal PML implementation, to the problem of mesh truncation in the FEM. The most distinguished feature of the method is its simplicity and flexibility to design conformal PMLs over challenging geometries, especially those with curvature discontinuities, in a straightforward way without using artificial absorbers. The method is based on a special complex coordinate transformation which is ‘locally-defined’ for each point inside the PML region. The method can be implemented in an existing FEM software by just replacing the nodal coordinates inside the PML region by their complex counterparts obtained via complex coordinate transformation. We first introduce the analytical derivation of the locally-conformal PML method for the FEM solution of the two-dimensional scalar Helmholtz equation arising in the mathematical modeling of various steady-state (or, time-harmonic) wave phenomena. Then, we carry out its numerical performance analysis by means of some Monte Carlo simulations which consider both the problem of constructing the two-dimensional Green’s function, and some specific cases of electromagnetic scattering.     

Perfectly matched layers in a divergence preserving ADI scheme for electromagnetics

For numerical simulations of highly relativistic and transversely accelerated charged particles including radiation fast algorithms are needed. While the radiation in particle accelerators has wavelengths in the order of 100 μm the computational domain has dimensions roughly five orders of magnitude larger resulting in very large mesh sizes. The particles are confined to a small area of this domain only. To resolve the smallest scales close to the particles subgrids are envisioned. For reasons of stability the alternating direction implicit (ADI) scheme by Smithe et al. [D.N. Smithe, J.R. Cary, J.A. Carlsson, Divergence preservation in the ADI algorithms for electromagnetics, J. Comput. Phys. 228 (2009) 7289–7299] for Maxwell equations has been adopted. At the boundary of the domain absorbing boundary conditions have to be employed to prevent reflection of the radiation. In this paper we show how the divergence preserving ADI scheme has to be formulated in perfectly matched layers (PML) and compare the performance in several scenarios.     

Split step non-paraxial finite difference method for 3D scalar wave propagation

We describe a simple and efficient wide-angle, split-step finite-difference based explicit transfer matrix method to solve the 3D scalar wave equation. The formulation is completely analytic and does not involve any numerical matrix inversion or diagonalization. It also does not use the ADI scheme. The PML boundary condition can be easily implemented with only a marginal increase in computational effort.     

基于非分裂FDTD的左手介质电磁特性的研究

为验证左手介质的电磁特性,采用非分裂时域有限差分方法对左手介质的Drude模型进行建模.这种方法不需要对电场和磁场进行分裂,也不需要对PML空间进行特殊处理,吸收边界PML和工作空间可以通过参数转换来完成,并且构造的PML层为有耗介质,进入PML层的透射波将迅速衰减.它是一种准确而有效的分析色散和各向异性介质的方法,通过此方法有效地验证了左手介质的负折射效应、汇聚效应、相位补偿效应,充分验证了左手介质及其反常特性的存在性和此方法分析左手介质的有效性. 关键词： 左手介质 非分裂 时域有限差分 Drude     

Near-field performance analysis of locally-conformal perfectly matched absorbers via Monte Carlo simulations

In the numerical solution of some boundary value problems by the finite element method (FEM), the unbounded domain must be truncated by an artificial absorbing boundary or layer to have a bounded computational domain. The perfectly matched layer (PML) approach is based on the truncation of the computational domain by a reflectionless artificial layer which absorbs outgoing waves regardless of their frequency and angle of incidence. In this paper, we present the near-field numerical performance analysis of our new PML approach, which we call as locally-conformal PML, using Monte Carlo simulations. The locally-conformal PML method is an easily implementable conformal PML implementation, to the problem of mesh truncation in the FEM. The most distinguished feature of the method is its simplicity and flexibility to design conformal PMLs over challenging geometries, especially those with curvature discontinuities, in a straightforward way without using artificial absorbers. The method is based on a special complex coordinate transformation which is ‘locally-defined’ for each point inside the PML region. The method can be implemented in an existing FEM software by just replacing the nodal coordinates inside the PML region by their complex counterparts obtained via complex coordinate transformation. We first introduce the analytical derivation of the locally-conformal PML method for the FEM solution of the two-dimensional scalar Helmholtz equation arising in the mathematical modeling of various steady-state (or, time-harmonic) wave phenomena. Then, we carry out its numerical performance analysis by means of some Monte Carlo simulations which consider both the problem of constructing the two-dimensional Green’s function, and some specific cases of electromagnetic scattering.     

Unconditionally Stable Z-Transform ADI-PML Algorithm for Lorentzian Double Negative Meta-Materials

Unconditionally stable formulations of the anisotropic perfectly matched layer (APML) are presented for truncating double negative (DNG) meta-material finite difference time domain (FDTD) grids. In the proposed formulations, the Z-transform theory is employed in the alternating direction implicit FDTD (ADI-FDTD) scheme to obtain update equations for the field components in the DNG meta-material domains. Numerical examples carried out in one dimensional Lorentzian type DNG meta-material domains are included to show the validity of the proposed formulations.     

Complex-envelope alternating-direction-implicit FDTD method for simulating active photonic devices with semiconductor/solid-state media

A complex-envelope (CE) alternating-direction-implicit (ADI) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) approach to treat light-matter interaction self-consistently with electromagnetic field evolution for efficient simulations of active photonic devices is presented for the first time (to our best knowledge). The active medium (AM) is modeled using an efficient multilevel system of carrier rate equations to yield the correct carrier distributions, suitable for modeling semiconductor/solid-state media accurately. To include the AM in the CE-ADI-FDTD method, a first-order differential system involving CE fields in the AM is first set up. The system matrix that includes AM parameters is then split into two time-dependent submatrices that are then used in an efficient ADI splitting formula. The proposed CE-ADI-FDTD approach with AM takes 22% of the time as the approach of the corresponding explicit FDTD, as validated by semiconductor microdisk laser simulations.     

Divergence preservation in the ADI algorithms for electromagnetics

The recent advances in alternating direct implicit (ADI) methods promise important new capability for time domain plasma simulations, namely the elimination of numerical stability limits on the time step. But the utility of these methods in simulations with charge and current sources, such as in electromagnetic particle-in-cell (EMPIC) computations, has been uncertain, as the methods introduced so far do not have the property of divergence preservation. This property is related to charge conservation and self-consistency, and is critical for accurate and robust EMPIC simulation. This paper contains a complete study of these ADI methods in the presence of charge and current sources. It is shown that there are four significantly distinct cases, with four more related by duality. Of those, only one preserves divergence and, thus, is guaranteed to be stable in the presence of moving charged particles. Computational verification of this property is accomplished by implementation in existing 3D-EMPIC simulation software. Of the other three cases, two are verified unstable, as expected, and one remains stable, despite the lack of divergence preservation. This other stable algorithm is shown to be related to the divergence preserving case by a similarity transformation, effectively providing the complement of the divergence preserving field in the finite-difference energy quantity.     

PML-FDTD法在分析负折射率材料中的应用

将时域有限差分(FDTD)法引入了对负折射率材料物理现象的仿真研究.给出了二维TM波在负折射率材料中的时域差分方程,并且在吸收边界处使用了理想匹配层(PML).为了避免在迭代过程中出现的不稳定现象,在差分方程的推导中引入了Drude模型, 并对Pendry提出的由负折射率材料构成的平板透镜具有的完美成像现象进行了数值仿真验证.由仿真结果发现,完美成像现象只在平板透镜的折射率n=－1时出现,当n≠－1时则会出现近轴聚焦效应.     

基于角度散布指数的波束域宽带混响抑制（英文）

Based on the properties of wideband source's spatial spread,an algorithm for reverberation suppression in beams domain is proposed.In an effective observation range,a compact bank of receiving spatial beams is operated to transform the data from element domain to beam domain.Angular Distribution Index(ADI) is obtained by comparing to a reference value which is computed by Monte Carlo Integration.ADI decreases with a stronger target echo.Hence,choosing an appropriate threshold of ADI,the target echo can be separated from reverberation by cutting off the high AD components.The filter is compatible with the procedures of beamforming and detection for the current sonar.The computation complexity of the filter is low.The relationships between ADI and frequency,bandwidth,signal-reverberation ratio,are illustrated by a simulation example.The processing results based on the lake-trial and sea-trial data show that reverberation can be significantly suppressed,and threshold choosing for wideband ADI filter is fault tolerant.     

波束域下利用角度散布特征抑制宽带混响

通过研究宽带信号的信源空间展宽特征,提出了一种宽带波束域的混响抑制方法。在有效观测角度范围内,进行密集的波束形成,将数据从阵元域转换至波束域,通过与蒙特卡洛积分得到的参考值比较,得到角度散布指数ADI。信混比越大,ADI越小。因此,设定合适的ADI阈值,去除高ADI值的成分,目标回波能够从混响背景下分离出来。该滤波器兼容于声呐现有的波束形成和信号检测流程,并且计算复杂度低。通过仿真分析了ADI与频率、带宽、信混比的关系。湖海试数据的处理结果表明了该方法能够抑制混响,并且ADI滤波器阈值选取具有容错性。      

基于广角FD-BPM的PML边界处理方法

本文提出了基于三阶Padé近似广角有限差分光束传输法(FD-BPM)的简单有效的完美匹配层(PML)边界处理方法.分别给出了该方法应用于斜波导和多模干涉(MMI)数值模拟的结果,并与用完全透明边界条件处理的模拟计算结果进行了比较.本文最后对基于广角FD-BPM的PML边界处理方法进行了优化.     

Absorbing boundary conditions for scalar waves in anisotropic media. Part 1: Time harmonic modeling

With the ultimate goal of devising effective absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) for general anisotropic media, we investigate the accuracy aspects of local ABCs designed for the scalar anisotropic wave equation in the frequency domain (time harmonic case). The ABC analyzed in this paper is the perfectly matched discrete layers (PMDL). PMDL is a simple variant of perfectly matched layers (PML) and is equivalent to rational approximation-based local ABCs. Specifically, we derive a sufficient condition for PMDL to accurately absorb wave modes with outgoing group velocities and this condition turns out to be a simple bound on the PMDL parameters. The reflection coefficient derived in this paper clearly reveals that the PMDL absorption is based on group velocities, and not phase velocities, and hence a PMDL can be designed to correctly identify and accurately absorb all outgoing wave modes (even those with opposing signs of phase and group velocities). The validity of the sufficient condition is demonstrated through a series of frequency domain simulations. In part 2 of this paper [S. Savadatti, M.N. Guddati, Absorbing boundary conditions for scalar waves in anisotropic media. Part 2: Time-dependent modeling, J. Comput. Phys. (2010), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2010.05.017], the accuracy condition presented here is shown to govern both the well-posedness and accuracy aspects of PMDL designed for transient (time-dependent) modeling of scalar waves in anisotropic media.     

Frequency domain finite-element and spectral-element acoustic wave modeling using absorbing boundaries and perfectly matched layer

Wave propagation modeling as a vital tool in seismology can be done via several different numerical methods among them are finite-difference, finite-element, and spectral-element methods (FDM, FEM and SEM). Some advanced applications in seismic exploration benefit the frequency domain modeling. Regarding flexibility in complex geological models and dealing with the free surface boundary condition, we studied the frequency domain acoustic wave equation using FEM and SEM. The results demonstrated that the frequency domain FEM and SEM have a good accuracy and numerical efficiency with the second order interpolation polynomials. Furthermore, we developed the second order Clayton and Engquist absorbing boundary condition (CE-ABC2) and compared it with the perfectly matched layer (PML) for the frequency domain FEM and SEM. In spite of PML method, CE-ABC2 does not add any additional computational cost to the modeling except assembling boundary matrices. As a result, considering CE-ABC2 is more efficient than PML for the frequency domain acoustic wave propagation modeling especially when computational cost is high and high-level absorbing performance is unnecessary.     

Passivity and Microlocal Spectrum Condition

In the setting of vector-valued quantum fields obeying a linear wave-equation in a globally hyperbolic, stationary spacetime, it is shown that the two-point functions of passive quantum states (mixtures of ground- or KMS-states) fulfill the microlocal spectrum condition (which in the case of the canonically quantized scalar field is equivalent to saying that the two-pnt function is of Hadamard form). The fields can be of bosonic or fermionic character. We also give an abstract version of this result by showing that passive states of a topological *-dynamical system have an asymptotic pair correlation spectrum of a specific type. Received: 9 February 2000 / Accepted: 7 June 2000     

孔隙介质与液体界面上波动方程数值模拟的改进 方案——MPML边界条件的应用*

由于波场数值模拟的计算区域是有限的,为了压制截断边界造成的人工边界反射,通常采用完全匹配层作为吸收边界条件。但是在含液-固界面的弹性介质中进行正演模拟时,完全匹配层边界条件容易造成稳定性方面的问题。因此,该文将多轴完全匹配层应用于该类介质的正演模拟,以改善完全匹配层边界条件引起的不稳定问题。通过在具有弹性海底的海洋环境模型以及充填液体的井孔模型中进行弹性波方程的正演模拟,分别采用传统的完全匹配层和多轴完全匹配层作为吸收边界条件,对比验证了多轴完全匹配层在含液-固界面弹性介质中数值模拟的有效性和稳定性。