示差扫描量热法进展及其在高分子表征中的应用

示差扫描量热法(DSC)是表征材料热性能和热反应的一种高效研究工具,具有操作简便、应用广泛、测量值物理意义明确等优点.近年来DSC技术的发展大大拓展了高分子材料表征的测试范围,促进了对高分子物理转变的热力学和动力学的深入研究.温度调制示差扫描量热法(TMDSC)是DSC在20世纪90年代的标志性进展,它在传统DSC的线性升温速率的基础之上引入了调制速率,从而可将总热流信号分解为可逆信号和不可逆信号两部分,并能测量准等温过程的可逆热容.闪速示差扫描量热法(FSC)是DSC技术近年来的创新性发展,它采用体积微小的氮化硅薄膜芯片传感器替代传统DSC的坩埚作为试样容器和控温系统,实现了超快速的升降温扫描速率以及微米尺度上的样品测试,使得对于高分子在扫描过程中的结构重组机制的分析以及对实际的生产加工条件的直接模拟成为可能.本文从热分析基础出发,依次对传统DSC、TMDSC和FSC进行了介绍,内容覆盖其发展历史、方法原理、操作技巧及其在高分子表征中的应用举例,最后对DSC未来的发展和应用进行了展望.本文希望通过综述DSC原理、实验技巧和应用进展,帮助读者加深对DSC这一常用表征技术的理解,进一步拓展DSC表征高分子材料的应用.     

基于差示扫描量热法的火工品材料选型研究

通过综合分析差示扫描量热法(DSC)图谱及动力学数据,进行火工品中药剂外包覆材料的选型研究。采用DSC测试炸药与不同涂敷层材料在不同升温速率的热性质,利用Ozawa法和DSC曲线对比法,对几种涂敷层材料进行分析。炸药与丙烯酸清漆混合后,DSC曲线表观性征、峰温以及反应的活化能变化最小;炸药与快速固化剂混合后,峰温及活化能变化影响居中,DSC曲线表观性征在升温速率大时有较大变化;炸药与硅橡胶混合后,DSC曲线表观性征、峰温以及反应的活化能变化最大。从而确定丙烯酸清漆为最合适的炸药包覆材料。     

2′-甲基丙烯酰氧基-3α-甲基丙烯酰基胆酸乙酯固化动力学研究

根据文献合成了含有两个双键的胆酸衍生物—2′-甲基丙烯酰氧基-3α-甲基丙烯酰基胆酸乙酯(CAGE2MA),采用非等温DSC法和等温DSC法研究其固化反应。采用Kissinger法处理非等温DSC数据得到动力学数据:Ea=90.16kJ/mol、lnA=21.97和n=0.936。通过积分等转化率法及自催化动力学模型分别处理等温固化DSC数据,前者表明随着反应的进行,Ea和lnA值逐渐减小;后者表明固化温度越高,自催化曲线与实验数据拟合得越好,在高转化率阶段,实验数据与拟合曲线出现偏差。     

DSC在高分子科学中的应用及教学实践体会

差示扫描量热法（Differential Scanning Calorimetry,DSC）是高分子物理教学中的一个经典实验。本文分别对DSC的工作原理、影响实验的因素、DSC在高分子科学中的应用以及教学中的实践体会作了详尽的阐述,并且对今后的实验教学提出了一些建议。     

N-烷基壳聚糖玻璃化转变温度的研究

采用差示扫描量热(DSC)法和热释电流(TSC)法研究了N-烷基壳聚糖的玻璃化转变行为. DSC法中采用二次扫描以消除溶剂和热历史的影响, 并利用物理老化方法来增强N-烷基壳聚糖在DSC曲线上的玻璃化转变区域的热焓吸热峰, 以克服DSC法的不灵敏性. 两种研究方法的结果一致表明, 三种N-烷基壳聚糖的玻璃化转变均发生在110～150 ℃温区内；取代的柔性烷基越大, 玻璃化转变温度(Tg)越低；但N-甲基壳聚糖例外, 其Tg略高于壳聚糖, 空间阻碍在这里起决定的作用.     

碳前驱体CH3ArCH2NH2的热解性能及动力学研究

通过密闭压力容器法、常压DSC、高压DSC及紫外分光光度定量分析法等实验手段，对液相沉积法制碳/碳复合材料用碳前驱体CH     

差示扫描量热法测定马来酸酐纯度

用差示扫描量热法（DSC）测定马来酸酐的纯度,测定条件为升温速率0．8℃／min,样品量2．6～2．8mg,氮气流速为40mL/min。纯度测定结果的相对标准偏差（RSD）为0．02％（n=5）。将DSC法、液相色谱法、药典法、滴定分析法对不同物质纯度的测定结果进行了比对,4种方法的测定结果基本一致。DSC法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,适合马来酸酐纯度的测定。     

用非等温DSC曲线研究异硫氰酸钇苄胺配合物的热分解非等温反应动力学

利用DSC曲线研究热分解反应动力学的报道还不多。本文利用一条非等温DSC曲线,将积分法和微分法相结合,对异硫氰酸钇与苄胺形成的配合物的热分解进行了非等温动力学     

高聚物的非等温结晶动力学——从不同速率的升温或降温DSC曲线解析结晶动力学参数

根据等温DSC法,测定结晶动力学参数在实验上存在着一定的局限性,结晶太快或太慢都难于获得可靠的结果,这就限定了能测定的温度区间。可见,等温DSC法测定结晶动力学参数具有获得的信息量少,结晶起始点难以确定,费时等缺点。这些缺点可通过等速变温DSC法来克服。然而,通过等速变温DSC法测定结晶动力学参数的方法至今还不完善。例如Ozawa曾基于Evans理论把Avrami方程推广于非等温结晶,从Ozawa方程通过等速变温DSC曲线可得到表征结晶机理的函数Avrami ＄数。和冷却结晶函数。Ozawa方法的不足是从其冷却结晶函数不能解析出表征结晶速率的参数。     

环保型准固态电解质的制备及在染料敏化太阳电池中的应用

本文介绍了一种制备染料敏化太阳电池(DSC)准固态电解质的新方法——混合溶剂法.该方法具有制作工艺简单、所用溶剂对人及环境无污染等优点.将混合溶剂法制备的准固态电解质应用于太阳电池,并系统研究了电解质组成及环境温度对电解质及其DSC性能的影响规律.     

不同实验条件对DSC峰形的影响以及相变温度的确定

本文通过深入分析实际的ＤＳＣ过程，阐述了ＤＳＣ曲线上各个特征点以及这些点所对应的物理意义。在理论上分析各种不同的实验条件对ＤＳＣ曲线形状的影响，指出目前在ＤＳＣ分析中所用的确定试样熔点的方法以及用高纯金属ＤＳＣ变曲线上熔融峰峰前沿的斜率修正试样相变温度所存在的问题，指出ＤＳＣ相变曲线刚开始偏离基线的那点所相应试样盒的温度即为试样的熔点，本文还提出了通过提高试样，试样盒以及试样支座之间的热导率，来提     

On the determination of the melting point of semicrystalline polymer by DSC

This is a study for criteria to judge the melting point of semi-crystalline polymers from the DSC endotherm for polymer melting. Beyond standard indium DSC melting results an evaluation has been made on a series of polyethylenes for which crystal sizes were measured and predicted from Raman LAM analysis. The results confirm the conclusion of Prof. Wunderlich that the DSC content of melting is the proper basis of reporting melting points.Dedicated to Professor Bernhard Wunderlich on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

A new approach to the calorimetric investigation of physical and chemical transitions

The theoretical basis for Modulated DSC is described and the additional information in can give over conventional DSC illustrated for some polymers.     

On the Use of Differential Scanning Calorimetry for Thermal Hazard Assessment of New Chemistry: Avoiding Explosive Mistakes

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is increasingly used as evidence to support a favourable safety profile of novel chemistry, or to highlight the need for caution. DSC enables preliminary assessment of the thermal hazards of a potentially energetic compound. However, unlike other standard characterisation methods, which have well defined formats for reporting data, the current reporting of DSC results for thermal hazard assessment has shown concerning trends. Around half of all results in 2019 did not include experimental details required to replicate the procedure. Furthermore, analysis for thermal hazard assessment is often only conducted in unsealed crucibles, which could lead to misleading results and dangerously incorrect conclusions. We highlight the specific issues with DSC analysis of hazardous compounds currently in the organic chemistry literature and provide simple “best practice” guidelines which will give chemists confidence in reported DSC results and the conclusions drawn from them.     

A review of the work of the German Society for Thermal Analysis (GEFTA) on standardization

Working groups of the German Society for Thermal Analysis (GEFTA) are active in the fields of calibration of dynamic calorimeters (DSC), calibration of dilatometers, evaluation of DSC curves and standard samples for dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Two papers on the temperature calibration of DSC instruments have been published, which recommend a calibration procedure and calibration materials. Another recommendation on caloric calibration is in preparation. Certified calibration samples for dilatometers are available for the temperature range ?190° to 700°C.     

Role of electrostatics in the thermal stability of ubiquitin

The failure of the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in many diseases. Here, in order to assess the pH-induced changes in the physico-chemical properties of ubiquitin, DSC measurements have been carried out at 2.5 physico-chemical properties of ubiquitin, DSC measurements have been carried out at 2.5     

DSC曲线各特征点的物理意义以及相变热焓的广义Speil公式的推导

按目前差示扫描量热法（DSC）公认的Gray－Speil理论，由于对实际的过程过于简化，以致不能很好地解释DSC曲线上的每个特征点；就相变前后试样的热容量发生改变的普遍情况下，如何定量计算相变潜热，目前尚未有严格的计算理论。本文对差示扫描量热法的基本理论做了一些较深入的探索，通过考虑容器及试样内存在温度梯度这一实际情况，成功地解释了实际DSC曲线上各个特征点具体的物理意义，并就相变前后试样的热容量发生变化且热容量是温度的函数这一普遍情况，推广出广义的Speil公式和热焓计算的普遍法则，得到了与实验更加接近的结果。     

DSC Analysis of the precipitation reactions in the alloy AA6082

The deformation introduced during the sample preparation had a high impact on the response of the alloy AA6082 to heating in the DSC cell. The DSC curve was strikingly different when DSC samples of this alloy were punched after the solution treatment. Dislocations introduced by punching have annihilated the quenched-in vacancies and have suppressed clustering initially. Dislocations have also provided heterogeneous nucleation sites for the GP-1 zones that readily grew to become stable nuclei for the β" phase owing to the enhanced atomic transport. β" as well as the β' precipitation kinetics were thus accelerated leading to a substantial change in the DSC peak arrangement. Deformation introduced during sample preparation by gentle grinding alone, on the other hand, did not suffice to alter the precipitation sequence, producing a DSC curve very similar to that obtained with samples punched before the solution treatment.     

丁基橡胶阻尼材料相容性的DSC与DMA研究

高聚物力学阻尼材料是一种能消除振动和噪声以聚合物为基质的功能材料。当聚合物处于玻璃化转变温度(Tg)区域时,其链段运动不能完全跟上振动的速度而产生分子链内摩擦,吸收一部分振动能,再以“热”的形式而耗散,这样就起到减少振幅或降低振幅的作用。     

Use of DSC and TG for identification and quantification of the dosage form

Thermal analysis techniques, DSC and TG can advantageously be used in quality control of drug products.The methods are commonly used in preformulation for the study of polymorphism and for the study of the interactions drug substance-excipients, since these physical interactions can be the basis of the dosage form performance.For routine control of the drug products, DSC and TG methods which are quick, which require only few mg of the samples and which are automated, are very attractive for routine analysis of drug products. A single scan can give several qualitative and quantitative informations.DSC offer analytical possibilities only if the drug substance and the excipients do not have physical interactions or limited interactions (e.g. eutectic behaviour). About twenty marketed products have been analyzed by DSC and TG. In most of them identification of drug substance is easy. Several excipients could be identified in a tablet. Quantitations are demonstrated for some drug substances and excipients. DSC purity calculations have been applied to acetyl salicylic acid, paracetamol, cimetidine, pindolol, ibuprofen.