An estimation of surface vibration excitation cross sections of CO,O and H adsorbed on tungsten

A simple model is described for the evaluation of adatom loss spectra of dipole vibrations perpendicular to the substrate. It considers the inelastic electron scattering before and after specular reflection on the substrate. By comparing the loss to elastic peak area the total cross section σ of the inelastic electron scattering can be estimated. The model was used for evaluating experimental results published in the literature by Ibach, Froitzheim, Adnot, Backx and Barnes on the systems WCO, WO and WH. The main results are: for the CO 258 meV loss peak, σ = (11.6?18.3)×10^?18cm²; for the O 78 meV loss peak, σ = (8.4?16.2) × 10^?18cm²; and for the H 130 and 155 meV loss peaks, σ =(0.73?2.2) × 10^?18cm². They are close to the theoretical values. A reasonable agreement was found between σ values determined on WO and WβCO (dissociated) systems.     

Differential elastic and quenching cross sections for Ar*(3P) and CO2(X1 ∑ g +)

The energy dependence of the differential scattering of metastable Ar*(³P) by ground-state CO₂(X¹ ∑ _g ⁺) has been studied at relative kinetic energies from 58 to 126 meV over an angular range of 5–160° c.m. using crossed molecular beams. The position and curvature of rainbow maxima, which are observed at each energy, are used to obtain parameters for a Lennard-Jones (12, 6) spherically symmetric potential. The position of the minimum, r _m = 5·02 ± 0·65 Å, is identical to that for K + CO₂ and the well depth, ε = 16·3 ± 0·8 meV, is about 10 per cent greater. The scattered intensity shows a distinct fall-off on the dark side of the rainbow compared to that expected for elastically scattered Ar*. This depletion, caused primarily by the quenching of Ar*, is analysed in terms of the optical-shadow model to determine the energy dependence of the observed quenching cross section, which is predicted to have a maximum of 67 Ų at 193 meV.     

Precision neutron total cross section measurements on gold and cobalt in the 40 μeV-5 meV range

The slow neutron absorption cross sections of gold and cobalt have been accurately redetermined by transmission measurements in the neutron wavelength range 4 to 47 Å. For the range 4 to 7.6 Å a new time-of-flight spectrometer at the FRM reactor was used which involves a system of three synchronized choppers and a 150 m long guide tube as flight path. Utilizing the high wavelength resolution of the spectrometer, the time-of-flight wavelength scale could be accurately calibrated (±2 · 10^?3 Å) by means of various Bragg cutoff breaks observed in transmission on polycrystalline samples. Supplementary transmission measurements on gold and cobalt were performed in the range 11–47 Å using the time-of-flight spectrometer for ultracold neutrons at the FRM reactor. The absorption cross sections were evaluated considering corrections for incoherent and inelastic scattering and for the slight deviation from 1/v of the absorption of gold due to the 4.9 eV resonance level. For the absorption at subthermal energies we obtainσ _a /gl=(54.35±0.06) b/Å for Au, (20.66±0.04) b/Å for Co. Evaluation of the absorption cross sections at 2200 m/s neutron velocity gives (98.68±0.12) b for Au, (37.15±0.08) b for Co.     

Spin waves in Fe3−xMnxSi ordered alloys

Spin wave dispersion relations in Fe_3?xMn_xSi ordered alloys have been measured by neutron scattering for alloys with x = 0.04 and x = 0.18. The dispersion relations have been found to be quadratic in the magnon wavevector q? up to about half of the Brillouin zone along [111] direction. The measured values of the spin wave stiffness constant are 169±7 meV Å⁰² and 207±7 meV Å⁰² for samples with x = 0.18 and x = 0.04, respectively. The energy gap found from the rough data turned out to be almost totally due to the triple-axis spectrometer resolution properties. The nearest neighbour exchange integral for FeFe interaction, calculated from the above data, equals to 22.5±1.0 meV.     

Spin-wave scattering from A γ-Fe47Mn53alloy

Spin waves in the antiferromagnetic alloy γ-Fe_0.5Mn_0.5 have been studied at $\text{295° K(}\text{T}\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{N}}\text{= 0.63)}$ by the inelastic neutron scattering technique. We observed an isotropic dispersion and obtained a value for the spin-wave velocity of 255 ± 30 meV Å (3.88 ± 0.50 × 10⁶ cm/sec), which is the order of the spin-wave velocity in Cr (a typical itinerant antiferromagnet). The energy gap at q = 0 was found to be 7.0 ± 0.5 meV. These results suggest the existence of a long-range spin ordering in the conduction electrons of this alloy.     

The structure of the water molecule in liquid water

The slow neutron scattering measurements of Walford, Clarke and Dore for liquid heavy water at 21°C for incident neutron wavelengths of 0·694 Å and 0·347 Å [7] have been reinterpreted using a sophisticated correction for recoil and detector effects [10] for the molecular contribution to the scattering cross-section. For momentum transfer greater than 6 Å^-1 the liquid structure contribution is negligible and a very good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained. It is concluded that the intramolecular oxygen nucleus-deuteron distance is 0·98₃±0·00₈ Å, and that the deuteron-deuteron distance is 1·55±0·02 Å. This molecular structure is nearer to that of the molecule in the vapour than that in ice I for the conventional interpretation for ice I. It is concluded that there is an environmental effect on the molecular internuclear distances at most of order 0·01 Å for the molecule in the orthobaric liquid near the triple point.     

Low temperature subband 2D electron mobilities in heavy delta- and modulation doped GaAs/GaAlAs heterostructures

We synthesised high-2D electron-density GaGs/GaAlAs heterostructures with different distance L_σ of Si delta-layer in GaAs from the heterojunction and uniform doped GaAlAs. The quantum Hall effect and Shubnikov-de Haas effect were measured for temperatures down to 0.4 K in magnetic fields up to 40 T. The enhanced 2D electron concentration achieved was 1.1^*10¹³ cm^?2 in six filled subbands. The Hall mobility depends on L_σ and has maximum for L_σ=600÷750Å. From the amplitudes of the SdH oscillations and Fourier transforms the subband mobilities and electron concentration in each subband have been extracted. According to calculations intersubband electron scattering appears to be important and reduces mobilities in subbands.     

Crystal field splitting of Pr3+ in PrAl2 investigated by inelastic neutron scattering

We report the.results of an experimental determination of the crystal field splitting of Pr³⁺ in PrAl₂ by means of inelastic neutron scattering. For the crystal field parameters we obtain B₄ = (47.2 ± 4.0) × 10^?4 meV and B₆ = ? (156 ± 12) × 10^?6 meV.     

Optische Messung der Elektronenstoß-Anregung von Xenon und molekularem Stickstoff im Schwellenbereich mit hoher Energieauflösung

Relative optical excitation functions of Xe and N₂ have been measured in the threshold region. The inciting electron beam had a FWHM of 50 meV. The threshold behaviour of the excitation functions ofp-levels of Xenon is strongly influenced by resonances. The onset is step-like, in some cases resonance structure is to be seen just above threshold. In some excitation functions resonance structure is found immediatly above the ionization limit. This is believed to be caused by two compound states the parent states of which could be the 6d′ and the 8s′ autoionizing state of Xenon. In nitrogen, the excitation functions of two bands of the second positive group have been measured (3371 and 3755 Å), the upper levels of which are thev=0 and thev=1 levels of theC ³Π _u state. The excitation raises linear from threshold. In the 3371 Å excitation function a resonance maximum at 11.50 eV is observed, where the cross section is increased due to resonance population by about 100%, as measured with a FWHM of 50meV of the electron beam. The broad absolute maximums of the excitation functions are found to lie at 14.0±0.1 eV in the case of the 3371 Å- and at 14.3±0.1 eV in the 3755 Å-band.     

Interaction of neutrons with zinc and its isotopes

Coherent neutron scattering lengths and total cross sections have been measured for elemental Zn,Zn-compounds and on isotopicly enriched samples for neutron energies from 0.5 meV up to 143 keV using different techniques. From the experimental data the following quantities were obtained:

the coherent scattering lengths (b in fm) of Zn (5.689±0.014);⁶⁴Zn (5.23±0.04);⁶⁶Zn (5.98±0.05);⁶⁷Zn (7.58±0.08;b ₊=9.4±0.5/5.8±0.5;b _?=5.0±0.7/10.1±0.7);⁶⁸Zn (6.04 ±0.03);

the potential scattering radii (R′ in fm) of Zn (6.2±0.2),⁶⁴Zn (6.0±0.3) and⁶⁶Zn (6.2 ±0.3);

the absorption cross sections (σ _γ at 0.025 eV in barn) of Zn (1.11±0.02);⁶⁴Zn (1.1 ±0.1) and⁶⁶Zn (0.62±0.06).

Derived quantities are the “zero energy” scattering cross sections (σ ₀ in barn) for Zn (4.128±0.010) and⁶⁷Zn (7.8±0.3) and the incoherent bound cross sections of Zn (0.061 ±0.023) and⁶⁷Zn (0.6±0.4). In the epithermal region the Zn-cross section can be described by introduction of two strong bound levels of⁶⁷Zn+n for which estimated parameters are given.     

Raman Scattering From Water Vapor

Raman scattering from water vapor has been observed using a thermally-tuned TEM₀₀ ruby laser as excitation for a range of incident wavelengths from 6943.1 Å to 6944 Å covering the strong water absorption line centered at 6943.8 Å with a linewidth of 0.04 Å. Raman scattering cross-section relative to nitrogen has been determined (for the first time to our knowledge) to be 0.39±0.12. No significant enhancement of Raman signal was observed even though the incident ruby was tuned to the absorption line. Possible reasons for the lack of resonance Raman effect are given.     

Excitonic excitation spectra in ZnS: Cl crystal under pressure

The 3363 Å peak in the excitation spectrum of the S-A luminescence in the ZnS:Mn Cl cubic crystal at R.T. is ascribed to the A exciton. Its pressure coefficient is found as 6.4±0.2 meV/kbar, close to ρ = 6.3±0.2 meV/kbar reported for the gap in ZnS cubic crystal from the reflectivity measurements. This peak decreases by cooling and has not been observed at 85 K. The uv-excitation of the Mn-luminescence at R.T. is due to the energy transfer from the S-A to the Mn²⁺ centers, whereas the excitation peak at the exciton energy at 85 K comes from the excitation of the Mn²⁺ centers by the recombination energy of the Mn²⁺ bound excitons.     

Inelastic electron scattering from protons and deuterons at very low Q2

The total cross-section for production of hadrons by inelastic electron scattering at 3.2° from hydrogen and deuterium has been measured in the Q² range 0.015 GeV² to 0.1 GeV², at virtual photon energies ranging from 2 GeV to 8.5 GeV. The transition to photoproduction is observed to be smooth, the ratio σ_D/σ_H being about 1.85 in this range. No evidence is seen for a conjectured rapid Q²-dependence of this ratio at low Q².     

Low energy electron attenuation length studies in thin amorphous carbon films

The results of experiments on low energy electrons passing through thin amorphous carbon films are reported. For electron energies between 50 and 3000 eV, electron attenuation lengths were determined by electron transmission measurements through carbon films of thicknesses between 81 and 210 Å. The density of these amorphous carbon films was also obtained by a sink—float method and found to be 1.90 ± 0.05 g cm^?3. The electron attenuation length for inelastic scattering was found to increase monotonically from approximately 10 to 55 Å over the 50 to 3000 eV range. Over the 500–3000 eV energy region, the results are in good agreement with mean free paths calculated using optically measured dielectric functions.     

Tensor exchange in meson-baryon scattering

Amplitudes for A₂ quantum number exchange in K^±N scattering are determined at p_L = 3, 4 and 6 GeV using new K^±N CEX differential cross-section data supplemented by sum rule estimates of polarizations. Amplitudes for ? quantum number exchange are calculated from πN scattering by SU(3) octet symmetry. This is justified by K^±N FESR, which furthermore are used to resolve ambiguities in the analysis. Comparison with other reactions involving charge and hyperchange exchange shows reasonable overall consistency between data, SU(3), and the tensor amplitudes. The phase of the A₂s-channel helicity flip amplitude is well described by a Regge pole term with trajectory displaced downwards relative to that appropriate for the ? flip amplitude. This is shown to be the main mechanism contributing to the difference between differential cross sections for the K^±N CEX processes, connected by line reversal. It is suggested that this mechanism may persist at higher energies. The A₂ non-flip amplitude does not have the standard peripheral form.     

The location and shape of the conduction band minima in cubic silicon carbide

We have measured the inter-bound state excitation spectrum of the N_C donor in cubic β-SiC through the ‘two-electron’ transition satellites observed in the luminescent recombination of excitons bound to neutral N donors. Transitions are seen to p as well as s-like donor states although the transition oscillator strength is derived from interaction with the impurity core since parity is conserved through inter-valley scattering by p-like X phonons. The Zeeman splitting of a luminescence line involving the 2p± donor state yield the electron mass parameter m_t = 0.24 ± 0.01 m₀. This and the directly measured energy separations of the 2p₀ and 2p± states yields m_t/m₁ = 0.36 ± 0.01 with the static dielectric constant K = 9.92 ± 0.1. Mutually consistent central cell corrections of 1.1 and 8.4 meV are observed for the 2s(A₁) and 1s(A₁) donor states, the latter being in agreement with a recent estimate from electronic Raman scattering by Gaubis and Colwell. The ionization donor energy of the N_C donor, 53.6 ± 0.5 meV is consistent with earlier, less accurate estimates from donor-acceptor pair and free to bound luminescence. There is no evidence for a ‘camel's back’ conduction band structure in cubic SiC, unlike GaP. The two-phonon sidebands of the N_C donor exciton luminescence spectrum in SiC can be constructed by X and Г phonons only.     

Determining potential energy constants for atom- and molecule-surface interactions

Methods developed for diatomic molecule spectroscopy are adapted for use in analysing the energies of atom-surface bound states in order to determine certain features of the surface-averaged potential energy function. In cases for which appropriate data are available, these simple graphical methods can yield a model-independent estimate of the potential well depth e, a value for the coefficient (C₃) of the long-range z^?3 term in the atom-surface potential, and estimates of both the total number of bound states and the energies of any unobserved levels lying near the dissociation limit. Application of these techniques to the data for atomic hydrogen on (001)LiF and NaF and for atomic helium on (001)LiF yielded: ? = 18.6(±1.0), 18.2 (±3.6) and 8.6(±0.8) meV, and C₃ = 250(±90), 180(±110) and 95(±40) meV ų, respectively. Application of this approach to the data for molecular hydrogen on (001)LiF led to a new set of vibrational assignments and showed that ? = 37(±4) meV, and that the H₂ and D₂ data of O'Keefe et al. and the H₂ binding energies which Tsuchida obtained from the data of Frisch and Stern are all internally consistent.     

Relaxation des Natrium-Grundzustandes bei Stößen mit den stabilen Helium- und Wasserstoff-Isotopen

The spin-polarization of the optically pumped Na-groundstate is investigated in presence of the stable He- and H₂-isotopes. The following disorientation cross sections are derived from the pressure dependence of the relaxation rate:σ=(16.2±2.0) · 10^?26 cm² for He³ σ=(2.4±0.5) · 10^?26 cm² for He⁴ σ=(3.9±1.5) · 10^?26 cm² for H₂ σ=(2.3±1.0) · 10^?26 cm² for D₂. These values can be compared with theoretical cross sections based on two relaxation models and indicate the existence of a relaxation mechanism involving the exchange of the electronic alkali-spin with the nuclear spin of the foreign gas.     

Crystal field in the CeAl3 heavy-fermion compound

An analysis of inelastic neutron scattering in the CeAl₃ heavy fermion compound is presented. Using single-crystal magnetic-susceptibility and inelastic neutron scattering data, an unambiguous solution for the set of parameters of the electric crystal field Hamiltonian is obtained: B ₂ ⁰ = (5.8 ± 0.2) × 10^?2 meV and B ₄ ⁰ = (2.3 ± 0.1) × 10^?2 meV. The energy level scheme for the ground-state multiplet of the Ce³⁺ ion in CeAl₃ consists of the ground level Γ₉?±3/2〉 and two doublets Γ₈?±5/2〉 and Γ₇?±1/2〉 having close energies of ～6.3 meV at a temperature of 20 K. As follows from comparing the crystal-field parameters in the RAl₃ series (R = Ce, Pr, Nd), the fact that the parameters A ₂ ⁰ 〈r ²〉 and A ₄ ⁰ 〈r ⁴〉 in CeAl₃ differ significantly in value from the respective parameters in PrAl₃ and NdAl₃ cannot be explained in terms of the lattice constants of these isostructural compounds being different but rather is due to the enhanced hybridization of the localized 4f electrons of cerium with conduction electrons.     

Determination of low-energy parameters of neutron-proton scattering on the basis of modern experimental data from partial-wave analyses

The triplet and singlet low-energy parameters in the effective-range expansion for neutron-proton scattering are determined by using the latest experimental data on respective phase shifts from the SAID nucleon-nucleon database. The results differ markedly from the analogous parameters obtained on the basis of the phase shifts of the Nijmegen group and contradict the parameter values that are presently used as experimental ones. The values found with the aid of the phase shifts from the SAID nucleon-nucleon database for the total cross section for the scattering of zero-energy neutrons by protons, σ ₀ = 20.426 b, and the neutron-proton coherent scattering length, f = ?3.755 fm, agree perfectly with experimental cross-section values obtained by Houk, σ ₀ = 20.436 ± 0.023 b, and experimental scattering-length values obtained by Houk and Wilson, f = ?3.756 ± 0.009 fm, but they contradict cross-section values of σ ₀ = 20.491 ± 0.014 b according to Dilg and coherent-scattering-length values of f = ?3.7409 ± 0.0011 fm according to Koester and Nistler.