FluoRuGel: a versatile catalyst for aerobic alcohol oxidation in supercritical carbon dioxide

FluoRuGel--a hybrid fluorinated silica glass doped with TPAP (tetra-n-propylammonium perruthenate)--is a versatile catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of different alcohols in dense phase CO(2) with marked stabilization and activity enhancement of perruthenate upon its confinement in the sol-gel fluorinated silica matrix. A brief competitive analysis shows large potential rewards.     

Alcohols oxidation with hydrogen peroxide promoted by TPAP-doped ormosils

Organically modified silica gels doped with TPAP (tetra-n-propylammonium perruthenate) are effective catalysts for the oxidation of alcohols by hydrogen peroxide at room temperature, provided that the oxidant H₂O₂ solution is added slowly. The effect of the surface catalyst polarity is the opposite of that found in aerobic alcohols oxidation and is consistent with the polar nature of the primary oxidant.     

Aerobic oxidation of alcohols in carbon dioxide with silica-supported ionic liquids doped with perruthenate

The replacement of toxic Cr(VI) for O2 and of chlorinated solvents for supercritical carbon dioxide (or ionic liquids) in the oxidation of alcohols remains hindered by the low selectivity and activity of the current heterogeneous catalysts. Using an integrated approach that combines sol-gel entrapped perruthenate as aerobic catalyst, an encapsulated ionic liquid as solubility promoter, and scCO2 as the reaction solvent, we have developed a system capable of rapidly converting different alcohols into carbonyl compounds with complete selectivity, including substrates which are otherwise difficult to oxidise. The methodology is generally applicable and may easily be extended to other waste-free, catalytic syntheses of fine chemicals.     

The grounds for the activity of TPAP in oxidation catalysis in supercritical carbon dioxide when confined in hybrid fluorinated silica matrices

Fluorinated organo-silica gels doped with tetra-n-propylammonium perruthenate (TPAP) are excellent catalysts for the aerobic oxidative dehydrogenation of alcohols in supercritical CO2 (scCO2). Their activity and stability are subtly dictated by structure, depending on the degree of fluorination and on the length of the fluoroalkyl chain linked to the silica network. Such dependence reflects the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance (HHB) of the matrix, as evaluated by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. The remarkable correlation between the materials' HHB and reactivity provides a finding of general validity for reaction-controlled mechanisms, which opens the route to the synthesis of second generation sol-gel entrapped catalysts for the production of fine chemicals in scCO2.     

NMO⋅TPB: A Selectivity Variation on the Ley–Griffith TPAP Oxidation

A non‐hygroscopic tetraphenylborate salt of N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide (NMO) is reported (NMO ? TPB), which modulates the standard Ley–Griffith oxidation such that benzylic and allylic alcohols are oxidised selectively. An attractive feature of this new protocol is that anhydrous conditions are not required for this selective tetra‐n‐propylammonium perruthenate (TPAP) oxidation, superseding the requirement of molecular sieves.     

Stabilization of catalytic sol-gel entrapped perruthenate

A combination of more stable counter-cation (tetraphenylphosphonium in place of tetrapropylammonium), of local basic microenvironment, and of a non-solubilizing reaction medium (supercritical CO₂) improves the life-cycle and reusability of catalytic ORMOSILs doped with perruthenate in the oxidation of alcohols with O₂. A number of different bases were co-entrapped and their effect on catalysis assessed in the oxidative dehydrogenation of benzyl alcohol in dense phase carbon dioxide at 22 MPa and 75 °C. The optimized catalyst retains most of its activity after five consecutive runs when a normal ORMOSIL-entrapped TPAP has become inactive. Deactivation of TPAP could be ascribed by EPR analysis to the formation of catalytically inactive RuO₂.     

Unifying Metal‐ and Organocatalysis for Asymmetric Oxidative Iminium Activation: A Relay Catalytic System Enabling the Combined Allylic Oxidation of Alcohols and Prolinol Ether Catalyzed Iminium Reactions

A multicatalytic system consisting of tetrapropylammonium perruthenate/N‐methylmorpholine N‐oxide (TPAP/NMO) as oxidant, and diarylprolinol TMS‐ether as chiral amine catalyst, has been developed and applied in the efficient construction of valuable chiral molecules. The one‐pot domino reactions elaborated in the present study are based on the in situ generation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes from allylic alcohols and their subsequent use in various asymmetric transformations (e.g., cyclopropanation, Michael addition, Michael addition/acetalization). TPAP as a substrate‐selective redox catalyst is well tolerated by the amine catalyst and the domino reactions proceed in good yields and high enantioselectivities. The compatibility of metal and organocatalysis presented herein widens the scope of asymmetric iminium catalysis.     

Unifying metal- and organocatalysis for asymmetric oxidative iminium activation: a relay catalytic system enabling the combined allylic oxidation of alcohols and prolinol ether catalyzed iminium reactions

A multicatalytic system consisting of tetrapropylammonium perruthenate/N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (TPAP/NMO) as oxidant, and diarylprolinol TMS-ether as chiral amine catalyst, has been developed and applied in the efficient construction of valuable chiral molecules. The one-pot domino reactions elaborated in the present study are based on the in situ generation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes from allylic alcohols and their subsequent use in various asymmetric transformations (e.g., cyclopropanation, Michael addition, Michael addition/acetalization). TPAP as a substrate-selective redox catalyst is well tolerated by the amine catalyst and the domino reactions proceed in good yields and high enantioselectivities. The compatibility of metal and organocatalysis presented herein widens the scope of asymmetric iminium catalysis.     

Selective oxidation of alcohols by porphyrin-based porous polymer-supported manganese heterogeneous catalysts

A series of porphyrin-based porous polymers to support Mn heterogeneous catalysts (Mn/TFP-DPM, Mn/TFP-DPM-2, Mn/TFP-DPM-3, and Mn/TFP-DPM-4) in the selective oxidation of alcohols were designed. TFP-DPM and TFP-DPM-2 demonstrated micro/nanoscale spherical morphology, whereas TFP-DPM-3 and TFP-DPM-4 exhibited nanosheets structure. According to surface area and porosity analysis results, the specific surface areas of these catalysts were less than 300 m² g^–1. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the synthesized catalysts maintain their stability even at 300 °C. Catalysts Mn/TFP-DPM and Mn/TFP-DPM-3, which had the smallest and largest specific surface area among the four catalysts, respectively, were used to perform selective oxidation reaction of alcohols, with experimental results indicating that both have excellent catalytic performance. As these catalysts possess good catalytic performance despite their low specific surface area, we suggest that porphyrin-based porous polymer-supported Mn heterogeneous catalysts are promising materials for selective oxidation of alcohols.     

Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes with oxygen catalysed by tetra-n-propylammonium perruthenate

The liquid-phase oxidation of a series of saturated and unsaturated non-allylic alcohols to aldehydes with oxygen or air catalysed by tetra-n-propylammonium perruthenate (TPAP, represented as [(n-Pr)₄N]RuO₄) at 80–110 °C is shown to proceed with selectivities of 72–91% at 55–80% alcohol conversion. The unsaturated alcohols, such as 9-decenol, 9-octadecenol and β-citronellol, give the corresponding unsaturated aldehydes without competing double bond attack. The time course of oxidation indicates a complex reaction mechanism. The results on oxidation of a test alcohol, t-Bu(Ph)CHOH, suggest that one-electron processes do not play an important role in the TPAP-catalysed aerobic oxidation of alcohols.     

MOFs在不饱和醛选择加氢中的应用研究进展

不饱和醛多相催化选择加氢制备不饱和醇常常被选作C=O键选择性加氢的代表性反应,长期以来一直备受关注,然而获得兼具高活性及高选择性的催化剂依然具有很大的挑战。近年来,由于金属有机骨架（Metal-organic frameworks MOFs）材料具有的独特性能,应用在加氢领域的研究越来越多,常用做催化剂载体或直接作为催化剂,以提高不饱和醇的收率。因此,本文综述了不同MOFs及其衍生物在不饱和醛选择性加氢应用中的最新进展和技术挑战,并对这些材料的性能进行了讨论,试图通过催化剂结构、催化剂性能、反应机理等分析,为进一步合理设计有效的催化剂,实现更高的不饱和醇收率提供研究思路。     

A sequential tetra-n-propylammonium perruthenate (TPAP)-Wittig oxidation olefination protocol

A convenient sequential oxidation-olefination protocol is reported using tetra-n-propylammonium perruthenate (TPAP) as oxidant and phosphonium salts as olefin source. The oxidation reaction mixture is added directly to the phosphorane facilitating an efficient method for this transformation that avoids work-up of potentially sensitive aldehyde intermediates.     

Real-Time Monitoring of the Catalytic Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones on Resin Support by Single-Bead Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy

Catalytic oxidations of primary, benzylic, and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketone using tetra-n-propylammonium perruthenate (TPAP) were carried out on resin supports for the first time. The reaction time course, percent conversion, and influence of catalyst amount have been determined by analyzing IR spectra taken directly on a single resin bead in real time. Using 0.2 equiv of TPAP, a 92-97% conversion of alcohol to aldehyde or ketone has been achieved in 0.7-4 h based on the rates (rate constants (1.9 x 10(-)(4))-(2.5 x 10(-)(3)) s(-)(1)) of disappearance and appearance of IR bands characteristic for alcohol, aldehyde, and ketone. The rapid adaptation of this oxidation method for solid-phase synthesis demonstrates that single-bead FTIR microspectroscopy is a powerful method for facilitating the time-consuming reaction optimization stage of combinatorial chemistry.     

磷酸锆镍上的醇选择性氧化（英文）

Nickel zirconium phosphate nanoparticles were found to function as efficient catalysts for the selective oxidation of a wide range of alcohols to their corresponding ketones and aldehydes using H2O2 as an oxidizing agent and without any organic solvents, phase transfer catalysts, or additives. The steric and electronic properties of various substrates had significant influence on the reaction conditions required to achieve acetylation. The results showed that this method can be applied for the chemoselective oxidation of benzyl alcohols in the presence of aliphatic alcohols. The catalyst used in the current study was characterized by ICP-OES, XRD, NH3-TPD, Py-FTIR, N2 adsorption-desorption, SEM and TEM. These analyses revealed that the interlayer distance in the catalyst increased from 0.75 to 0.98 nm when Ni2+ was intercalated between the layers, whereas the crystallinity of the material was reduced. The nanocatalyst could also be recovered and reused at least seven times without any discernible decrease in its catalytic activity. This new method for the oxidation of alcohols has several key advantages, including mild and environmentally friendly reaction conditions, short reaction time, excellent yields and a facile work-up.     

Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate catalyzed glycol cleavage to carboxylic (di)acids

A new method to accomplish glycol cleavage to carboxylic (di)acids in one step using catalytic amounts of tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP) together with N-methylmorpholine N-Oxide (NMO) as the stoichiometric oxidant is presented. In addition to regenerating the active catalyst, the N-oxide stabilizes intermediary carbonyl hydrates and thereby shifts a crucial equilibrium. The mild oxidation protocol is applicable to a broad range of substrates providing the respective acids, diacids, or keto acids in high yields.     

A rugged lead-ruthenate pyrochlore membrane catalyst for highly selective oxidation of alcohols

A rugged lead-ruthenate pyrochlore (Py, Pb₂Ru₂O₇) Nafion 417 membrane catalyst (|NPy|) has been demonstrated for highly efficient and fully selective oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. Under a triphasic condition of CH₂Cl_2(org)//|NPy|_(s)//NaOCl-pH 11_(aq), the |NPy| can be recycled and reused effectively on oxidations of alcohols. Using a same piece of |NPy|, similar reaction yields were obtained by repeating benzyl alcohol oxidation reaction for 20 times. Electrochemical mechanistic investigation indicated that the perruthenate ion (RuO₄⁻) intermediate was responsible for selective mediation of the alcohol oxidation.     

Fe掺杂改性TiO_2的制备及其可见光催化醇氧化性能研究

以钛酸四丁酯为钛源,硝酸铁为铁源,表面活性剂P123和F127为模板剂采用溶胶凝胶水热的方法制备了具有较高比表面积及可见光活性的Fe掺杂改性Ti O2光催化材料.采用粉末X射线衍射仪、氮气吸附-脱附仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、透射电子显微镜、紫外可见漫反射光谱仪、拉曼光谱仪等对催化剂进行了系统表征.以日用的1 W LED射灯为光源,将催化剂用于分子氧为氧化剂的芳香醇的氧化反应,考察了不同Fe掺杂量对反应的影响.结果表明,0.023%Fe-Ti O2的催化性能优良,具有点击反应的特点,在最佳反应条件下一些醛的选择性大于99%.     

Preparation of Pt@Fe2O3 nanowires and their catalysis of selective oxidation of olefins and alcohols

Iron oxide coated platinum nanowires (Pt@Fe(2)O(3)NWs) with a diameter of 2.8 nm have been prepared by the oxygen oxidation of FePt NWs in oleylamine. These "cable"-like NWs were characterised by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure analysis. These Pt@Fe(2)O(3) NWs were used as "non-support" heterogeneous catalysts in oxidation of olefins and alcohols. The results revealed that it is an active and highly selective catalyst. Styrene derivatives were tested with molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant, with benzaldehyde successfully obtained from styrene in an absolute yield of 31%, whereas the use of tert-butyl hydroperoxide as the sole oxidant in the oxidation of alcohols led to yields of more than 80% of the corresponding ketone or aldehyde. This unsupported catalyst was found to be more active (TOF=96.5 h(-1)) than other reported Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticle catalysts and could be recycled multiple times without any notable decrease in activity. Our findings will extend the use of such nanomaterial catalysts to new catalytic systems.     

Effect of size of catalytically active phases in the dehydrogenation of alcohols and the challenging selective oxidation of hydrocarbons

The size of the active phase is one of the most important factors in determining the catalytic behaviour of a heterogeneous catalyst. This Feature Article focuses on the size effects in two types of reactions, i.e., the metal nanoparticle-catalysed dehydrogenation of alcohols and the metal oxide nanocluster-catalysed selective oxidation of hydrocarbons (including the selective oxidation of methane and ethane and the epoxidation of propylene). For Pd or Au nanoparticle-catalysed oxidative or non-oxidative dehydrogenation of alcohols, the size of metal nanoparticles mainly controls the catalytic activity by affecting the activation of reactants (either alcohol or O(2)). The size of oxidic molybdenum species loaded on SBA-15 determines not only the activity but also the selectivity of oxygenates in the selective oxidation of ethane; highly dispersed molybdenum species are suitable for acetaldehyde formation, while molybdenum oxide nanoparticles exhibit higher formaldehyde selectivity. Cu(II) and Fe(III) isolated on mesoporous silica are highly efficient for the selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde, while the corresponding oxide clusters mainly catalyse the complete oxidation of methane. The lattice oxygen in iron or copper oxide clusters is responsible for the complete oxidation, while the isolated Cu(I) or Fe(II) generated during the reaction can activate molecular oxygen forming active oxygen species for the selective oxidation of methane. Highly dispersed Cu(I) and Fe(II) species also function for the epoxidation of propylene by O(2) and N(2)O, respectively. Alkali metal ions work as promoters for the epoxidation of propylene by enhancing the dispersion of copper or iron species and weakening the acidity.     

新型铁锰复合氧化物催化低温脱除NOx

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了一系列铁锰复合氧化物催化剂, 利用X射线衍射(XRD)对催化剂的活性相态进行研究, 并考察了铁锰摩尔比及焙烧温度对催化性能的影响. 结果表明, 该催化剂体系在低温(80-220 ℃)下选择性催化氨还原NOx反应中显示出优异的活性. 其中Fe(0.4)-MnOx(500)(即摩尔比n(Fe)/(n(Fe)+n(Mn))=0.4, 焙烧温度500 ℃)催化剂具有最佳低温催化活性, 在空速30000 h-1, 温度80 ℃的条件下, NOx转化效率达到90.6%, N2选择性达100%. Fe-MnOx复合氧化物催化剂中形成的Fe3Mn3O8晶相有利于促进NO氧化成NO2, 从而提高低温选择性催化还原的活性.