非线性相互作用诱导下光腔中超冷原子的新奇量子相变

Dicke模型是描述N个二能级原子与单模腔场集体耦合的系统。本文在标准Dicke模型的基础上引入原子-光非线性相互作用,使用自旋相干态变分方法从理论上给出基态能量泛函,并且在实验参数下通过可调的非线性原子-光相互作用给出了宏观多粒子量子态的丰富结构。本文主要呈现出蓝失谐和红失谐下原子数反转态、双稳的正常相、共存的正常-超辐射相等丰富的基态特性。     

两模光机械系统中超冷原子的量子相变

Dicke模型(DM)用于描述单模玻色光场与多个全同二能级原子相互作用。本文利用自旋相干态变分法得到两模光机械系统中基态能量的精确解,并通过变分法求得相变点并画出基态相图,并在此基础上研究原子-场耦合强度等系统参数对基态稳定性的影响。通过稳定性讨论,我们发现:原子-光子耦合常数g和光子-声子耦合常量ζ都会对光机械系统的基态特性产生影响。当双模光腔变成单模光腔时,机械振子能诱导超辐射相的塌缩;而且当光子-声子耦合强度大时,超辐射相被完全压制,而直接出现两原子能级之间的转移;存在不稳定的非零光子态,类似于超辐射态。光机械腔中光子-声子耦合诱导的超辐射态的塌缩和复苏是不同于光腔内囚禁的BEC系统,即机械振子不存在时的情况,而双模光腔对量子相变点和相图预期也会有影响。可见,分析机械振子的对多稳性和相关的量子相变的影响是非常有意义的课题。     

T-C模型的多稳态和Dicke相变

本文用相干态变分法研究了旋波近似下单模光腔中两个二能级原子多稳态和Dikce相变。首先我们得到系统的本征态和本征能量,并通过变分求解不同的光子数解和边界条件。通过调节参数,多重稳定态等丰富相图被呈现,系统除了正常相到超辐射相的量子相变,还出现一组分原子反转的正常态到受激辐射态的相变,而两组分原子都反转的正常态在全空间稳定存在。     

原子-原子相互作用影响下Dicke模型的量子相变

原子与光腔相互作用的动力学特性的研究一直是量子光学研究的热点,本文利用自旋相干态变换和基态变分法从理论上求解光腔中冷原子系统的基态能量表达式,并且给出丰富的基态相图。在正常相时给出基态能量稳定值的解析解;而超辐射相时,我们可以利用迭代的方法近似得到原子布居数、平均光子数和基态能量随原子-场耦合强度的变化。本文主要呈现出原子-原子相互作用强度改变正常相到超辐射相的量子相变点,且是一阶相变,但未出现新的量子相和量子相变。     

有限温度下腔光机械系统中N个二能级原子的相变和热力学性质

研究了含有非线性相互作用的腔机械系统中N个二能级原子在有限温度下的相变和相关的热力学性质,采用虚时路径积分方法推导出系统的配分函数,求得系统的有效作用量.通过对有效作用量进行变分得到系统的热力学平衡方程和原子布居数期待值的解析表达式,重点研究了原子-场耦合强度、非线性原子-光相互作用、非线性声子-光子相互作用等影响下系统的相变,发现除了会发生由正常相到超辐射相的二阶相变外,还会出现正常相和亚稳的超辐射态共存的现象,同时会发现三相(正常相、超辐射相、亚稳的超辐射态)共存点.有限温度的升高,会使正常相到超辐射相的二阶相变点向原子-场耦合强度增大的方向移动;当非线性原子-光相互作用(正或负)增强时,相变点会向原子-场耦合强度弱的方向移动;声子-光子相互作用会导致出现超辐射不稳定态;有限温度下,在正常相区熵为定值,而在超辐射相区熵随原子-场耦合强度的增强迅速递减为零.     

光学微腔中一维费米气的磁性关联特性

对于准一维两组分费米气与光学微腔耦合的系统,证明了微腔光子的超辐射可以驱动原子系统的磁性转变,该磁性转变与原子的失谐以及费米子的填充数密切相关.对于无相互作用原子气,在超辐射相区内平均场近似合理.基于该近似,分析了不同的填充和失谐情况下体系的静态自旋结构因子,由此刻画出腔光子协助的磁性关联转变,并得到了依赖于微腔参数的相图.最后,对可行的实验参数做了相关讨论.     

弱磁场下三阱光学超晶格中自旋为1的超冷原子特性研究

双阱光学超晶格中的超冷原子是近期冷原子物理领域的研究热点. 本文推广提出了实现三阱光学超晶格的方案, 并采用精确对角化的方法分别研究了弱磁场下对称三阱 光学超晶格中铁磁性和反铁磁性的自旋为1的原子系统的基态, 发现二者的相图很不相同: 反铁磁性原子对应的相图中没有沿磁场方向总自旋磁量子数为±2的基态, 而铁磁性原子对应的相图中可能有. 在负的二次塞曼能量区域, 铁磁性原子的相图中只有完全极化态. 分析了可控参数影响基态的物理本质. 由于这些量子自旋态可以通过调节外磁场和光势垒的高度非常简便而精确地控制, 适合用来研究自旋纠缠. 关键词： 三阱光学超晶格 自旋为1的原子 弱磁场     

CoAlN(N=2-11)团簇基态结构的稳定性和磁性

采用密度泛函理论中的广义梯度近似(GGA),对CoAlN(N=2-11)团簇进行构型优化和磁性计算.在考虑自旋多重度的情况下得到了团簇的平衡构型及基态结构,并重点讨论了Co原子的sp-d杂化效应对体系稳定性和磁性的影响.结果表明:N为偶数时,团簇的基态为自旋双重态,Co原子磁矩随N增加整体上呈减小趋势;N为奇数时(除N=5为自旋三重态外),团簇的基态为自旋单重态,Co原子磁矩为零.N≥8时,Co原子陷入主团簇内部,体系的对称性降低,稳定性增强;轨道杂化增强了体系的稳定性,但减小了双重态和三重态体系中Co原子的磁矩;N=3,8,10是团簇CoAlN(N=2.11)的幻数.     

超冷铯Rydberg原子寿命的测量

本文从实验上采用两步激发超冷基态原子获得超冷Rydberg原子,通过选择场电离的方法获得超冷Rydberg原子的离子信号.改变延迟时间测得Rydberg原子布居数随时间的变化关系,用两种方法拟合实验数据得到36D和34S态原子的有效寿命,与现有理论结果一致. 关键词： Rydberg原子 寿命 黑体辐射 场电离     

藏在暗原子云中的光

正集体效应减缓了致密原子云中受激原子的衰减,研究者可以制备并操纵这一亚辐射态。坠落与升起相伴而行。当原子处于激发态,"坠落"意味着通过自发辐射光子而衰减。这种由真空涨落触发的辐射构成了不可避免的能量耗散,但可以通过集体效应将其减缓:如果原子间距小于光波波长时,辐射可能会变"暗",即相互阻止衰减到基态。     

Dicke Quantum Phase Transition for a Bose-Einstein Condensate in a Two-Mode Optical Cavity

In this paper we mainly discuss the ground state properties of the two-mode Dicke model, which is realized in an ensemble of two-level atoms interacting simultaneously with two quantized cavity fields. We reveal rich phase diagrams and discover the second-order quantum phase transition from the normal phase to the superradiant phase by means of the spin-coherent-state variational method. While the critical phase transition point can be shifted by the detuning of the cavity mode or the atom-field coupling imbalance parameter. The collective atom-field coupling imbalance parameter can make the phase transition point symmetrically shift left or right in the resonance or non-resonance. If the two collective atom-photon coupling strengths are not equal in the resonance, the system may be in different phases, while the phases occupied are completely symmetrical. When one of the coupling constants vanishes or two couplings are equal, the ground-states’s properties and related QPT reduce to that of a standard or an ordinary Dicke model.

     

Phase transition for coupled atom-light states in the presence of optical collisions

The problem of photon phase transition in a system of two-level atoms interacting with a quantized single-mode electromagnetic field in the presence of optical collisions is discussed. The photon field is shown to undergo a high-temperature second order phase transition into the coherent (superradiant) state at large negative values of atom-field detuning and under the condition of thermalization of coupled atom-light states.     

Exploring symmetry breaking at the Dicke quantum phase transition

We study symmetry breaking at the Dicke quantum phase transition by coupling a motional degree of freedom of a Bose-Einstein condensate to the field of an optical cavity. Using an optical heterodyne detection scheme, we observe symmetry breaking in real time and distinguish the two superradiant phases. We explore the process of symmetry breaking in the presence of a small symmetry-breaking field and study its dependence on the rate at which the critical point is crossed. Coherent switching between the two ordered phases is demonstrated.     

Quantum correlations among superradiant Bose-Einstein condensate atoms

Quantum correlations among atoms in superradiant Bose-Einstein condensates are discussed. It is shown that atoms in the superradiant atomic condensate can exhibit continuous variable quantum entanglement analogous to Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR)-type quantum correlations. Comparison to quantum entanglement in the Dicke model in thermal equilibrium is provided.     

Dicke quantum spin glass of atoms and photons

Recent studies of strongly interacting atoms and photons in optical cavities have rekindled interest in the Dicke model of atomic qubits coupled to discrete photon cavity modes. We study the multimode Dicke model with variable atom-photon couplings. We argue that a quantum spin-glass phase can appear, with a random linear combination of the cavity modes superradiant. We compute atomic and photon spectral response functions across this quantum phase transition, both of which should be accessible in experiments.     

Quantum phase transition in the generalized single-mode superradiant model

In this paper we reveal a zero-temperature quantum phase transition for the single-mode superradiant model with the form A² from the normal to superradiant phase by mean of the Holstein-Primakoff transformation. In the thermodynamic limit, in which the numbers of atoms becomes infinite, the ground state energy and corresponding wavefunctions of both the normal and superradiant phases are obtained and therefore the scaling behavior near the critical transition point is derived.     

A New First-Order Phase Transition for an Extended Jaynes–Cummings–Dicke Model with a High-Finesse Optical Cavity in the BEC System<Superscript>†</Superscript>

We present a two-level atomic Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) with dispersion, which is coupled to a high-finesse optical cavity. We call this model the extended Jaynes–Cummings–Dicke (JC-Dicke) model and introduce an effective Hamiltonian for this system. From the direct product of Heisenberg–Weyl (HW) coherent states for the field and U(2) coherent states for the matter, we obtain the potential energy surface of the system. Within the framework of the mean-field approach, we evaluate the variational energy as the expectation value of the Hamiltonian for the considered state. We investigate numerically the quantum phase transition and the Berry phase for this system. We find the influence of the atom–atom interactions on the quantum phase transition point and obtain a new phase transition occurring when the microwave amplitude changes. Furthermore, we observe that the coherent atoms not only shift the phase transition point but also affect the macroscopic excitations in the superradiant phase.     

Quantum Entanglement in a Spin-Orbit Coupled Bose-Einstein Condensate

We study the spin-field and the spin-spin entanglement in the ground state of a spin-orbit coupled Bose- Einstein condensate. It is found that the spin-field and the spin-spin entanglement can be induced by the spin-orbit coupling. By mapping the system to the Dicke-like model, the system exhibits a quantum phase transition from a normal (spin balanced) phase to superradiant (spin polarized) phase. The Dicke-like phase transition can be captured by the spin-field and the spin-spin entanglement arising from the spin-orbit coupling. The spin-field and the spin-spin entanglement increase as the Raman coupling increases in the superradiant phase, while they decrease with the Raman coupling increasing in the normal phase. We also consider the effect of a finite detuning on these entanglement show that the presence of the detuning suppresses the spin-field and the spin-spin entanglement.     

Self-organization of a Bose-Einstein condensate in an optical cavity

The spatial self-organization of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a high-finesse linear optical cavity is discussed. The condensate atoms are laser-driven from the side and scatter photons into the cavity. Above a critical pump intensity the homogeneous condensate evolves into a stable pattern bound by the cavity field. The transition point is determined analytically from a mean-field theory. We calculate the lowest lying Bogoliubov excitations of the coupled BEC-cavity system and the quantum depletion due to the atom-field coupling.