改进的多元醇法制备高分散纳米氧化镁及其锶吸附性能研究

以六水合氯化镁(MgCl·6H2O)为原料,以尿素为沉淀剂,采用改进的多元醇法制备了颗粒均匀、分散性好的纳米氧化镁粒子,并分别研究了反应温度和反应时间对前驱体和MgO粉体结构和形貌的影响.研究表明,在110℃反应8h后制备的前驱体为30 nm左右纳米颗粒状碱式碳酸镁Mg5 (CO3)4(OH)2(H2O)4.在700℃焙烧3h后可得到粒径为50 nm左右分散性较好的MgO纳米粒子.该种纳米氧化镁粉体对水溶液中的锶具有较好的吸附作用,吸附量为5.3 mg/g.     

醇-水体系中pH值和焙烧温度对合成MgO纳米片晶体性质的影响

采用液相法,在醇-水体系中,以Mg(NO3)2·6H2O为镁源、PEG-2000为表面活性剂、NH3·H2O为沉淀剂,研究了pH值和焙烧温度对制备MgO纳米片晶体性质的影响.采用XRD、SEM和BET等手段对MgO纳米片晶相组成、微观形貌、孔结构进行分析表征.研究结果表明,pH值和焙烧温度对MgO纳米片晶相组成没有影响,但对样品微观形貌和比表面积影响较大.较低的pH值和焙烧温度或者较高的pH值和焙烧温度均会导致样品形状不规则,出现不同程度团聚,比表面积较小.在pH=10、焙烧温度500℃条件下制得MgO纳米片形状规整、分散性较好,比表面积、孔容和平均孔径分别为145.42 m2·g-1、0.67 mL·g-1和18.56 nm.     

纤锌矿CuInS2纳米晶的合成及其机理研究

采用一步溶剂热法合成纤锌矿结构CuInS2(W-CIS)纳米粉体,并对其生长形成机理进行了研究.利用XRD、FE-SEM及EDS对W-CIS纳米晶的结构和形貌以及元素组成进行分析,研究了溶剂热合成过程中的铜源、硫源、反应温度及反应时间对CuInS2纳米粉体物相及形貌的影响.结果表明:以CuCl2·2H2O或Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O、InCl3·4H2O和硫脲为原料,聚乙二醇400、乙二胺为溶剂于200℃下反应2h可以成功合成出结晶性良好的CuInS2纳米片,直径约为300 nm,厚度大约为10～20 nm.通过研究发现,乙二胺对形成纤锌矿结构CuInS2起着关键的作用,并且该粉体对亚甲基蓝的降解率可达75.04;.     

熔盐热法制备ZnWO4纳米晶及其光催化性能

以Na2WO4·2H2O,Zn(NO3)2·6H2O为原料,LiNO3,NaNO3为熔盐介质,采用熔盐热法合成了ZnWO4纳米晶材料,对其相结构和纳米晶生长动力学进行了表征,对比传统水热法,研究了熔盐热剂与水溶剂两种介质类型对纳米晶形貌和光催化活性的影响.结果表明,晶体生长介质对ZnWO4纳米晶形貌会产生重要影响.采用熔盐热法在反应温度为180℃,保温时间为8 h条件下合成了形貌规则,分布均匀的四方板块层状等轴ZnWO4纳米粉体,晶粒尺寸在20～40 nm之间;在相同反应条件下,水热合成的纳米晶为棒状结构,其直径约25 nm,长度在100～200 nm之间;ZnWO4纳米晶的晶体完整度和晶体形貌对其光催化活性会产生重要影响,晶体发育完整的ZnWO4纳米晶具有更高的活性;在晶体发育完整的前提下,粉体的比表面积越大,相应的光催化活性也越高.     

CoC2O4·2H2O纳米晶形貌可控合成

通过简单调节反应介质热塑性酚醛树脂与乙二醇配比,选择性地制备了CoC2O4·2H2O纳米棒和纳米片晶体或其两种形貌晶体混合物.样品热重和差示扫描量热(TG-DSC)、X射线粉体衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜( FESEM)实验表明:以热塑性酚醛树脂为反应介质得到了COC2O4·2H2O纳米棒;以乙二醇为反应介质得到了CoC2O4·2H2O纳米片;逐渐增大乙二醇和酚醛树脂质量比,实现了CoC2O4·2H2O形貌由纳米棒形貌转变为纳米片形貌.基于不同晶体形貌和实验结果,提出了棒状和片状COC2O4·2H2O可能的形成机理模型以解释两种形貌COC2O4·2H2O纳米晶的生长行为.     

ZnSe微球的制备与性能研究

采用水热法,以ZnSO4·7H2O为Zn源,Na2SeO3为Se源,NaOH溶液为反应介质,N2H4·H2O为还原性助剂,在140℃下反应24 h,合成了直径为1～4μm、分散性较好的ZnSe微球.SEM、XRD和UV-Vis测试发现,NaOH和N2H4·H2O共同控制着ZnSe的形貌,制备的ZnSe微球是由平均尺寸为20.7 nm的ZnSe纳米晶在N2微泡上聚集而成的中空球.     

多孔氧化镁纤维的制备及其生长机制研究

以硫酸镁(MgSO4)为原料,氢氧化钠(NaOH)为沉淀剂,聚乙二醇(PEG)为结构导向剂,采用水热法合成出碱式硫酸镁(MgSQ·5Mg(OH)2·3H2O)纤维,对前驱体进行煅烧获得多孔氧化镁纤维.通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、N2吸附-脱附等技术对样品的表征,分析了水热温度、水热时间对氧化镁的孔结构与形貌的影响.结果表明,水热温度和水热时间对前驱体的成分与形貌有较大的影响.在PEG(6000)与Mg物质的量比为0.01∶1的条件下,于140 ℃水热处理20h后进行煅烧可合成结晶良好、孔径在几十至几百个纳米的多孔氧化镁纤维.     

邻菲咯啉铜微纳米棒的制备及其影响因素研究

以五水硫酸铜和1,10-邻菲咯啉为原料,采用液相沉淀法制备邻菲咯啉铜(Ⅱ)微纳米棒,研究 pH 值和温度对产物形貌和尺寸的影响.通过 XRD、SEM、UV-Vis、FT-IR、元素分析和荧光光谱表征产物的结构与性能.结果表明,硫酸铜溶液的 pH 值显著影响室温时反应产物的物相和形貌.当起始 pH 值为 2.0和5.0时,分别生成了微米级的花状和长片状的单斜品系[Cu(phen)(H2O)2]·SO4;当 pH 值上升至 9.0和11.0时,分别生成了平均直径172 nm 和253 nm 的[Cu(phen)(OH)]2SO4·5H2O 棒状结构.在 pH 值为9.0条件下,棒状产物的直径随着反应温度的降低而减小,4℃时可获得平均直径为87 nm 的纳米棒.此外,片状[Cu(phen)(H2O)2]·SO4 的荧光光谱相对于纳米棒状[Cu(phen)(OH)]2SO4·5H2O 出现蓝移和发射增强现象.     

水热法生长立方MgO微晶研究

以尿素与Mg(NO3)2·6H2O在不同的反应温度和不同物质的量配比条件下,制备出前驱体Mg5(OH)2(CO3)4·4H2O/MgCO3,经煅烧得到立方MgO微晶粉末.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对所制得产物的晶相和形貌进行了表征.结果表明:当尿素和Mg(NO3)2·6H2O物质的量的比为2∶1时,在160℃的水热反应条件下,制备出立方MgO前驱体微晶,在1000℃煅烧2h后能够获得晶型完整、形貌规则、粒径约为5μm的MgO立方微晶.     

溶剂热法制备InP纳米球及其生长机理研究

以氯化铟(InCl3·4H2O)和白磷(P4)为反应物,硼氢化钠(NaBH4)为还原剂,在较低的反应温度下采用溶剂热法制备出了InP纳米球.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和光致发光光谱(PL)对所制备产物的结构、形貌和发光性能进行了分析和表征.结果表明:在适当的温度下可以制备出尺寸为300 nm左右的纳米球,通过改变反应条件可以改变产物的尺寸、形貌.同时,从动力学方面对溶剂热法制备InP纳米球的反应机理进行了初步探讨.     

Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of adsorbent and photoluminescent nanocomposites of starch and silica

Using sol-gel method, mesoporous and photoluminescent silica nanocomposites of soluble starch have been synthesized and characterized. Different ratios of H₂O, TEOS and EtOH were used at fixed template (soluble starch) and catalyst (NH₄OH) concentrations to obtain materials of different performances in terms of heavy metal binding from a solution which has been monitored using Cd(II) as representative divalent heavy metal ion. Optimum material was obtained when H₂O, TEOS and EtOH were used in 14:1:2 ratio. This sample was not only an efficient metal ion adsorbent but also had an intense luminescence in ultra-violet region and potentially may be used in silicon-based UV-emitting devices. Metal binding by the material was further enhanced after calcination (at 800 °C in air) while its luminescence had a multipeak profile in UV-visible region. In a batch adsorption study, calcined hybrid composite (0.25 g/L) could remove 98.5% Cd(II) from 100 mg/L Cd(II) solution in 2 h. The chemical, structural and textural characteristics of the synthesized materials have been investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-rays Diffraction (XRD), Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA), Photoluminescence (PL), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Analysis (BET) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).     

Syntheses and structures of N-phenylmaleimidetriazoles and by-products

The syntheses, properties, and structures of N-phenylmaleimidetriazole derivatives are described. Intermediates and by-products are also discussed. 1b. a = 43.997(7) Å, 5.7610(9) Å, 8.245(1) Å, = 99.339(4), C₂/c; 2a. a = 13.646(4) Å, b = 7.744(2) Å, c = 10.612(3) Å, = 91.979(6), P2₁/c. 3a. a = 22.245(1) Å, b = 22.245(1) Å, 10.010(1) Å, P42/n. 3a. a = 11.727(2) Å, b = 14.075(3) Å, c = 16.080(3) Å, = 105.859(3), = 105.331(3), = 98.187(3), P-1. 3b. a = 8.561(3) Å, b = 14.755(5) Å, c = 22.771(7) Å, = 97.006(5), P2₁/c. 3c. a = 10.500(2) Å, b = 12.189(2) Å, c = 13.040(2) Å, = 109.091(3), = 106.089(3), = 101.022(3), P-1. 8a. a = 16.389(8) Å, b = 5.749(3) Å, c = 19.316(3) Å, = 97.467(9), P2₁/n. 8b. a = 5.822(2) Å, b = 10.114(3) Å, c = 16.705(4) Å, = 84.681(5), = 82.840(5), = 75.769(4), P-1. 9b. a = 11.251(1) Å, 13.335(3) Å, 13.376(3) Å, = 102.456(4), P2₁/n. 9c. a = 15.836(3) Å, b = 8.236(2) Å, c = 5.447(3) Å, = 92.551(3), P2₁/c. 10a. a = 13.177(2) Å, b = 14.597(2) Å, c = 5.5505(8) Å, = 110.979(2), Cc. 11a. a = 14.720(2) Å, b = 13.995(2) Å, c = 38.245(6) Å, = 94.430(3), P2₁/n. 12b. a = 15.067(5) Å, b = 20.378(6) Å, c = 8.669(5) Å, = 99.16(4), = 99.32(3), = 105.23(3), P-1. 13b. a = 8.2824(6) Å, b = 10.5245(7) Å, c = 15.518(1) Å, = 92.305(1), = 100.473(1), = 100.124(1), P-1. 15a. a = 15.357(3) Å, b = 7.778(2) Å, c = 22.957(2) Å, Pbca. 16b. a = 18.0384(4) Å, b = 12.474(3) Å, c = 20.078(5) Å, Pbca.     

Surface topography and crystal and domain structures of films of ferroelectric copolymer of vinylidene difluoride and trifluoroethylene

The crystallization of a copolymer from a solution at room temperature is found to lead to the formation of a metastable structure, characterized by the coexistence of ferroelectric and paraelectric phases. The fraction of the latter decreases after annealing above the Curie point. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has revealed a difference in the surface topographies between the films contacting with air and the films contacting with a glass substrate. The microstructure of copolymer chains has been investigated by ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy. The chain fragments with “defect” attached monomeric units are ejected to the surface. The character of the ferroelectric domains formed during crystallization and their size distribution are analyzed.

     

Chemistry and Electrocrystallization of Organic Metals and Superconductors

Abstract

Considerable variation in the conditions of electrochemical crystal growth of TMTSF₂X (i.e., constant current versus constant potential, ambient versus inert atmosphere, etc.) and in the purity of the constituents (donor, electrolyte, solvent) does not significantly affect the unusual low-temperature properties of this class of materials. Our results suggest that the electrocrystallization procedure may be self-purifying by selecting for conducting crystal phases with constituents having specific oxidation potentials and solubility properties. However, doping solutions with structurally and chemically similar constituents (i.e., TMTTF, and IO^? ₄ in CIO^? ₄) leads to their incorporation in the crystal structure where they have a profound effect. Several mole percent of these dopants suppress superconductivity in the PF^? ₆ and CIO^? ₄ salts, and increase and broaden the metal-insulator phase transition.     

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Morphology of Thomsonite and Edingtonite

The hydrothermal treatment of different glasses of the composition 2 Na₂O–8 CaO–10 Al₂O₃– 20 SiO₂ and 2 BaO–2 Al₂O₃–6 SiO₂ at one kilobar pressure in a temperature-range between 80 °C and 230 °C lead to the formation of the zeolite-minerals thomsonite (orthorhombic symmetry space-group Pbmn, a = 13.05 Å, b = 13.09 Å and c = 13.22 Å), and edingtonite (orthorhombic symmetry, space-group: P2,2,2, a = 9.55 Å, b = 9.67 Å and c = 6.52 Å). Under the chosen hydrothermal conditions both mineral phases are formed in the whole temperature interval.     

Preparation and characterization of PbSe nanopowder and quasi-ceramics

By means of the reduction of Pb(II) and Se(IV) with hydrazine, oval monodispersed PbSe nanoparticles characterized by sizes ～100 nm and the cubic symmetry were obtained. Their compaction and sintering into quasi-ceramic state were performed. The samples were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. The results obtained are discussed.     

Numerical and experimental analysis of periodic patterns and sedimentation of lysozyme

This paper deals with experimental investigation, mathematical modelling and numerical simulation of the crystallization processes induced by counter diffusion method of a precipitant agent in a lysozyme protein solution. Novel mathematical strategies are introduced to simulate the experiments and in particular to take into account the kinetics of the growth process and the motion of the crystals due to the combined effect of gravitational force and viscous drag if the sedimenting process is allowed (protein chamber free of gel). Comparison between experimental observations and numerical simulations in the presence of convection and sedimentation and without them provides a validation of the model. The crystal formation in gel results modulated in space. If the gel matrix is not present, convective cells arise in the protein chamber due to local inversions in the density distribution associated to nucleation phenomena. As time passes, these vortex cells migrate towards the top of the protein chamber exhibiting a different wave number according to the distance from the gel interface. The sedimentating particles produce a wake due to depletion of protein from the surrounding liquid. The models and the experiments may represent a useful methodology for the determination of the parameters and conditions that may lead to protein crystallization.     

Structural and spectral studies of N-trans-cinnamylidene-m-toluidine and N-trans-cinnamylidene-m-chloroaniline

N-trans-cinnamylidene-m-toluidine (1) C₁₆H₁₅N, and N-trans-cinnamylidene-m-chloroaniline (2) C₁₅H₁₂NCl form isomorphous crystals which are monoclinic, space group P2_l/c, with unit cell dimensionsa=5.967(2),b=13.793(3),c=15.048(5) Å, =91.97(3)° anda=5.868(2),b=13.788(4),c=15.191(4) Å, =91.87(3)°, respectively. The single-crystal X-ray structure determinations of the title compounds revealtrans structures. Ring (A) C_10–15 and ring (B) C_1–6, are practically planar in both structures with dihedral angels of 61.3(3) and 63.6(2)°, respectively.¹H nmr, u.v. and i.r. spectra are also reported.     

Crystal and molecular structures of benz-p-nitroanilide and benz-p-methoxyanilide

The crystal structures of the two carboxylic amides C₁₃H₁₀N₂O₃ (I) and C₁₄H₁₃NO₂ (II) have been determined by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least squares. The predominant structural feature is the hydrogen bonding (N-H?O=C) which influences the conformations of both structures.     

Structure simulation and study of electronic and dielectric properties of two derivatives of benzamide

First-principles calculations based on density functional theory have been done on the chlorinated phenyl benzamides; 4-chloro-phenyl-benzamide – C13H10ClNO, and 2-chloro-3-chloro-phenyl-benzamide – C13H9Cl2NO. The triclinic structure of 4-chloro-phenyl-benzamide and orthorhombic structure of 2-chloro-3-chloro-phenyl-benzamide have been simulated and the structural parameters have been found out. Electron density of states has been computed in the materials using the electronic structure calculation code of Quantum-Espresso which gives a band gap of 0.74 eV in case of 4-chloro-phenyl-benzamide. This value is close to the value exhibited by semiconducting materials and photonic band gap materials. Band gap in case of 2-chloro-3-chloro-phenyl-benzamide comes out to be 3.08 eV. This value is in the range exhibited by NLO materials. Dielectric constant of the materials has been computed. The value of dielectric constant in 4-chloro-phenyl-benzamide comes out to be 2.78, 3.14, and 3.92 along X, Y, and Z axes, respectively, and the average value comes out to be 3.28. The value of dielectric constant in case of 2-chloro-3-chloro-phenyl-benzamide comes out to be 1.39, 1.53, and 1.34 along X, Y, and Z axes, respectively, and the average value comes out to be 1.42. Thus, additional chlorination is increasing the band gap and decreasing the dielectric constant in phenyl benzamide.