Asymptotic Nonlinear Behaviors in Transverse Vibration of an Axially Accelerating Viscoelastic String

This paper investigates longtime dynamical behaviors of an axially accelerating viscoelastic string with geometric nonlinearity. Application of Newton's second law leads to a nonlinear partial-differential equation governing transverse motion of the string. The Galerkin method is applied to truncate the partial-differential equation into a set of ordinary differential equations. By use of the Poincare maps, the dynamical behaviors are presented based on the numerical solutions of the ordinary differential equations. The bifurcation diagrams are presented for varying one of the following parameter: the mean transport speed, the amplitude and the frequency of transport speed fluctuation, the string stiffness or the string dynamic viscosity, while other parameters are fixed.     

Nonlinear vibration of a two-mass system with nonlinear stiffnesses

An analytical approach is developed for nonlinear free vibration of a conservative, two-degree-of-freedom mass–spring system having linear and nonlinear stiffnesses. The main contribution of the proposed approach is twofold. First, it introduces the transformation of two nonlinear differential equations of a two-mass system using suitable intermediate variables into a single nonlinear differential equation and, more significantly, the treatment a nonlinear differential system by linearization coupled with Newton’s method and harmonic balance method. New and accurate higher-order analytical approximate solutions for the nonlinear system are established. After solving the nonlinear differential equation, the displacement of two-mass system can be obtained directly from the governing linear second-order differential equation. Unlike the common perturbation method, this higher-order Newton–harmonic balance (NHB) method is valid for weak as well as strong nonlinear oscillation systems. On the other hand, the new approach yields simple approximate analytical expressions valid for small as well as large amplitudes of oscillation unlike the classical harmonic balance method which results in complicated algebraic equations requiring further numerical analysis. In short, this new approach yields extended scope of applicability, simplicity, flexibility in application, and avoidance of complicated numerical integration as compared to the previous approaches such as the perturbation and the classical harmonic balance methods. Two examples of nonlinear two-degree-of-freedom mass–spring system are analyzed and verified with published result, exact solutions and numerical integration data.     

带初始几何缺陷FGM固支圆柱壳的非线性动力学分析

本文主要研究了带初始几何缺陷的功能梯度固支圆柱壳在不同体积分数下的非线性动力学行为。假定该功能梯度圆柱壳材料的组分是沿厚度的方向呈梯度几何变化的。运用经典板壳理论、von-Karman几何非线性应变位移关系以及Hamilton原理,推导出两端固支FGM圆柱壳的偏微分非线性运动控制方程。本文考虑了圆柱壳的对称模态,利用Galerkin法对上述非线性动力学方程进行截断,得到常微分形式的非线性动力学方程。主要运用Runge-Kutta法进行数值仿真,并且画出了其最大lyapunov指数图,主要研究了面内载荷对振动响应的影响,并对比了不同体积分数对系统非线性动力学的影响。     

Vibration of an Axially Moving String Supported by a Viscoelastic Foundation

The transverse vibration of an axially moving string supported by a viscoelastic foundation is analysed using the complex modal method. The equation of motion is developed using the generalized Hamilton principle. The exact closed-form solution of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are obtained. The governing equation is represented in a canonical state space form defined by two matrix differential operators, and the eigenfunctions and adjoint eigenfunctions are proved to be orthogonal with respect to each operator. This orthogonality is applied so that the response to arbitrary external excitations and initial conditions can be expressed in modal expansion. Numerical examples are presented to validate the proposed approach.     

Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of MEMS Switches by Nonlinear Modal Analysis

A nonlinear modal analysis approach based on the invariant manifoldmethod proposed earlier by Boivin et al. [10] is applied in this paperto perform the dynamic analysis of a micro switch. The micro switch ismodeled as a clamped-clamped microbeam subjected to a transverseelectrostatic force. Two kinds of nonlinearities are encountered in thenonlinear system: geometric nonlinearity of the microbeam associatedwith large deflection, and nonlinear coupling between two energydomains. Using Galerkin method, the nonlinear partial differentialgoverning equation is decoupled into a set of nonlinear ordinarydifferential equations. Based on the invariant manifold method, theassociated nonlinear modal shapes, and modal motion governing equationsare obtained. The equation of motion restricted to these manifolds,which provide the dynamics of the associated normal modes, are solved bythe approach of nonlinear normal forms. Nonlinearities and the pull-inphenomena are examined. The numerical results are compared with thoseobtained from the finite difference method. The estimate for the pull-involtage of the micro device is also presented.     

Bifurcation and chaos of a cable–beam coupled system under simultaneous internal and external resonances

The bifurcation and chaos of a cable–beam coupled system under simultaneous internal and external resonances are investigated. The combined effects of the nonlinear term due to the cable’s geometric and coupled behavior between the modes of the beam and the cable are considered. The nonlinear partial-differential equations are derived by the Hamiltonian principle. The Galerkin method is applied to truncate the governing equation into a set of ordinary differential equations. The bifurcation diagrams in three separate loading cases, namely, excitation acting on the cable, on the beam and simultaneously on the beam and cable, are analyzed with changing forcing amplitude. Based on careful numerical simulations, bifurcations and possible chaotic motions are represented to reveal the combined effects of nonlinearities on the dynamics of the beam and the cable when they act as an overall structure.     

Two nonlinear models of a transversely vibrating string

Modeling transverse vibration of nonlinear strings is investigated via numerical solutions of partial-differential equations and an integro-partial-differential equation. By averaging the tension along the deflected string, the classic nonlinear model of a transversely vibrating string, Kirchhoff’s equation, is derived from another nonlinear model, a partial-differential equation. The partial-differential equation is obtained via neglecting longitudinal terms in a governing equation for coupled planar vibration. The finite difference schemes are developed to solve numerically those equations. An index is proposed to compare the transverse responses calculated from the two models with the transverse component calculated from the coupled equation. A steel string and a rubber string are treated as examples to demonstrate the differences between the two models of transverse vibration and their deviation from the full model of coupled vibration. The numerical results indicate that the differences increase with the amplitude of vibration. Both models yield satisfactory results of almost the same precision for vibration of small amplitudes. For large amplitudes, the Kirchhoff equation gives better results.     

Thermo-mechanical nonlinear vibration analysis of a spring-mass-beam system

Thermo-mechanical vibrations of a simply supported spring-mass-beam system are investigated analytically in this paper. Taking into account the thermal effects, the nonlinear equations of motion and internal/external boundary conditions are derived through Hamilton’s principle and constitutive relations. Under quasi-static assumptions, the equations governing the longitudinal motion are transformed into functions of transverse displacements, which results in three integro-partial differential equations with coupling terms. These are solved using the direct multiple-scale method, leading to closed-form solutions for the mode functions, nonlinear natural frequencies and frequency–response curves of the system. The influence of system parameters on the linear and nonlinear natural frequencies, mode functions, and frequency–response curves is studied through numerical parametric analysis. It is shown that the vibration characteristics depend on the mid-plane stretching, intra-span spring, point mass, and temperature change.     

Studies on Bifurcation and Chaos of a String-Beam Coupled System with Two Degrees-of-Freedom

In this paper, research on nonlinear dynamic behavior of a string-beam coupled system subjected to parametric and external excitations is presented. The governing equations of motion are obtained for the nonlinear transverse vibrations of the string-beam coupled system. The Galerkin's method is employed to simplify the governing equations to a set of ordinary differential equations with two degrees-of-freedom. The case of 1:2 internal resonance between the modes of the beam and string, principal parametric resonance for the beam, and primary resonance for the string is considered. The method of multiple scales is utilized to analyze the nonlinear responses of the string-beam coupled system. Based on the averaged equation obtained here, the techniques of phase portrait, waveform, and Poincare map are applied to analyze the periodic and chaotic motions. It is found from numerical simulations that there are obvious jumping phenomena in the resonant response–frequency curves. It is indicated from the phase portrait and Poincare map that period-4, period-2, and periodic solutions and chaotic motions occur in the transverse nonlinear vibrations of the string-beam coupled system under certain conditions. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Construction of approximate analytical solutions to strongly nonlinear damped oscillators

An analytical approximate method for strongly nonlinear damped oscillators is proposed. By introducing phase and amplitude of oscillation as well as a bookkeeping parameter, we rewrite the governing equation into a partial differential equation with solution being a periodic function of the phase. Based on combination of the Newton’s method with the harmonic balance method, the partial differential equation is transformed into a set of linear ordinary differential equations in terms of harmonic coefficients, which can further be converted into systems of linear algebraic equations by using the bookkeeping parameter expansion. Only a few iterations can provide very accurate approximate analytical solutions even if the nonlinearity and damping are significant. The method can be applied to general oscillators with odd nonlinearities as well as even ones even without linear restoring force. Three examples are presented to illustrate the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Analytical bending solutions of elastica with one end held while the other end portion slides on a friction support

Summary Treated herein is an elastica under a point load. One end of the elastica is fully restrained against translation, and elastically restrained against rotation, while the other end portion is allowed to slide over a friction support. The considered elastica problem belongs to the class of large-deflection beam problems with variable deformed arc-lengths between the supports. To solve the governing nonlinear differential equation together with the boundary conditions, the elliptic integral method has been used. The method yields closed-form solutions that are expressed in a set of transcendental equations in terms of elliptic integrals. Using an iterative scheme, pertinent bending results are computed for different values of coefficient of friction, elastic rotational spring constant and loading position, so that their effects may be examined. Also, these accurate solutions provide useful reference sources for checking the convergence, accuracy and validity of results obtained from numerical methods and software for large deflection beam analysis. It is interesting to note that this class of elastica problem may have two equilibrium states; a stable one and an unstable one. Received 5 August 1996; accepted for publication 14 February 1997     

Principal resonance in transverse nonlinear parametric vibration of an axially accelerating viscoelastic string

To investigate the principal resonance in transverse nonlinear parametric vibration of an axially accelerating viscoelastic string, the method of multiple scales is applied directly to the nonlinear partial differential equation that governs the transverse vibration of the string. To derive the governing equation, Newton‘s second law, Lagrangean strain, and Kelvin‘s model are respectively used to account the dynamical relation, geometric nonlinearity and the viscoelasticity of the string material. Based on the solvability condition of eliminating the secular terms, closed form solutions are obtained for the amplitude and the existence conditions of nontrivial steady-state response of the principal parametric resonance. The Lyapunov linearized stability theory is employed to analyze the stability of the trivial and nontrivial solutions in the principal parametric resonance. Some numerical examples are presented to show the effects of the mean transport speed, the amplitude and the frequency of speed variation.     

基于数据驱动的流场控制方程的稀疏识别

利用有限数据建立系统的非线性动力学模型是具有挑战性的重要课题. 数据驱动的稀疏识别方法是近年来发展的从数据识别动力系统控制方程的有效方法. 本文基于数据驱动稀疏识别方法对不同流场的控制方程进行了识别. 采用非线性动力学偏微分方程函数识别(partial differential equations functional identification of nonlinear dynamics, PDE-FIND)方法和最小绝对收缩和选择算子(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, LASSO)方法对二维圆柱绕流、顶盖驱动方腔流、Rayleigh-Bénard (RB)对流和三维槽道湍流的控制方程进行了识别. 在稀疏识别过程中, 采用直接数值模拟得到的流场数据来计算过完备候选库中的每一项, 候选库中变量最高保留到二次, 变量导数最高保留到二阶, 非线性项最高保留到四阶. 结果发现PDE-FIND方法和LASSO方法对于不含有非线性项的控制方程, 如涡量输运方程、热输运方程和连续性方程, 都能准确识别. 对于含有强非线性项的控制方程, 如Navier-Stokes方程的识别, PDE-FIND方法正确地识别出了控制方程及流场的Rayleigh数和Reynolds数, 而LASSO方法识别结果不正确, 这是因为候选库中的项之间存在分组效应, LASSO方法通常只取分组中的一项. 本文还发现选择流动结构丰富的区域的数据进行控制方程的稀疏识别可以提高识别的准确性.      

VIBRATION SUPPRESSION OF CANTILEVER LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATE WITH NONLINEAR GIANT MAGNETOSTRICTIVE MATERIAL LAYERS

In this paper, a nonlinear and coupled constitutive model for giant magnetostrictive materials(GMM) is employed to predict the active vibration suppression process of cantilever laminated composite plate with GMM layers. The nonlinear and coupled constitutive model has great advantages in demonstrating the inherent and complicated nonlinearities of GMM in response to applied magnetic field under variable bias conditions(pre-stress and bias magnetic field).The Hamilton principle is used to derive the nonlinear and coupled governing differential equation for a cantilever laminated composite plate with GMM layers. The derived equation is handled by the finite element method(FEM) in space domain, and solved with Newmark method and an iteration process in time domain. The numerical simulation results indicate that the proposed active control system by embedding GMM layers in cantilever laminated composite plate can efficiently suppress vibrations under variable bias conditions. The effects of embedded placement of GMM layers and control gain on vibration suppression are discussed respectively in detail.     

考虑恒载效应的拱形梁静力近似解

应用虚功原理,推导了考虑恒载效应影响时拱形梁在活载作用下的非线性微分方程,得到了方程的近似闭合解。根据方程的解,讨论了恒载大小及结构自身刚度(矢高、跨度、惯性矩及惯性半径等)不同因素在考虑恒载效应时对拱形梁静力特性的影响。通过与Takabatake得到的直梁解析解结果及作者在其他文献提出的有限元方法对拱形梁分析结果的比较,验证了本文非线性微分方程及其求解公式。结果表明,本文给出的非线性微分方程对于拱形梁和直线梁具有通用性,初始恒载的存在减小了拱形梁在活载作用下的静力反应,这种影响与恒载的大小及结构自身的刚度有关,对轻型结构的设计提出了一些建议。     

Relationship between multibody dynamics computation and nonlinear vibration theory

This paper presents the ground-work of implementing the multibody dynamics codes to analyzing nonlinear coupled oscillators. The recent developments of the multibody dynamics have resulted in several computer codes that can handle large systems of differential and algebraic equations (DAE). However, these codes cannot be used in their current format without appropriate modifications. According to multibody dynamics theory, the differential equations of motion are linear in the acceleration, and the constraints are appended into the equations of motion through Lagrange's multipliers. This formulation should be able to predict the nonlinear phenomena established by the nonlinear vibration theory. This can be achieved only if the constraint algebraic equations are modified to include all the system kinematic nonlinearities. This modification is accomplished by considering secondary nonlinear displacements which are ignored in all current codes. The resulting set of DAE are solved by the Gear stiff integrator. The study also introduced the concept of constrained flexibility and uses an instantaneous energy checking function to improve integration accuracy in the numerical scheme. The general energy balance is a single scalar equation containing all the energy component contributions. The DAE solution is then compared with the solution predicted by the nonlinear vibration theory. It also establishes new foundation for the use of multibody dynamics codes in nonlinear vibration problems. It is found that the simulation CPU time is much longer than the simulation of the original equations of the system.     

Using Fourier differential quadrature method to analyze transverse nonlinear vibrations of an axially accelerating viscoelastic beam

In this paper, a Fourier expansion-based differential quadrature (FDQ) method is developed to analyze numerically the transverse nonlinear vibrations of an axially accelerating viscoelastic beam. The partial differential nonlinear governing equation is discretized in space region and in time domain using FDQ and Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg methods, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed method is represented by two numerical examples. The nonlinear dynamical behaviors, such as the bifurcations and chaotic motions of the axially accelerating viscoelastic beam, are investigated using the bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponents, Poincare maps, and three-dimensional phase portraits. The bifurcation diagrams for the in-plane responses to the mean axial velocity, the amplitude of velocity fluctuation, and the frequency of velocity fluctuation are, respectively, presented when other parameters are fixed. The Lyapunov exponents are calculated to further identify the existence of the periodic and chaotic motions in the transverse nonlinear vibrations of the axially accelerating viscoelastic beam. The conclusion is drawn from numerical simulation results that the FDQ method is a simple and efficient method for the analysis of the nonlinear dynamics of the axially accelerating viscoelastic beam.     

Nonlinear forced vibration analysis of postbuckled beams

A numerical solution methodology is proposed herein to investigate the nonlinear forced vibrations of Euler–Bernoulli beams with different boundary conditions around the buckled configurations. By introducing a set of differential and integral matrix operators, the nonlinear integro-differential equation that governs the buckling of beams is discretized and then solved using the pseudo-arc-length method. The discretized governing equation of free vibration around the buckled configurations is also solved as an eigenvalue problem after imposing the boundary conditions and some complicated matrix manipulations. To study forced and nonlinear vibrations that take place around a buckled configuration, a Galerkin-based numerical method is applied to reduce the partial integro-differential equation into a time-varying ordinary differential equation of Duffing type. The Duffing equation is then discretized using time differential matrix operators, which are defined based on the derivatives of a periodic base function. Finally, for any given magnitude of axial load, the pseudo -arc-length method is used to obtain the nonlinear frequencies of buckled beams. The effects of axial load on the free vibration, nonlinear, and forced vibrations of beams in both prebuckling and postbuckling domains for the lowest three vibration modes are analyzed. This study shows that the nonlinear response of beams subjected to periodic excitation is complex in the postbuckling domain. For example, the type of boundary conditions significantly affects the nonlinear response of the postbuckled beams.     

On the reduction of some second-order nonlinear ODEs in physics and mechanics to first-order nonlinear integrodifferential and Abel’s classes of equations

Second-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with strong nonlinear stiffness terms (cubic nonlinearities) governing wave motions, dynamic crack propagations, nonlinear oscillations etc. in physics and nonlinear mechanics are analyzed. Selecting as guide line a second-order nonlinear ODE of the form of the forced Duffing equation and using admissible functional transformations it is possible to reduce it to an equivalent first-order nonlinear integrodifferential equation. The reduced equation is exact. In the limits of small or large values of the parameter characterizing this nonlinear problem, it is shown that further reductions lead to a nonlinear ODE of the Abel classes. Taking into account the known exact analytic solutions of this equivalent equation it is proved that there does not exist an exact analytic solution of this type of equations. However, in cases when convenient functional relations connecting all parameters of the corresponding null equation and the characteristics of the driving force exist, approximate analytic solutions to the problem under consideration are provided.     

Nonlinear vibration behavior and resonance of a Cartesian manipulator system carrying an intermediate end effector

This paper studied the nonlinear vibration and resonance of a Cartesian manipulator system carrying an intermediate end effector under mixed excitations. The multiple scales method is applied to get the approximate solutions of this system of the second-order differential equation. Furthermore, the analytical solution obtained the amplitudes and phases of the response from the first-order differential equation governing. We extracted all worst resonance cases and studied it numerically. The numerical solutions and response amplitude of this system are also studied and discussed. We analyzed the stability of the steady-state solution of a Cartesian manipulator system using frequency response equations and phase plane technique at the worst resonance cases. Comparison between analytical and numerical solutions is obtained. We determined both bifurcation diagrams and stability using Poincaré maps. Also, the numerical results are obtained using MAPLE and MATLAB algorithms.