烷基取代蒽的单电子氧化

在无水CHCl3-吡啶中, 烷基取代蒽被碘氧化生成的中间体游离基正离子, 在亲核试剂进攻蒽环使9-, 10-C氧化, 和侧链烷基去质子两种竞争反应中, 若蒽环9-或10-C未取代, 则以9-, 10-C氧化占绝对优势; 若蒽环9-, 10-C均被取代, 则以侧链去质子氧化占优势。甲基去质子速度比乙基和环丙基快得多。     

二胺与二酮环聚合反应的不同途径与产物

在质子性溶剂中,3,5-二叔丁基-1,2-苯醌分别与双[(三异丙基硅烷基)乙炔基]萘-2,3-二胺和双[(三异丙基硅烷基)乙炔基]蒽-2,3-二胺反应,在不同条件下得到含有吡嗪环的缩合产物1和含有咪唑环的缩合产物2.通过核磁共振波谱、紫外-可见光谱、高分辨质谱及单晶X射线衍射表征确定了产物的结构,并提出了可能的反应机理.     

蒽桥联的胺-胺电子耦合研究

合成了1,5-二(对甲氧基二苯胺)蒽(1)、2,6-二(对甲氧基二苯胺)蒽(2)和9,10-二(对甲氧基二苯胺)蒽(3)三种化合物,对它们的电化学、吸收和发射光谱、光谱电化学以及胺-胺电子耦合开展研究.三种化合物在+0.6~+1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl区域存在两步可逆氧化还原过程,两个氧化还原过程电位差DE在100 mV左右.单电子氧化产物1~(·+)在近红外区域观测到弱价间电荷转移吸收(IVCT),电子耦合常数Vab估算为600 cm~(-1).化合物3~(·+)观测到强IVCT吸收,其Vab估算为1440cm~(-1).单电子氧化产物2~(·+)则没有观测到明显IVCT吸收,表明有机胺在蒽桥基上的取代位置对胺-胺电子耦合程度有重要的影响.     

氟烷基磺酰氟和(2S,3R)-2,3-二羟基-3-苯基丙酸甲酯的脱水环氧化反应的研究

考察了(2S,3R)-2,3-二羟基-3-苯基丙酸甲酯和几种常用的氟烷基磺酰氟试剂在有机碱存在下的脱水环氧化反应.实验结果表明,氟烷基磺酰氟能够诱导(2S,3R)-2,3-二羟基-3-苯基丙酸甲酯发生脱水环氧化反应而生成(2R,3R)-2,3-环氧-3-苯基丙酸甲酯,得率80%～92%,且产物的不对映过量(ee)值大于97%.该方法具有工业化应用前景.     

无金属催化的吡啶C2位碳-氢键胺甲酰化反应合成吡啶甲酰胺

报道了一种无金属催化条件下合成吡啶-2-甲酰胺的方法.在质子酸的促进作用下，简单的吡啶和异氰通过2位碳-氢键的胺甲酰化反应生成吡啶-2-甲酰胺类化合物.产物的形成主要经历二水合草酸存在下异腈对吡啶环的亲电加成、水解和过氧化二叔丁酯氧化下的吡啶环芳构化转化.优化部分的对比实验证实质子酸和氧化剂的存在对于该反应都是必须条件.大体而言，所有反应都是将各反应物和试剂一次性加入，在空气氛围下100℃加热进行良好.环上不同位置含有甲基、叔丁基、环状二烷基、甲氧基、卤素等基团的吡啶底物均展示了良好兼容性.另一方面，烷基和芳基官能化的异腈也都能用于该反应，得到相应的N-烷基和N-芳基吡啶甲酰胺产物.初步结果显示异腈的稳定性对于反应结果有明显影响，相对稳定的2，6-二甲基苯基异腈参与反应生成的产物产率高于其它异腈参与的反应.和已知合成类似产物时采用银、钯盐等催化活化吡啶的2-位碳-氢键的方法相比，本文报道的合成方法优势在于完全无需金属催化剂、专一的碳-2位区域选择性反应、广泛的底物适用性以及高原子经济性.因此，这样的合成方法可望成为对已有合成方法的补充用于合成结构多样和有用的吡啶-2-甲酰胺化合物.     

取代基电性效应对碳硅还原消除区域选择性调控的理论研究

有机反应区域选择性的调控是有机化学的重要研究内容之一,而电性效应则是其重要调控因素.运用密度泛函理论计算,以钯催化2-碘联苯化合物与硅杂环丁烷的环化反应为模板,研究了取代基电性效应在还原消除过程中对区域选择性的影响,并给出了该反应的详细反应机理.计算结果表明,该反应经历了Pd—I键氧化加成、协同金属去质子、Pd—Si键氧化加成、还原消除过程得到硅杂八元环产物,且C—Si键还原消除是反应的速率决定步骤.对Pd(IV)还原消除过渡态中电子效应的研究证明,当使用不对称2-碘联苯作为反应底物时,芳环电子密度是区域选择性的主要控制因素,电子密度更高的基团更容易发生还原消除,与该基元反应电子流向一致.     

光氧化反应的研究 Ⅴ.氰基蒽敏化苊烯的电子转移光氧化反应

由缺电子光敏剂所引起的电子转移(ET)光氧化反应目前已受到广泛注意.然而,对于容易发生单线态氧(~1O_2)反应的稠环烯烃能否在氰基蒽敏化下发生ET光氧化仍研究甚少.最近作者报道了氰基蒽敏化的9-苯甲叉芴的ET光氧化过程.本文首次探讨了非交替稠环烃,苊烯(AN),在9,10-二氰蒽(DCA)或9-氰基蒽(CNA)敏化下的光氧化反应及其机理. Takeshita等不久前报道,AN受玫瑰红(RB)敏化生成的~1O_2反应产物为顺或反式     

土木香内酯和异土木香内酯与共轭二烯的Diels-Alder反应

本文以土木香根中分离得到的土木香内酯(1)和异土木香内酯(2)为原料,分别与环戊二烯(3)、螺[2·4]-4,6-庚二烯(4)、呋喃、蒽或丙烯醛进行Diels-Alder反应,发现1和2只与3或4发生反应,未能得到1和2与呋喃、蒽或丙烯醛的反应产物.X射线单晶衍射法确定1或2与3的反应产物的构型.应用高分辨核磁共振谱NOE方法确定1或2与4的反应产物的构型.     

1，9－乙撑基蒽和1，9－乙撑基－10－甲基蒽的单电子氧化

报道了１，９－乙撑基蒽和１，９－乙撑基－１０－甲基蒽在ＣＨＣｌ_３／吡啶中与碘反应的机理。它们的单电子氧化生成游离基正离子，该过程存在侧链去质子和吡啶进攻蒽环两种竞争反应。蒽环上引入乙撑基使侧链氧化远比环氧化占优势。乙撑基比甲基容易去质子。     

叶绿素-a及其衍生物的Qy轴向氧化反应和E-环重排反应

在酸碱性条件下对叶绿素-a (1)进行空气氧化反应, 分别得到卟吩衍生物2b～4b; 通过酯交换和去金属镁离子, 将叶绿素-a转化为脱镁叶绿酸-a甲酯(MPa) (5), 其3-位碳碳双键与氯化氢的加成生成卟吩醇(6), 经碱性空气氧化和E-环重排则转化成紫红素-18衍生物7. 选用四氧化锇和高碘酸钠将5氧化成卟吩醛(8), 在丁醇中以丁醇钠作催化剂, 8的氧化和重排反应给出3-甲酰基紫红素-18酯(9)和紫红素-7三甲酯衍生物10. 异构体4的空气氧化和重排反应也生成紫红素-18酯(3), 进一步与2-甲基丁胺进行缩合反应, 得到N-烷基紫红素-18酰亚胺(11a)以及氧化重排产物3-甲酰基-N-烷基紫红素-18酰亚胺(11b). 所得叶绿素衍生物均经UV, IR, 1H NMR及元素分析证明其结构, 并对相应的反应提出可能的反应机理.     

Synthesis of epoxyoxirano- and epoxydihydroxyisoindolones

1-Oxo-3a,6-epoxyisoindolones oxidized with potassium permanganate to give 4,5-dihydroxy-3a,6-epoxyisoindolones, while oxidation with peroxyformic acid or 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid yielded 2,6a-epoxyoxirano[e]isoindolones. Oxidation proceeded with selective formation of exo-cis-adducts.     

Using mechanistic and computational studies to explain ligand effects in the palladium-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of alcohols

The experimental and computational mechanistic details of the Pd(OAc)(2)/TEA-catalyzed aerobic alcohol oxidation system are disclosed. Measurement of various kinetic isotope effects and the activation parameters as well as rate law derivation support rate-limiting deprotonation of the palladium-coordinated alcohol. Rate-limiting deprotonation of the alcohol is contrary to the majority of related kinetic studies for Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of alcohols, which propose rate-limiting beta-hydride elimination. This difference in the rate-limiting step is supported by the computational model, which predicts the activation energy for deprotonation is 3 kcal/mol higher than the activation energy for beta-hydride elimination. The computational features of the similar Pd(OAc)(2)/pyridine system were also elucidated. Details of the study illustrate that the use of TEA results in an active catalyst that has only one ligand bound to the Pd, resulting in a significant lowering of the activation energy for beta-hydride elimination and, therefore, a catalyst that is active at room temperature.     

Reactivity and acid-base behavior of ring-methoxylated arylalkanoic acid radical cations and radical zwitterions in aqueous solution. Influence of structural effects and pH on the benzylic C-H deprotonation pathway

A product and time-resolved kinetic study of the one-electron oxidation of ring-methoxylated phenylpropanoic and phenylbutanoic acids (Ar(CH2)nCO2H, n = 2, 3) has been carried out at different pH values. Oxidation leads to the formation of aromatic radical cations (Ar.+(CH2)nCO2H) or radical zwitterions (Ar.+(CH2)nCO2-) depending on pH, and pKa values for the corresponding acid-base equilibria have been measured. In the radical cation, the acidity of the carboxylic proton decreases by increasing the number of methoxy ring substituents and by increasing the distance between the carboxylic group and the aromatic ring. At pH 1.7 or 6.7, the radical cations or radical zwitterions undergo benzylic C-H deprotonation as the exclusive side-chain fragmentation pathway, as clearly shown by product analysis results. At pH 1.7, the first-order deprotonation rate constants measured for the ring-methoxylated arylalkanoic acid radical cations are similar to those measured previously in acidic aqueous solution for the alpha-C-H deprotonation of structurally related ring-methoxylated alkylaromatic radical cations. In basic solution, the second-order rate constants for reaction of the radical zwitterions with (-)OH (k-OH)) have been obtained. These values are similar to those obtained previously for the (-)OH-induced alpha-C-H deprotonation of structurally related ring-methoxylated alkylaromatic radical cations, indicating that under these conditions the radical zwitterions undergo benzylic C-H deprotonation. Very interestingly, with 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethanoic acid radical zwitterion, that was previously observed to undergo exclusive decarboxylation up to pH 10, competition between decarboxylation and benzylic C-H deprotonation is observed above pH 11.     

Synthesis of oxa-bridged analogues of farnesyltransferase inhibitor RPR 115135

Two synthetic routes to new oxygen-bridged analogues of farnesyltransferase inhibitors are described that follow either a [3 + 2]/[4 + 2] or a [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] sequence of reactions. The first approach has been achieved by reacting the in situ generated phenylisobenzofuran (PIBF) 4 with pyrroline 5a and has led stereoselectively to racemic 18, which was transformed in a few steps into the target molecule 2. The second pathway relies on a key intermediate 6, obtained either by condensation of PIBF with methyl acrylate, followed by a deprotonation/selenation and an oxidation/elimination sequence, or by cycloaddition between PIBF and alpha-phenylselenoacrylate 11, followed by the same oxidation/elimination sequence. The reaction of 6 with amino dipole 7 gives diastereoselective access to pyrrolidine 25, a precursor of the second target 3, an epimer of 2.     

A novel and efficient synthesis of DOPA and DOPA peptides by oxidation of tyrosine residues with IBX

An efficient route to 3,4-dihydroxylphenylalanine (DOPA) and DOPA peptides was described by oxidation of l-tyrosine and l-tyrosine derivatives with 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX). DOPA was obtained after an situ reduction of the corresponding ortho-quinone with sodium dithionite. Oxidation reactions proceeded in good yields and high chemo- and regio-selectivity. The chirality of the DOPA residue was retained under the reaction conditions. The efficiency and the selectivity of the reaction were successfully tested using recyclable polymer-supported IBX.     

Mn(Ⅱ)/Mn(Ⅲ)电对在硫酸溶液中氧化还原行为

采用循环伏安法对Mn(Ⅱ)/Mn(Ⅲ)电对在硫酸溶液中铂电极上的氧化还原与Mn(Ⅱ)浓度、酸浓度、扫描速率、温度以及对流因素的函数关系进行了研究.结果发现,Mn(Ⅱ)在铂电极上Mn(Ⅱ)的氧化及Mn(Ⅲ)的还原均受扩散控制；升高温度和磁搅拌均能增加Mn(Ⅱ)氧化为Mn(Ⅲ)的速率；增加酸浓度和Mn(Ⅱ)浓度有利于增加Mn(Ⅲ)的稳定性,减少Mn(Ⅲ)的歧化和水解.     

Stereoselective formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition of N-alkylidene glycine ester anions to chiral Fischer alkenylcarbene complexes. Asymmetric synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted prolines

The reaction between N-alkylidene glycine ester enolates, generated from glycine esters aldimines with LDA in THF at low temperature, and chiral alkoxyalkenylcarbene complexes of chromium provided directly 2,4,5-trisubstituted-3-pyrrolidinylcarbene complexes with total exo selectivity and very high syn and facial diastereoselectivity when carbene complexes bearing the (-)-8-phenylmenthyloxy group were employed. Oxidation of the metal carbene moiety followed by basic hydrolysis of the esters afforded enantiomerically highly enriched syn,exo-3,4,5-trisubstituted prolines, whereas acidic hydrolysis of the same functional groups proceeded with epimerization at the alpha-amino acid center leading to anti,exo-3,4,5-trisubstituted prolines of very high enantiomeric purity as well.     

Spermine participates in oxidative damage of guanosine and 8-oxoguanosine leading to deoxyribosylurea formation

Oxidation of single- or double-stranded DNA containing a 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanosine lesion with the one-electron oxidant Na2IrCl6 in the presence of spermine led to formation of a covalent adduct that was analyzed by gel electrophoresis, HPLC, ESI-MS, and UV-vis. The adduct was labile to heat, exhibiting a t1/2 of 12 h at 37 degrees C, and the ultimate hydrolysis product was characterized as a deoxyribosylurea lesion. Data from model studies with 1,3-diaminopropane vs 1,4-diaminobutane are consistent with initial formation of a C5 spermine adduct from a dehydro-8-oxoguanosine intermediate, followed by rearrangement to a spiroaminal subject to slow hydrolysis at C4 of the purine. Spermine adducts could also be formed from oxidation of the analogous G-containing oligomer from reaction with singlet oxygen, albeit in lower yield. These results are surprising in light of the traditional view that spermine is radioprotective against DNA oxidation.     

7-脱氢胆固醇的合成工艺改进

以胆固醇为原料,经酰化、氧化、还原、水解以及消除等5步反应合成维生素D₃原7-脱氢胆固醇,总收率42%,其结构经¹H NMR和¹³C NMR确证。研究了酰化反应、氧化反应、还原反应和消除反应条件对收率的影响。