竹层积材在大型风力机叶片设计中的应用研究北大核心CSCD

从大型风力机竹叶片设计的材料及结构角度出发,首先简要介绍了作为竹叶片主增加材料——竹层积材的力学性能实验及其基本的力学特性.随后基于这些性能数据,给出了一种常规形式的1.5 MW竹叶片的气动和结构设计方法,并重点阐述了竹叶片的结构铺层方法和关键的技术细节,最后简要概述了目前竹叶片设计还需要解决的技术问题.     

计算流体力学在大型风力机空气动力学的应用进展北大核心CSCD

针对大型风力机设计中的关键空气动力学问题,比较系统地介绍了计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法的主要应用,特别是在大型风力机翼型气动分析、风力机流动的数值模拟、风轮空气动力特性的数值计算以及大型风力机叶片的多目标气动优化设计方面的进展.基于CFD方法分别实现了风力机翼型与叶片二维/三维气动特性的准确预测,风力机尾流场涡系结构的准确捕捉;并结合多目标遗传算法对1.5 MW风力机叶片进行了优化,获得了具有高风能利用效率的叶片方案.     

轻质热防护系统波纹夹芯结构热力耦合分析

高超声速飞行器在出入大气层或持续在空间飞行时,将遭受严苛的气动加热载荷．对热防护系统进行传热分析是进行热力耦合分析的基础,而温度分布的特点直接影响到波纹夹芯结构的热应力等问题．首先对一体化热防护系统（integrated thermal protection system, ITPS）进行隔热性能分析,得到整个结构的温度场;然后采用顺序耦合的数值方法,模拟分析ITPS波纹夹芯结构单胞的热力耦合性能,给出波纹夹芯结构在静力载荷以及热力耦合载荷条件下的应力场、位移场,并对计算结果进行了讨论．结果表明波纹夹芯结构在初始尺寸及约束条件下,只满足在高温热流作用下飞行器低压区使用,而当气动压力大于等于15 000 Pa时,结构将发生破坏．     

大型水平轴风力机叶片气动弹性计算

给出了一种考虑几何非线性的大型风力机静、 动气动弹性一体化计算方法．采用涡尾迹方法进行风力机气动载荷计算．建立风力机风轮的三维壳模型．沿周向平均风力机叶片载荷并加载到结构模型进行非线性静气动弹性分析．基于动力学小扰动假设, 在静平衡构型下进行动力学线性化, 计算风轮固有振动特性．继而结合非定常涡尾迹方法计算风力机动气动弹性响应．计算了NH 1500叶片考虑几何非线性的静气动弹性位移和动气动弹性响应．结果表明,大型风力机叶片几何非线性较为明显地减小静气动弹性位移,同时降低动气动弹性的响应幅值．大型风力机气动弹性响应计算需要考虑几何非线性     

基于气动载荷与叶片厚度分布的叶栅气动设计方法

建立一种以载荷与叶片厚度分布为约束的叶栅气动设计计算方法,约束条件体现了气动特性与强度两方面的要求,这些约束及其它所有边界条件,都包含在相应的变分原理的驻值条件中。变分原理以周角函数为泛函的未知函数,周角函数定义在由流线坐标与流函数坐标(周向)构成的映象面上。在映象面上,求解域——叶栅通道——化作一个矩形,叶片型线映射为一条水平直线,从而避免了叶片外形未知的困难。利用有限元方法建立了计算程序,算例显示这种方法能有效地满足对叶片型线的设计要求,而且迭代计算具有良好的收敛性。     

三叶片垂直轴水轮机结构动力响应分析

提出采用改进离散涡和几何精确梁理论混合方法对三叶片垂直轴水轮机进行结构动力响应分析.相比传统的有限元方法,该方法具有求解速度快、建模简单、计算精确等优点.在模态分析中,计算了不同叶片高度下,水轮机叶片和整体的前五阶固有频率,分析了水轮机半径大小和叶片高度对固有频率的影响,结果显示:随着尺寸的增加,叶片和整体固有频率显著减小,整体固有频率更易受到半径大小的影响.在瞬态分析中,考虑了离心载荷和叶片的水动力载荷,得到在工作状况下,旋转一周过程中叶片的最大变形曲线;分析了在不同H/R（叶片高度和半径的比值）的情况下的叶片强度问题,结果显示:当H/R大于3.0时,叶片强度将会失效.     

变可信度模型在气动优化中的应用

在气动外形优化中, 采用近似模型管理结构（AMF）方法,对变可信度模型进行组织和管理．这样能够充分利用低可信度模型,将主要计算量集中在低可信度模型的优化迭代过程中．同时,采用高可信度模型监控优化过程,使最终的优化解收敛到高可信度模型上．最后,设计了零阶变可信度气动特性优化管理结构与搜索算法,对某飞翼型无人机的翼型进行了气动优化．优化外形的气动性能与初始外形比有所提高．实际结果表明所提出的方法具有良好的可行性和适用性．     

水下爆炸气泡与复杂弹塑性结构的相互作用研究

计及结构的弹塑性,将边界元法(BEM)与有限元法(FEM)耦合提出了气泡与弹塑性结构耦合动力学计算方法,并开发了全套的三维水下气泡分析程序（UBA）,计算值与实验值之间误差在10%以内．以水面舰船为例,将三维计算程序工程化．并分析了水下爆炸气泡载荷作用下船体的弹塑性响应,从船体结构典型单元上的应力时历曲线可以看出,在气泡坍塌时出现应力峰值,证实了气泡坍塌压力及射流引起的压力对舰船等结构造成严重毁伤．从气泡与舰船的相互作用中可以看出,舰船低阶垂向振型被激起,在气泡作用下呈鞭状运动,同时舰船随着气泡的膨胀和收缩作升沉运动,通过本文的分析得到了适合于工程应用的规律及结论．     

翼型绕流干涉噪声的实验与数值研究

来流湍流干扰噪声在风力机叶片气动总噪声级中占有重要地位．选取圆柱/翼型干涉模型从实验和数值两方面研究此类干涉发声现象．实验中通过对翼型表面非定常载荷的测量,重点研究了圆柱位置和翼型攻角的影响,选取的翼型包括两个NACA系列翼型（NACA0012和NACA0018）和两个风力机翼型（s809和s825）,同时利用PIV（particle image velocimetry）技术对低攻角状态下翼型的前缘流场进行了研究．实验结果表明翼型表面非定常压力与圆柱涡脱落存在一定相关性．与此同时采用非定常Reynolds平均(URANS)方法对圆柱/NACA0012翼型的干涉流场进行了非定常数值模拟,并将得到的翼型表面压力频谱与实验结果进行了对比．     

基于外场实验的风力机叶片三维效应研究

针对一台33 kW水平轴风电机组开展了外场实验,得到其叶片7个断面翼型的压力分布曲线;基于求解时均N-S方程对风轮进行三维数值模拟,以及将叶片各断面作为二维翼型进行数值计算,分别得到各断面翼型的压力分布曲线及升阻力系数．通过将外场实验、三维和二维数值计算所得压力分布曲线及升阻力系数进行对比分析,研究了三维效应对风力机气动性能的影响．研究表明,从叶尖到叶根各断面翼型的压差先增大后逐渐减小,叶片表面压力分布曲线比较明显地反映了从叶尖到叶根流动分离的变化;叶片表面压力分布的三维数值计算结果较二维计算结果更加接近于外场实验值;风力机叶片表面的三维流动对叶片的气动性能影响较大,在叶尖和叶根部分尤为突出.     

An insight into the rotational stall delay

Blade element momentum (BEM) theory which is based on the two-dimensional (2D) aerodynamic properties of airfoil blade element is the most common computational engineering method for the prediction of loads and power curves of wind turbines. Although most BEM models yield acceptable results for high tip-speed ratios where the local angles of attack are small, no generally accepted model exists up to date that consistently predicts the loads and power in stall regime for stall-controlled turbines. Understanding of the stall delay phenomenon on wind turbines remains, to this day, incomplete. The lack of a conceptual model for the complex three-dimensional (3D) flow field on the rotor blade, where stall is begins, how it progresses and where stall is practically terminated, has hindered the finding of a unanimously accepted solution. The paper aims at giving a better understanding of the delayed stall events and a reasonably simple correction model that complements the 2D airfoil characteristics used to a BEM method. (© 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Aeroelastic analysis of large horizontal wind turbine baldes?

A nonlinear aeroelastic analysis method for large horizontal wind turbines is described. A vortex wake method and a nonlinear ?nite element method (FEM) are coupled in the approach. The vortex wake method is used to predict wind turbine aero-dynamic loads of a wind turbine, and a three-dimensional (3D) shell model is built for the rotor. Average aerodynamic forces along the azimuth are applied to the structural model, and the nonlinear static aeroelastic behaviors are computed. The wind rotor modes are obtained at the static aeroelastic status by linearizing the coupled equations. The static aeroelastic performance and dynamic aeroelastic responses are calculated for the NH1500 wind turbine. The results show that structural geometrical nonlinearities signi?cantly reduce displacements and vibration amplitudes of the wind turbine blades. Therefore, structural geometrical nonlinearities cannot be neglected both in the static aeroelastic analysis and dynamic aeroelastic analysis.     

Application of bamboo laminates in large-scale wind turbine blade design?

From the viewpoint of material and structure in the design of bamboo blades of large-scale wind turbine, a series of mechanical property tests of bamboo laminates as the major enhancement materials for blades are presented. The basic mechanical characteristics needed in the design of bamboo blades are brie?y introduced. Based on these data, the aerodynamic-structural integrated design of a 1.5 MW wind turbine bamboo blade relying on a conventional platform of upwind, variable speed, variable pitch, and doubly-fed generator is carried out. The process of the structural layer design of bamboo blades is documented in detail. The structural strength and fatigue life of the designed wind turbine blades are certified. The technical issues raised from the design are discussed. Key problems and direction of the future study are also summarized.     

Elastic blade root connection in wind turbine using flexible elements from composites

The aim of an elastic blade root connection with a hub is to decrease loads in the blade root section during wind gusts. Two designs of connection were considered: for the load reduction on the blade in operating regime and for stopped blade unloading under storm wind. In the first case two versions of joint were discussed: the first one — with hinges and U-shaped composite beams, the second one — formed with straight beams oriented in different directions. Both joints have low torsional stiffness in wind direction and much higher stiffnesses around two other axes. Formulas for angular stiffnesses and the methods of obtaining the nonlinear behavior of the joint are presented. The objective of the flexible spar was to allow the blades to bend back out of the wind to reduce loads when the wind turbine was stationary in storm conditions. Calculations supported the feasibility of such a design. With a low torsional stiffness, spar (which can be rigidly connected to the blade) acts as a pitching beam for turbine control. A compound spar design consisting of pultruded bars clamped through specified distance was proposed. Torsional stiffnesses of different types of spars with equal specified bending rigidity were compared.Published in Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 388–400, May–June, 1996.     

Dynamic modeling and analysis of wind turbine drivetrain considering the effects of non-torque loads

With the increase of the rotor diameter and the deterioration of operating conditions, modern wind turbines suffer from more and more significant time-varying non-torque loads, which increases the burden of turbine structures especially the gearbox. Based on an aeroelastic loose coupling approach and assembly of the finite element method, an integrated drivetrain coupling analysis model including blade module, aerodynamic module, and gearbox module is established in this study. This proposed model is validated by comparing the calculation results with previous literature. Taking National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5-MW wind turbine as the research object, the gearbox vibration responses, gear meshing forces and bearing forces under non-torque loads caused by blade gravity, wind shear (WS), tower shadow (TS) and yawed inflow are studied in detail. Results show that the y-direction displacements of the gearbox, sun gear 1, sun gear 2 and gear are larger than those in x-direction because F_y or M_x generated by blade gravity, WS and TS dominates the non-torque loads. The non-torque loads lead to a non-uniform planet load sharing especially for the planetary gear stage 1. Because of the fluctuations of non-torque loads, not only the rotation frequencies of the corresponding carrier but also the multiple frequencies of the carrier 1 are observed in the frequency spectrums. The non-torque loads are mainly borne by carrier 1 bearings. Except for the blade gravity, the bearing forces caused by other unsteady inflows have obvious fluctuations.     

旋翼/机身非线性气弹耦合配平及稳定性分析

根据Hamilton原理,采用中等变形梁理论,将桨叶离散为15自由度梁单元,用准定常气动模型建立旋翼/刚性机身耦合的有限元非线性方程,用时间有限元法进行气弹耦合配平计算,得到桨叶和机身运动的周期解．在此基础上,引入Peters动态入流模型分析耦合系统的稳定性．并研制相应的计算程序,可用于桨叶响应、桨叶和桨毂载荷、旋翼操纵等方面的分析计算．算例分析结果与相关文献吻合较好,且同时满足桨叶响应和配平方程的收敛性要求．     

An Investigation of the Separate Flow and Stall-delay for Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine

The flow characteristics and stall delay phenomenon of a stall regulated wind turbine rotor due to blade rotation in steady state non-yawed conditions are investigated. An incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver is applied to carry out the separate flow cases at high wind speeds from 11 m/s to 25 m/s with an interval of 2 m/s. The objective of the present research effort is to validate a first-principles based approach for modeling horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) under stalled flow conditions using NREL/Phase VI rotor data. The computational results are compared with the predicted values derived by a new stall-delay model and blade element momentum (BEM) method. (© 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

改进的NSGA-Ⅱ算法研究风力机叶片多目标优化

将一种采用精英控制策略和动态拥挤方法用于快速非支配排序遗传算法（NSGA-Ⅱ）,并应用到风力机叶片的优化研究中,获得了一种新颖的风力机叶片多目标优化设计方法．作为应用算例,以设计风速下的功率系数最大和叶片质量最小为优化目标,用该方法设计了5 MW大型风力机叶片．优化结果表明,此算法在处理风力机多目标优化问题取得了良好的效果,给出的是一个Pareto最优解集,而不是传统优化方法追求的单个最优解,为风力机多目标优化设计提供新的思路和通用的算法．