基本物理常数的调整

 众所周知,基本物理常数的最佳值很少能在实验上直接测量,它们基本都是由一连串的实验观测以及理论公式推算而得。基本物理常数在物理学中具有重要的意义。它的发现和测量,对物理学的发展起了推动作用。     

引力常数G及其测量

引力相互作用是物理世界的四种1)基本相互作用之一.它的耦合常数为引力常数G.本文将介绍近年来有关G的理论和测量的进展. 一、G又被重视起来了 引力常数G是人类测量得最早的基本物理常数.远在1798年,卡文迪什已经用扭秤测出了引力常数G,并且用它估计过地球的质量.由于引力相互作用是四种基本相互作用中最弱的一种,G的精确测量是非常困难的.G又没有什么用处[1],使得以后G的测量研究长期陷于停顿的状态.直到1969年,G的测量精度还几乎停留在卡文迪什的水平,只有三位有效数.有人分析甚至不超过1/500[2]. 近年来随着广义相对论理论研究的进展…     

万有引力常量G的测量

介绍了测量万有引力常量G的意义、历史与现状.具体讨论测量万有引力常量G的几种方法,着重阐述周期法测G的基本原理及原子干涉法测G的新进展.     

里德伯常数的历史回顾和新进展

里德伯常数是重要的基本物理常数.在原子物理学中,计算能级时离不开里德伯常数.许多常数都与它有联系,反映了光谱与原子结构之间的密切关系.它在基本物理常数的最小二乘法平差中,被列为辅助常数,是平差计算的基础.里德伯常数提出已经整整100年了.为了纪念这一重大成果,特作此文. 一、历史 回 顾 早在19世纪50年代,瑞典的光谱学家Angstrom通过火花放电的光谱观测,证实了Fraunhofer观察到的某些太阳谱线正是氢的谱线Ha,HB,Hr及H　 他精确地测量了这四根谱线的波长,有效数字达5—6位.1884年,瑞士的中学数学教师Balmer从投影几何得到启示,提…     

基本物理常数与物理学史

 基本物理常数的确立及精密测定与物理学的发展起着相互促进的作用。物理常数总是伴随着物理学基本定律的发现而确立的;而这些常数的测定既是对物理规律的有力验证,又使应用物理公式作许多数值计算成为可能。物理学的新成果常为提高物理常数的精度提供条件。而高精度的测量又可能为新的科学发现准备好基础。精密测定的基本物理常数又可作为单位制和计量单位的基准。因此,基本物理常数的精密测量就成了现代物理学与计量学的结合点。1.基本物理常数与物理规律基本物理常数是指自然界中的一些普遍适用的常数。它们不随时间、地点或环境条件的影响而变化。     

基本物理常数概述及牛顿引力常数的测量

据不完全统计,基本物理常数有160余个之多,覆盖物理学各个领域。自国际科学技术数据委员会(CODATA)1973年首次发表国际推荐值以来,至今已发表了6次推荐值。文章介绍了基本物理常数的分类以及近期发表的基本物理常数领域的主要成就。这些成就及新的突破对物理学和计量学具有重要的意义。牛顿引力常数是测量万有引力的重要常数,具有深远的意义,但其数值极小,因此测量难度很大;二百余年来,科学家精益求精,不断更新方法,以求减小其测量的不确定度。     

光速的测量史

 光速是指真空中电磁波的传播速度,它是物理学中最重要的常数之一。人们最初是通过测量可见光的传播速度测得它的数值的,目前国际公认值是Ｃ＝２９９７９２４５８米／秒。光速是人们最早测量的物理常数,对光速测量方法的进展,不仅标志着光速在准确度上的不断提高,还充分反映了近代物理及其实验方法的惊人发展。人们对光速的测量可以分为以下两个阶段。１．１６７６年～１９２９年的２５０多年在这一阶段,人们确定了光速的有限性,并对光速进行了初步测量。１７世纪以前,天文学家和物理学家认为光速为无限大,宇宙中恒星发的光是瞬间到达地球的。     

关于物理常数的解释与哲学思考

物理常数是物理学重要的组成部分,在物理学中占有特殊的地位,因为它所具有的基础性、启发性、认识性和普适性等特点,促使物理学家要解释它们.然而,尽管物理学家采用包括"数字学"方法在内的各种办法,但对物理常数的解释仍有许多问题有待分析与研究.文中从什么是物理常数,基本物理常数能不能解释,怎样才能解释基本物理常数等方面对物理常数的本质涵义进行了探讨.     

基本物理常数的精密测量──它在物理学和计量学中的意义

基本物理常数是物理学的一些普适常数,据不完全的统计,约有三十几个,它们之间有着深刻的联系.选择独立的五个常数,可以表示所有其他基本常数或组合量.这五个常数是:电子电荷e,电子静止质量me,普朗克常数h,真空中光速c和阿伏伽德罗数NA.因为质量、电荷和作用是量子化的,其相应的常数为me、e和h.质量和能量相联系的常数是c,通过h从能量过渡到频率(时间)和长度单位.阿伏伽德罗数NA是联系宏观量与微观量的常数.通过me,e,h和c可以描述在量子电动力学范围内的微观物理学.加上NA又与宏观电动力学建立了对应的关系.因此,这些独立常数相当于物理学…     

基本物理常数的概况及其在物理学中的作用

基本物理常数主要是指原子物理学中遇到的一些常数,最基本的是电子的电荷e,电子的静止质量me,普朗克常数h,阿伏伽德罗数(简称阿氏数)N,真空中光速c.光速本来不是原子物理学中的常数,但是它是一个最基本的物理常数,在原子物理学中常常遇到它. 这些常数的发现和测定在物理学的发展中起了很大的作用.各种物理现象以各种不同的方式联系到有关的一些基本物理常数,而关于这些常数的知识直接影响到我们对于有关物理现象本质的认识.例如,十九世纪未发现电子就是通过对电子的荷质比e/m测定而获得的.接着,类似的实验应用到离子建立了质谱仪,发现了大…     

Precision measurement with atom interferometry

Development of atom interferometry and its application in precision measurement are reviewed in this paper. The principle, features and the implementation of atom interferometers are introduced, the recent progress of precision measurement with atom interferometry, including determination of gravitational constant and fine structure constant, measurement of gravity, gravity gradient and rotation, test of weak equivalence principle, proposal of gravitational wave detection, and measurement of quadratic Zeeman shift are reviewed in detail. Determination of gravitational redshift, new definition of kilogram, and measurement of weak force with atom interferometry are also briefly introduced.     

Progress on accurate measurement of the Planck constant:Watt balance and counting atoms

The Planck constant h is one of the most significant constants in quantum physics.Recently,the precision measurement of the value of h has been a hot issue due to its important role for the establishment of both a new SI and a revised fundamental physical constant system.Up to date,two approaches,the watt balance and counting atoms,have been employed to determine the Planck constant at a level of several parts in 108.In this paper,the principle and progress on precision measurement of the Planck constant using watt balance and counting atoms at national metrology institutes are reviewed.Further improvement in determining the Planck constant and possible developments of a revised physical constant system in future are discussed.     

The role of Debye mass in the chiral crossover in a strong magnetic field

In this paper, the Debye mass of quarks is investigated in the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model at zero and nonzero chemical potentials. In a uniform plasma, the Debye mass usually behaves as a monotonous increasing function of the temperature, the chemical potential and the magnetic field. At the fixed coupling interaction G, we find that the magnetic catalysis (MC) on the occurrence of the chiral restoration could be revealed by the susceptibility of the Debye mass dm_D/dT at low chemical potential and by the quantity Tdm_D/dT in the region of moderate densities. However, the inverse MC is realized under a thermomagnetic coupling constant G(B, T) by the behavior of the Debye mass at both zero and nonzero chemical potentials.     

Fundamental physics with the ESA mission GAIA

esa advisory committees have selected the astrometry mission gaia as one of the future cornerstones of the science program. gaia is primarily a mission to study the history, formation and evolution of the Galaxy from astrometric, photometric and spectroscopic measurements, but it also displays remarkable capabilities in some areas of fundamental physics. After introducing briefly the measurement principles and the expected accuracy, I focus on the three topics most relevant for the physicists: the definition and realization of a quasi-inertial machian frame, the testing of the PPN formulation of the gravitational theory and finally a determination of the possible time change of the gravitational constant.     

氦原子2~3S—2~3P精密光谱研究

氦原子是最基本的多电子原子,其精密谱是十分理想的检验多电子量子电动力学计算的平台,同时也是利用原子能级结构测定精细结构常数α的理想体系,还能获得原子核结构信息.本文结合我们团队的工作,综述基于氦原子的少体原子精密光谱研究.其中,主要包括氦原子2~3P_J精细结构分裂,以及2~3S—2~3P跃迁频率测定等研究,并对相关工作的前景进行了展望.     

Non-abelian vortices on surfaces and their statistics

We discuss the physics of topological vortices moving on an arbitrary surface M in a YangMills-Higgs theory in which the gauge group G breaks to a finite subgroup H. We concentrate on the case where M is compact and/or non-orientable. Interesting new features arise which have no analog on the plane. The consequences for the quantum statistics of vortices are discussed, particularly when H is non-abelian.     

Graduation of electron spectrometer intensity scale. Part 2. How to do it

Graduation function G(E′) absolute values have been determined experimentally for the first time for the intensity scale of an ordinary Auger electron spectrometer. The determination of G(E′) includes creation of an original standard signal and measurement of the consequent reaction of the spectrometer using a “giant rectangular modulation” operation mode, integration of the measurand, and use of an original G(E′) definition. The experimental values of G(E′) are presented in the correct dimensional units for a pass energy range E′ = 150–1000 eV. A non-monotonous behaviour of G(E′), a strong dependence of G(E′) on the multiplier entrance bias voltage, and a discrepancy between the graduation functions of spectrometers of the same type with CMA are demonstrated. Possibilities are predicted for a similar G(E′) determination for other types of spectromer.     

Determination of the gravitational constant G

A precise knowledge of the Newtonian gravitational constant G has an important role in physics and is of considerable meteorological interest. Although G was the first physical constant to be introduced and measured in the history of science, it is still the least precisely determined of all the fundamental constants of nature. The 2002 CODATA recommended value for G, G = (6.6742 ± 0.0010) × 10⁻¹¹m³ · kg⁻¹ · s⁻², has an uncertainty of 150 parts per million (ppm), much larger than that of all other fundamental constants. Reviewed here is the status of our knowledge of the absolute value of G, methods for determining G, and recent high precision experiments for determining G.     

Simulations on the multi-shell target ignition driven by radiation pulse in Z-pinch dynamic hohlraum

We present the first simulation results of a multi-shell target ignition driven by Z-pinch dynamic hohlraum radiation pulse. The radiation pulse is produced with a special Z-pinch dynamic hohlraum configuration, where the hohlraum is composed of a single metal liner, a low-Z plastic foam, and a high-Z metallic foam. The implosion dynamics of a hohlraum and a multi-shell target are investigated separately by the one-dimensional code MULTI-IFE. When the peak drive current is 50 MA, simulations suggest that an x-ray pulse with nearly constant radiation temperature (～ 310 eV) and a duration about 9 ns can be obtained. A small multi-shell target with a radius of 1.35 mm driven by this radiation pulse is able to achieve volumetric ignition with an energy gain (G) about 6.19, where G is the ratio of the yield to the absorbed radiation. Through this research, we better understand the effects of non-uniformities and hydrodynamics instabilities in Z-pinch dynamic hohlraum.