反射和折射电磁波的横向移动

推导了介质界面反射和折射电磁波的能量中心横向移动的计算式，它表明，横向移动的量值与入射波束的线度、入射角及介质的介电常数、磁导率有关。     

Reflection–refraction of attenuated waves at the interface between a thermo-poroelastic medium and a thermoelastic medium

Phenomenon of reflection and refraction is considered at the plane interface between a thermoelastic medium and thermo-poroelastic medium. Both the media are isotropic and behave dissipative to wave propagation. Incident wave in thermo-poroelastic medium is considered inhomogeneous with deviation allowed between the directions of propagation and maximum attenuation. For this incidence, four attenuated waves reflect back in thermo-poroelastic medium and three waves refract to the continuing thermoelastic medium. Each of these reflected/refracted waves is inhomogeneous and propagates with a phase shift. The propagation characteristics (velocity, attenuation, inhomogeneity, phase shift, amplitude, energy) of reflected and refracted waves are calculated as functions of propagation direction and inhomogeneity of the incident wave. Variations in these propagation characteristics with the incident direction are illustrated through a numerical example.     

Inner Estimate of Singularities to Solutions for Elastic Wave Propagation Problems in Stratified Media

We consider elastic mixed or initial-interface value problems in a stratified media. We give an inner estimate of the location of singularities of the reflected and refracted Riemann functions by making use of a localization method. For an incident wave, lateral waves as well as reflected and refracted waves appear. Received: 24 August 1998/ Accepted: 30 March 1999     

Reflexion und Brechung an optisch einachsigen Medien in Richtung fehlender Doppelbrechung

Reflection and Refraction at Uniaxial Media in Directions of Vanishing Double Refraction The amplitude relations for the reflection and refraction of plane monochromatic waves by uniaxial media in the case of vanishing double refraction of the refracted respectively reflected waves in the uniaxial medium are obtained by a limiting process from generalized Fresnel formulae earlier derived. The incidence both from the isotropic and from the uniaxial medium is considered. The boundary conditions may be fulfilled in the case considered only by addition of refracted respectively reflected waves with amplitudes varying linearly with the distance from the boundary plane in the uniaxial medium. The requirement of vanishing double refraction restricts the possible choice of the common tangential components of all refraction vectors and consequently also of the refraction vectors of incident waves from a primarily twodimensional complex manifold to onedimensional complex manifolds, which are determined in this paper.     

On the theory of TE-polarized waves guided by a nonlinear three-layer structure

TE-polarized electromagnetic waves guided by a three-layer structure consisting of a film surrounded by semi-infinite media (all media are characterized by a Kerrlike dielectric function) are investigated by expressing the solution of the field equations in terms of Weierstrass' elliptic functions. Evaluation leads to a universal dispersion relation and its solutions and a universal expression for the power flow. Numerical results are presented for the effective wave number as a function of the intensity of the electric field at the lower surface of the nonlinear film, for various profiles of the field intensity, and for the power flow as a function of the effective wave number.     

Transverse Motion of Energy on Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves

The equation of motion of the centre of energy of the reflected and refracted electromagnetic waves on the interface of dielectric media is obtained, it is shown that the physical reason leading to the transverse shift (TS) is the spin-momentum coupling of the electromagnetic waves near the interface.     

Amplitudenverhältnisse bei der Reflexion und Brechung des Lichtes an der Grenzebene zwischen isotropen und anisotropen Medien

Relations for the Amplitudes in Case of Reflection and Refraction of Light at the Boundary Plane between Isotropic and Anisotropic Media Relations for the amplitudes of the electric fields of plane monochromatic waves reflected and refracted at the boundary plane between isotropic and arbitrarily anisotropic media are derived from the Maxwell theory both for incidence from the isotropic or from the anisotropic medium. Furthermore, the vectorial amplitudes of the uniradial oscillations are determined. The following special cases of the general formulae are considered: 1. normal incidence, 2. optic axis in direction of the reflected respectively refracted wave in the anisotropic medium, 3. normal and parallel polarization of the partial waves in the anisotropic medium with respect to the plane of incidence.     

Power splitting between refracted ordinary and extraordinary waves in uniaxial crystals with absorption

The refraction of a plane wave into a uniaxial crystal with possible absorption is analysed. The Poynting vector of the transmitted wave is formulated and succinct conditions for the decomposability of its normal component into the normal components of the Poynting vectors of the ordinary and extraordinary refracted waves are derived. The implications for raytracing in anisotropic media with absorption are discussed.     

有限振幅声波在平面界面上的反射和折射

在文献[1]的基础上,进一步研究了有限振幅声波在平面界面上的反射和折射,求得了两种介质中的场,并对界面条件和折射关系作了讨论。 关键词：     

Flaw location errors in extruded stainless steel piping

Refracted shear waves in extruded stainless steel pipes were found to change their velocity and direction (beam skewing) as they propagated through the pipe thickness. These variations in refracted angles and velocities result in flaw location errors during ultrasonic examination. Two techniques, one using refracted shear waves in pitch-catch mode and the other refracted longitudinal waves in pulse-echo mode, are discussed as to their feasibility in determining the flaw location accurately in these pipes. The result of the work was that a two-scan approach using refracted shear waves in pulse-echo for flaw detection and refracted longitudinal waves in pulse-echo for flaw location was recommended.     

Power-mode theorems for guided acoustic waves in piezoelectric media

Relationships between complex power flow pseudo energy, propagation constant and complex frequency are presented for acoustic waves in piezoelectric media. These relationships are essentially energy-power equations which apply to anisotropic, nonconservative, dispersive, linear systems, analogous to those obtained by Chorney and Penfield for guided electromagnetic waves. At vanishing piezoelectric coupling the powermode theorems split into a proper electromagnetic set and a proper mechanical set. By differentiating the power-mode equations with respect to the complex frequency further results are obtained linking the group velocity with power flow and energy storage. Conclusions may be drawn from these expressions regarding the signature of the dispersion (forward or backward waves). The equipartition of pseudo energy is established at cut-off, and the vanishing of the complex power flow at resonance. Examples including wave propagation in lossless and lossy media are included.     

Electromagnetic wave refraction on the interface of absorptive and transparent isotropic media and non-resonant excitation of surface waves

New formulae for the angles of refraction at the interface of the absorbing/transparent isotropic media are derived from Maxwell's equations. Using the time-averaged Poynting vector for the direction of the beam of light, the noncoincidence of incidence and refraction planes is predicted for the mixed polarization of incident wave. The angle between the refracted beam and incidence plane is especially large for the condition of non-resonant excitation of surface electromagnetic waves at a flat interface of absorptive-transparent media.     

Reflexion und Brechung des Lichtes an einer anisotropen Schicht

Reflection and Refraction of Light by an Anisotropic Layer The linear problem of reflection and refraction of plane monochromatic electromagnetic waves by a plane-parallel homogeneous anisotropic layer between (in general different) homogeneous optically isotropic semiinfinite media is treated on the basis of MAXWELL 's equations and the boundary conditions following from them. The permittivity tensor of the anisotropic layer is assumed to be widely arbitrary and therefore asymmetric, neglecting only the spatial dispersion, i. e., the dependence on the wave vector. The electrical fields of reflected, refracted, and transmitted waves are calculated in dependence on the electric field of the incident wave. The conditions for waveguide modes of the layer in the absence of incident waves are obtained from the vanishing of a determinant. The general formulae are specialized to the cases of normal incidence and also of perpendicular and parallel polarisation, relatively to the plane of incidence, of the refracted partial waves in the anisotropic layer thus obtaining simplifications in these cases. The interesting cases of uniaxial layers, when the optic axis lies either parallel or perpendicular to the plane of incidence, belong to the last mentioned special cases of perpendicular and parallel polarisation relatively to the plane of incidence.     

Theoretical Study of Deflection of Reflected and Refracted Electromagnetic Waves from Incident Plane

An equation for the orbital angular momentum of electromagnetic waves in the process of reflection and refraction is deduced from the generalized variational principle, which shows the transverse shift of reflected and refracted waves and predicts that the deflection of reflected and refracted waves from the incident plane can occur.     

Wave refraction and backward magnon–plasmon polaritons in left-handed antiferromagnet/semiconductor superlattices

Characteristics of the bulk electromagnetic waves in teraHertz frequency region are examined in a left-handed superlattice (SL) which consists of alternating layers of nonmagnetic semiconductor and nonconducting antiferromagnetic materials. General problem on the sign of the refractive index for anisotropic media is considered. It is shown that the phase refraction index is always positive while the group refractive index can be negative when some general conditions are fulfilled. Effective permittivity and permeability tensors of the SL are derived for perpendicular and parallel orientation of the magnetic anisotropy axis with respect to the plane of the layers. Problem of anomalous refraction for transverse electric and transverse magnetic-type polarized waves is examined in such media. Analytical expressions for both the phase and group refractive indices are obtained for various propagated modes. It is shown that, in general, three different types of the refracted waves with different relative orientation of the phase and group velocity vectors are possible in left-handed media. Unusual peculiarities of the backward modes corresponding to the coupled magnon–plasmon polaritons are considered. It is shown, in particular, that the number of the backward modes depends on the free charge carrier's density in semiconductor layers, variation of which allows to create different frequency regions for the wave propagation.     

光在双轴晶体表面的反射与折射

介绍了光在双轴晶体表面反射、折射问题的求解方法.用该方法可以方便精确地计算晶体任意取向下光从任意方向入射时折射光的折射率、偏振态、波矢方向、能流方向. 推导了反射光、折射光的振幅和能量的计算公式. 并以KTP晶体为例，给出了数值计算的结果. 关键词： 双轴晶体 双折射 菲涅耳公式 布儒斯特角     

FDTD Simulation on the Interaction Between Gaussian Beam and Biaxial Anisotropic Metamaterial Slabs

The interaction between Gaussian beam and indefinite anisotropic metamaterial (AMM) slabs are simulated with auxiliary differential equation method in finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD). The directions of wave vector and energy flow densities in three types of AMM slabs are investigated. The field intensity distributions and phases of TE-polarized wave for the interaction between Gaussian beam and AMM slabs are given. Numerical results show that the sign of x component of relative permeability tensor of AMM determines the refraction is regular or anomalous, whereas the sign of z component of relative permeability tensor of AMM determines the energy flow is positively refracted or negatively refracted. Positive or negative Goos-H?nchen shift associated with Total Cutoff media are also shown. This work was supported by National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment fund (51486030305HT0101) and (9140C08060507ZCZJ18).     

Vectorial laws of refraction and reflection using the cross product and dot product

We demonstrate that published vectorial laws of reflection and refraction of light based solely on the cross product do not, in general, uniquely determine the direction of the reflected and refracted waves without additional information. This is because the cross product does not have a unique inverse operation, which is explained in this Letter in linear algebra terms. However, a vector is in fact uniquely determined if both the cross product (vector product) and dot product (scalar product) with a known vector are specified, which can be written as a single equation with a left-invertible matrix. It is thus possible to amend the vectorial laws of reflection and refraction to incorporate both the cross and dot products for a complete specification with unique solution. This enables highly efficient, unambiguous computation of reflected and refracted wave vectors from the incident wave and surface normal.     

椭圆偏振电磁波的反射和折射

将入射到界面的一般椭圆偏振波按垂直和平行入射面分解为两个互相正交的线偏振波,根据菲涅耳公式和叠加原理合成的反射波和折射波一般也是一般椭圆偏振波.     

Anomalous wave propagation in quasiisotropic media

Based on boundary conditions and dispersion relations, the anomalous propagation of waves incident from regular isotropic media into quasiisotropic media is investigated. It is found that the anomalous negative refraction, anomalous total reflection and oblique total transmission can occur in the interface associated with quasiisotropic media. The Brewster angles of E- and H-polarized waves in quasiisotropic media are also discussed. It is shown that the propagation properties of waves in quasiisotropic media are significantly different from those in isotropic and anisotropic media.