完美涡旋光束在大气湍流传输中的螺旋相位谱分析

基于Rytov近似,理论推导了完美涡旋光束（PVB）经过大气湍流水平信道后的螺旋相位谱解析表达式,研究了大气湍流中光束波长、半环宽、发射处轨道角动量（OAM）模态、光束半径、近地面折射率结构常数以及湍流系数对OAM模态探测概率和串扰概率的影响。结果表明：随着发射处OAM模态、传输距离、光束半径、近地面折射率结构常数以及湍流系数的增加,经大气湍流传输后的探测概率下降;随着光束波长的增加,经大气湍流传输后的探测概率增加。此外,PVB在近场的探测概率几乎不随发射处OAM模态变化,而当光束传输到远场时,探测概率随发射处OAM模态变化明显,这是因为PVB传输到远场变成类贝塞尔光束,其光束半径随发射处OAM模态变化明显。     

大气湍流信道中聚焦涡旋光束轨道角动量串扰特性

携带轨道角动量的涡旋光束作为传输信息的载体能有效提高信息传输效率,然而在传输过程中受大气湍流影响轨道角动量会发生串扰.基于螺旋谱分析理论,推导得到了聚焦拉盖尔高斯光束在各向异性大气湍流中传输时的螺旋谱解析表达式,并对比分析不同湍流和光束参数对聚焦与非聚焦拉盖尔高斯光束接收功率的影响,最后利用多相位屏法进行模拟验证.结果表明:随着传输距离、湍流强度、拓扑荷数的增大以及湍流内尺度、光束波长的减小,接收功率减小,轨道角动量串扰增大;接收孔径到达一定值时对轨道角动量串扰的影响非常小;聚焦光束比非聚焦光束的轨道角动量串扰要小.这些结果将对提高自由空间光通信的质量有一定意义.     

基于改进Xception实现涡旋光束轨道角动量识别

当光束在海洋中传输时,湍流的存在会严重影响光束的质量,导致接收端光场产生扭曲和退化现象。为解决该问题,提出一种基于改进深度可分离网络（IXception）的方法,用于实现通过海洋湍流传输的涡旋光束轨道角动量模态识别。采用分步相位屏的思想,基于功率谱反演法仿真涡旋光束在海洋中的传输过程,并建立入射光场发生的退化、扭曲的散斑场数据集,用数据集来训练IXception识别散斑场中涡旋光束的轨道角动量。IXception延用Xception架构思想,结合了残差结构和倒置残差结构,能够提取高度空间深度特征,减少网络结构参数的冗余,增强泛化能力。研究结果表明,IXception在20 m和80 m湍流中对扭曲光场轨道角动量的识别率达到了99.20%与97.9%。随着传输距离的增加,IXception的识别率会略有降低,但与Xception模型相比,IXception识别性能更好。     

基于空间分集的海洋无线光通信轨道角动量复用系统的性能

为了解决水下通信轨道角动量复用系统中海洋湍流引起的信号串扰,基于空间分集技术提出了一种海洋湍流缓解方案.用随机相位屏法模拟海洋湍流对信号产生的相位扰动,用分步传输法模拟光束的衍射传播,在接收端使用等增益分集合并技术对信号进行合并处理.系统采用4路轨道角动量复用8路空间分集,仿真分析了轨道角动量复用集合、海洋湍流强度和传输距离等因素对系统误码率性能的影响.仿真结果表明,轨道角动量复用集合的模式间隔从1增加到2,误码率降低较为明显;随着模式间隔继续增大,误码率性能改善有限;误码率随传输距离和湍流强度的增加而增大.结果证明在海洋光通信系统中使用分集合并技术可以有效缓解湍流对信号传输的影响.     

海洋湍流对光子轨道角动量量子通信的影响

本文研究了基于光子轨道角动量的量子通信在水下量子信道中受海洋湍流运动的影响.基于Elamassie等提出的海洋湍流功率谱模型,本文建立了不同海洋湍流参数与光子轨道角动量量子通信的单光子探测概率、信道容量、密钥产生率以及双光子共生纠缠度的定量关系,并利用纠缠光子对的共生纠缠度在海洋湍流中的普适衰减特性进一步研究了轨道角动量纠缠光子对在海洋湍流中的最大纠缠距离.研究结果表明:水下量子通信性能和纠缠光子对的共生纠缠度都随海洋湍流的湍流动能耗散率的增大或温度方差耗散率的减小而降低;温度和盐度因素对海洋湍流贡献的比值对水下量子通信的影响在海水是否稳定分层的条件下具有显著的区别;在通过海洋湍流进行量子通信时,增加信号光子的初始轨道角动量量子数可以提高量子密钥分发的密钥产生率和纠缠光子的纠缠衰减抵抗性.     

海洋湍流随机相位屏模型

提出一种海洋湍流随机相位屏模型。以海水折射率波动谱为基础,通过功率谱反演法将海洋湍流引起海水介质的折射率变化对传输光束产生的影响等效为随机相位屏对光束的影响,并利用相位结构函数和轨道角动量光束在海洋湍流中的传输特性验证该模型的有效性。研究结果表明:在光束折射率偏移量较小时,由随机相位屏模型获得的相位结构函数仿真值与理论值可较好地吻合;由随机相位屏模型获得的轨道角动量光束传输特性也与理论分析结果相一致。     

椭圆涡旋光束在海洋湍流中的传输特性

本文采用分步相位屏方法来仿真椭圆涡旋光束在海洋中的实际传输情况,并对椭圆涡旋光束在海洋湍流中的传输光强和闪烁因子进行了仿真。研究发现,椭圆涡旋光束在海洋传输过程中,光斑会发生明显的旋转,同时光斑会产生暗核且暗核个数与光束的拓扑荷数相等。一个拓扑荷数为m的相位奇点会分裂成m个拓扑荷数为1的相位奇点,并且海洋湍流越强,光斑受到的干扰越严重。研究还发现,在较弱的海洋湍流中,随着传输距离的增加,椭圆涡旋光束的闪烁因子会低于高斯光束和涡旋光束的闪烁因子,而且在远距离处拓扑荷数越大闪烁因子降低越明显,同时也发现,传播一段距离后涡旋光束的闪烁因子会低于高斯光束的闪烁因子。在较强湍流中,椭圆涡旋光束的闪烁因子会交叠在一起。对于不同强度的海洋湍流,随着均方温度耗散率的增大,椭圆涡旋光束的轴上点闪烁因子也增大。在同一传输距离处,束腰宽度越小的椭圆涡旋光束闪烁因子越小。     

高斯涡旋光束在大气湍流传输中的特性研究

为了研究大气湍流对高斯涡旋光束传递信息的影响,理论分析了经过大气湍流的高斯涡旋光束轨道角动量(OAM)模式的径向平均功率和归一化平均功率分布、固有模式指数、初始光束半径和湍流强度;采用纯相位扰动逼近的有效性,数值模拟高斯涡旋光束在传输中的OAM模式径向平均功率分布的变化。建立传输模型并进行外场激光大气传输实验,对比分析了模拟和实测的OAM归一化平均功率分布,结果表明在弱湍流条件下,OAM模式的径向平均功率随着接收器孔径尺寸的增加而变化,逐渐趋于稳定值。对于一般常用的接收孔径,在强湍流或较小的初始光束半径条件下对OAM模式干扰十分严重。验证了用数值方法模拟OAM在湍流介质中的模式变化过程的可靠性。     

利用光束的轨道角动量实现高密度数据存储的机理研究

光束的轨道角动量本征态可以构建高维Hilbert空间，将之应用于数据存储中，可以实现比传统方法更高的数据存储密度.提出了一种用光束轨道角动量实现高密度数据存储的方法，对存储区域进行相位编码，通过探测透射光束轨道角动量谱(螺旋谱)的特征来区分由相位编码形成的不同数据态.四台阶结构相位编码可以实现57个不同的数据态，有望将数据密度提高为传统方法的近6倍. 关键词： 光束轨道角动量 光学存储 高密度存储     

大气湍流下的轨道角动量编码测量设备无关量子密钥分发

基于Kolmogorov及非Kolmogorov湍流模型,分析了大气湍流对光子轨道角动量(OAM)的散射效应,得到了探测端不同OAM模式的概率。分析了两种湍流条件下OAM编码测量设备无关量子密钥分发(MDI-QKD)的密钥生成率与最大传输距离。仿真结果表明,当光束在大气信道传输时,光束的径向强度逐渐增大,湍流对光子OAM的散射效应逐渐增强,初始OAM发散为相邻OAM模式并趋于无规则分布,探测端测得初始OAM模式的概率不断减小。大气湍流下OAM编码MDI-QKD的最大传输距离比偏振编码MDI-QKD的长约10km。     

Effect of atmospheric turbulence on orbital angular momentum entangled state

The entangled orbital angular momentum (OAM) photons propagating across a weakly turbulent atmosphere are investigated. Here, the paper uses the single-phase screen model based on the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence, and focuses on the influence of the backward scattering on OAM evolution. The results indicate that backward scattering plays an important role in the analysis of OAM entanglement evolution in the turbulent atmosphere. It cannot be negligible especially for higher-order OAM mode. Moreover, when OAM mode is greater than 4, entangled photon pairs composed of higher OAM modes are not more robust in turbulence within the weak scintillation regime. These results will be useful in future investigations of OAM-based optical wave propagation through turbulent atmosphere.     

A new method of calculating the orbital angular momentum spectra of Laguerre-Gaussian beams in channels with atmospheric turbulence

Studying orbital angular momentum(OAM) spectra is important for analyzing crosstalk in free-space optical(FSO)communication systems. This work offers a new method of simplifying the expressions for the OAM spectra of Laguerre-Gaussian(LG) beams under both weak/medium and strong atmospheric turbulences. We propose fixing the radius to the extreme point of the intensity distribution, review the expression for the OAM spectrum under weak/medium turbulence,derive the OAM spectrum expression for an LG beam under strong turbulence, and simplify both of them to concise forms.Then, we investigate the accuracy of the simplified expressions through simulations. We find that the simplified expressions permit accurate calculation of the OAM spectrum for large transmitted OAM numbers under any type of turbulence. Finally,we use the simplified expressions to analytically address the broadening of the OAM spectrum caused by atmospheric turbulence. This work should contribute to the concise theoretical derivation of analytical expressions for OAM channel matrices for FSO-OAM communications and the analytical study of the laws governing OAM spectra.     

Effective Radius of Curvature and Rayleigh Length of Partially-Coherent Array Beams Passing Through Oceanic Turbulence

Based on the spatial power spectrum of the refractive index of ocean water, we derive analytical expressions for the effective radius of curvature and Rayleigh length of partially-coherent Hermite–Gaussian linear array (PCHGA) beams propagating through oceanic turbulence. In addition, we discuss theoretically and analyze numerically the influence of oceanic turbulence and array parameters. The effective radius of curvature and Rayleigh length of PCHGA beams increase with the relative strength of temperature and salinity fluctuations, the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid, the array beam number, beam order, and relative separation distance, but decrease with the increase in the rate of dissipation of the mean-square temperature. The analysis provided here will help to understand the propagation of array beams through ocean turbulence.     

圆柱型光纤螺线圈轨道角动量模式

传统的沿z轴光纤传输光线的轨道角动量(orbital angular momentum,OAM)光束的制备方法共同之处都是从内部结构着想,光束的主光线基本上不变,只是波面在变.但要获得携带高mh的光有一定的难度.针对上述问题,本文建立以波面不变,光束主光线变化为基础的理论框架,利用微分几何理论验证不沿z轴圆柱型光纤螺线圈传输的光线可以携带高mh OAM的理论设想.研究发现:利用流动坐标(α,β,γ)计算光线在绕圆柱体的光纤中传输时光纤截面的衍射分布图呈现涡旋特征,有高阶OAM模式.当θ=θ0时,圆柱形轨道光纤过渡到直线轨道光纤.计算光线沿直线传输时光纤截面的衍射分布图是Airy斑,即圆孔衍射斑,无高阶OAM模式.     

Higher order mode laser beam scintillations in oceanic medium

Abstract

In a horizontal oceanic optical wireless communication link, the scintillation index (the measure for the intensity fluctuations) of the received intensity caused by the oceanic turbulence is formulated and evaluated when the source is a higher order mode laser. Variations in the scintillation index vs. the underwater turbulence parameters, size of the higher order mode laser source, link length, and the wavelength are examined. Underwater turbulence parameters are the ratio that determines the relative strength of temperature and salinity in driving the index fluctuations, the rate of dissipation of the mean squared temperature, the rate of dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy, and the Kolmogorov microscale length.     

High-Rate Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution with Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing

The secret key rate is one of the main obstacles to the practical application of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD). In this paper, we propose a multiplexing scheme to increase the secret key rate of the CVQKD system with orbital angular momentum (OAM). The propagation characteristics of a typical vortex beam, involving the Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beam, are analyzed in an atmospheric channel for the Kolmogorov turbulence model. Discrete modulation is utilized to extend the maximal transmission distance. We show the effect of the transmittance of the beam over the turbulent channel on the secret key rate and the transmission distance. Numerical simulations indicate that the OAM multiplexing scheme can improve the performance of the CVQKD system and hence has potential use for practical high-rate quantum communications.     

部分相干光的轨道角动量及其谱的分析研究

针对光束轨道角动量的研究主要集中在相干光束的研究，而对于部分空间相干光束的轨道角动量研究较少，依据部分相干光的Wigner分布函数推导出部分相干光的轨道角动量表达式，分析了部分相干光的轨道角动量谱特性。采用Mercer展开法得到了轨道角动量谱，计算了给定部分相干光束的轨道角动量谱，讨论了部分相干性对轨道角动量谱的影响。研究结果表明：部分相干光和相干光具有相同的轨道角动量表达式，部分相干光的轨道角动量谱随着相干性的变差而愈发弥散，携带轨道角动量的部分相干光束的轨道角动量谱比不携带轨道角动量的部分相干光束的轨道角动量谱更容易受相干度的影响。     

Measuring orbital angular momentum of vortex beams in optomechanics

Measuring the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of vortex beams, including the magnitude and the sign, has great application prospects due to its theoretically unbounded and orthogonal modes. Here, the sign-distinguishable OAM measurement in optomechanics is proposed, which is achieved by monitoring the shift of the transmission spectrum of the probe field in a double Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) rotational-cavity system. Compared with the traditional single LG rotational cavity, an asymmetric optomechanically induced transparency window can occur in our system. Meanwhile, the position of the resonance valley has a strong correlation with the magnitude and sign of OAM. This originally comes from the fact that the effective detuning of the cavity mode from the driving field can vary with the magnitude and sign of OAM, which causes the spectral shift to be directional for different signs of OAM. Our scheme solves the shortcoming of the inability to distinguish the sign of OAM in optomechanics, and works well for high-order vortex beams with topological charge value±45, which is a significant improvement for measuring OAM based on the cavity optomechanical system.