有关化学电源应用和发展的若干问题

虽然原子能的应用近年来有了重大发展,但迄今人类各种活动中耗用的能量仍主要来自化学能。化学能可以直接转变为机械能(目前尚无高效、大功率实用装置),更多地则是采用热机来实现这种转变。除此之外,更大量的化学能是用来“发电”或通过电能这一中间形式再进一步加以利用。因此“化学能→电能”转换具有极重要的意义。     

《高分子通报》2006年总目录

综述低维聚合物纳米材料的自组装制备、性能及应用…………………………………………赵振荣王立王剑峰(1-1)高分子链通过机械化学反应的信息、能量协同激发实现化学能直接转换为机械能研究的新进展…………何应森(1-10)倍半硅氧烷合成进展……………………………………………………………郭增昌王云芳王汝敏郑水蓉(1-16)水性环氧树脂的制备和固化机理的探讨……………………………马承银郑文姬胡慧萍陈启元卢翠红(1-28)炭黑接枝方法与接枝炭黑应用的研究进展………………………………………………赵建义王成扬李同起(1-34)高聚物环带球晶的…     

仿生智能纳米通道在能量转换中的应用

智能纳米通道由于独特的纳米结构,导致对离子的通过具有选择性、整流性和门控性,从而在能量转换领域具有重要的应用前景。本文根据能量转换原理的不同,将纳米通道在能量转换中的应用分为:模仿电鳗鱼将化学能转换为电能,模仿绿叶将光能转换为化学能,模仿菌紫质将光能转换为电能,模仿水力发电机将流体机械能转换为电能。其中,模仿电鳗鱼系统由于广泛的能量来源、高的能量转换效率以及输出的能量形式为电能,应用前景最为广阔。能量转换的性能受纳米通道自身的几何结构以及内表面电荷密度的影响。除此之外,还受外界条件的影响,比如电解质溶液类型和浓度,浓差和气压差的大小以及pH值等。     

肌球蛋白的结构及工作机制

在生物界中,化学能转化成定向的机械能的分子机理是一个基本问题.有一类能利用化学能/化学势进行机械做功的生物大分子,称为分子马达.分子马达依据其作用的方式可分为线性分子马达与旋转式分子马达两大类.线性分子马达是一类将化学能转化为机械能,并沿着一个线性轨道运动的生物     

扬帆启航：电化学实验初步

电化学是研究电能和化学能相互转化的规律的科学。电能和化学能之间的相互转换,是通过电极/电解质溶液表界面的结构变化和电荷转移反应来实现的。以电化学能源器件为例,前者为超级电容器,能量存储和释放主要通过界面双电层的表界面结构变化来实现;后者为化学电源,能量存储和释放主要通过电极活性物质的表界面化学反应来实现。所以,研究一个电化学体系时,主要关注两个问题,即表界面结构和表界面电荷转移反应。而表界面结构直接影响表界面电荷转移反应的性质,因此,从电化学实验的角度,表界面的构筑是至关重要的,包括电极的制备和表征、电极修饰材料的制备及组装、溶剂和支持电解质的选择和优化、电化学实验环境等等。本文旨在向广大电化学初学者讲述电化学实验的准备工作以及对实验现场数据的基本判断,帮助大家在实验中及时发现问题,及早采取措施,高效率地获取可信的实验数据。     

直接碳固体氧化物燃料电池

碳是重要的能量载体. 直接碳固体氧化物燃料电池（DC-SOFC）是一种直接使用固体碳为燃料的能量转换装置,通过电化学反应,DC-SOFC可将碳所蕴含的化学能直接而连续地转换成电能,转换效率高,产生的CO₂浓度高,易于捕集和后续处理. 本文系统地介绍DC-SOFC的结构组成、工作原理、研究现状和发展趋势,重点介绍了作者课题组在DC-SOFC研究方面的成果和进展,包括单电池和电池组的研制、采用生物质碳和煤炭为燃料时的性能和DC-SOFC在气电联产中的应用探索.     

论具有光,电特性的有机,高分子功能材料

在当今世界中存在着物质、能量、信息三种形态的流动,而信息的流动日益显得重要。有机高分子材料作为结构用材料曾经起过并且还将起着巨大作用,例如四、五十年代曾有塑料时代之称,而当前和下一世纪高分子材料在功能材料领域的开拓已成为和必将成为研究和应用的重点,作为信息材料则更是其中竞争最激烈的领域。     

21世纪最理想的发电技术之一——燃料电池

随着化石燃料的日趋减少与生态环境的不断恶化,节能、减排已经成为我国的基本国策.燃料电池是将燃料的化学能直接转换为电能的一种电化学反应装置,与传统的发电方式相比,能量转换效率高、发电过程环境友好,只要保持燃料的不断供应即可连续发电,在航天航空、舰船潜器、电动车辆、移动通信、电子设备移动电源与分布电站等领域具有广阔的应用前景,被视为＂21世纪最理想的发电技术＂之一.     

膜的电子传递

生命体系的基本特点是它具有捕获、转换和贮存各种形式能量的功能,其中大部分的能量转换是发生在生物膜上。例如,质膜、类囊体膜、线粒体内膜、视网膜和神经膜就分别可将电化学能转为内能,光能转为化学能,内能转为化学能,光能转为电能以及化学能转为电能。在     

聚二巯化合物正极材料的合成及性质的初步研究

固态电池发展至今，许多比能量高、贮存性能好的新型电池产品不断涌向市场，而目前广泛用于正极材料的大多数物质是层状化合物［１］，如聚乙炔，聚苯胺等化合物，它们贮存能量的方式主要是通过插入化学反应来实现，本工作将合成一种高分子材料——２．５－二巯基－１，３...     

纳米孔道动电效应能量转换系统的前沿研究进展

可再生清洁能源的开发和利用对人类社会的可持续发展具有重要意义。 基于动电效应的纳米孔道能量转换系统将流体机械能转化为电能,有望应用于微型电源部件、自驱动纳米机器、微机电体系等领域,为清洁能源发电系统的开发提供了全新的选择。 纳米孔道中的机械能-电能转换过程涉及固体孔道与流体界面间的相互作用,合理设计孔道界面的微观结构,对其进行化学修饰及探讨界面间的相互作用,是提高能量转换效率和输出功率的关键。 近年来,随着纳米技术的迅猛发展及人们对界面物理化学的深入研究,纳米孔道结构和纳流体发电体系能被更精准地设计和集成。 本文主要介绍了基于动电效应的纳米孔道能量转换系统的基本概念,重点关注了纳米孔道中动电效应的最新研究进展,并对该领域进行了展望,为纳米孔道动电效应能量转换系统、纳米发电机、自驱动纳米机器、可穿戴器件等领域的进一步发展和应用提供参考。     

水凝胶的制备及仿生设计在能源领域应用的研究进展

能源与环境问题是当前时代面临的一大课题,有效利用并储存能源,缓解一系列严峻的环境污染问题也是当前研究的热点,电化学储能、光催化、光热界面蒸发和水汽收集这些能源利用措施已经作为环保手段深入人类的生活.大自然作为一位天然的设计师为我们能够提供诸多灵感,自然界诸多生物、生命体系中特性、机制和结构均暗含着十分巧妙的奥秘.本文重...     

Adaptive Catalytic Systems for Chemical Energy Conversion

The rapidly growing importance of green hydrogen and renewable carbon resources as essential feedstocks for sustainable chemical value chains opens room for disruptive innovations regarding chemical production processes. The fluctuation and variability associated with non-fossil energy and raw material supply holds many challenges for catalysts to cope with the resulting dynamics. However, many new opportunities also arise once catalyst design starts to aim at performance that is “adaptive” rather than “task-specific”. In this Scientific Perspective, we propose to define adaptivity in catalysis on the basis of three essential properties that are reversibility, rapidity, and robustness (R³ rule). Promising design strategies and selected examples are described to substantiate the scientific concept and to highlight its potential for chemical energy conversion.     

Application of Polyelectrolytic Temperature-Responsive Hydrogels in Chemical Sensors

Summary: A rapidly expanding field of on-line process monitoring and on-line control in biotechnology, food industry, pharmaceutical industry, process chemistry, environmental measuring technology, water treatment and sewage processing requires the development of new micro fabricated reliable chemical and biosensors that are specific for particular species and can attain the analytic information in a faster, simpler and cheaper manner. Using a functionalised polymer coating in sensors provides the possibility to detect, transmit and record the information regarding the concentration change or the presence of a specific analyte (a chemical or biological substance that needs to be measured) by producing a signal proportional to the concentration of the target analyte. However, the sensor response time and signal reproducibility are limited by the visco-elastical and hysteresis behaviour of the polymer material. We propose some methods improving the properties of the chemical sensors on the basis of thermo-shrinking N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) copolymer gels.     

Progress and Prospects on the Fabrication of Graphene-Based Nanostructures for Energy Storage,Energy Conversion and Biomedical Applications

Graphene, a two-dimensional (2D) layered material has attracted much attention from the scientific community due to its exceptional electrical, thermal, mechanical, biological and optical properties. Hence, numerous applications utilizing graphene-based materials could be conceived in next-generation electronics, chemical and biological sensing, energy conversion and storage, and beyond. The interaction between graphene surfaces with other materials plays a vital role in influencing its properties than other bulk materials. In this review, we outline the recent progress in the production of graphene and related 2D materials, and their uses in energy conversion (solar cells, fuel cells), energy storage (batteries, supercapacitors) and biomedical applications.     

Searching the Chemical Space of Bicyclic Dienes for Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Candidates

Photoswitches are molecular systems that are chemically transformed subsequent to interaction with light and they find potential application in many new technologies. The design and discovery of photoswitch candidates require intricate molecular engineering of a range of properties to optimize a candidate to a specific applications, a task which can be tackled efficiently using quantum chemical screening procedures. In this paper, we perform a large scale screening of approximately half a million bicyclic diene photoswitches in the context of molecular solar thermal energy storage using ab initio quantum chemical methods. We further device an efficient strategy for scoring the systems based on their predicted solar energy conversion efficiency and elucidate potential pitfalls of this approach. Our search through the chemical space of bicyclic dienes reveals systems with unprecedented solar energy conversion efficiencies and storage densities that show promising design guidelines for next generation molecular solar thermal energy storage systems.     

Oxygen Electrochemistry as a Cornerstone for Sustainable Energy Conversion

Electrochemistry will play a vital role in creating sustainable energy solutions in the future, particularly for the conversion and storage of electrical into chemical energy in electrolysis cells, and the reverse conversion and utilization of the stored energy in galvanic cells. The common challenge in both processes is the development of—preferably abundant—nanostructured materials that can catalyze the electrochemical reactions of interest with a high rate over a sufficiently long period of time. An overall understanding of the related processes and mechanisms occurring under the operation conditions is a necessity for the rational design of materials that meet these requirements. A promising strategy to develop such an understanding is the investigation of the impact of material properties on reaction activity/selectivity and on catalyst stability under the conditions of operation, as well as the application of complementary in situ techniques for the investigation of catalyst structure and composition.     

从能源产业发展和人才需求浅谈“能源化学”新工科改造

Based on building emerging engineering education of "energy chemistry", we investigated the state key petro-chemical enterprises according to the industrial development and the demand of professional talents. The research report summarizes, analyzes and discusses the current priority development fields of industry, the talent training status, curriculum structure and education program of the chemistry and chemical engineering in universities. The ideas on emerging engineering education of "energy chemistry" have been proposed, and it will be beneficial to building a novel education program for talents training, which integrates the principle of chemistry, energy conversion and information science, etc.     

Basalt fibre-reinforced high density polyethylene composite development using the twin screw extrusion process

Offshore renewable energy can lead the way towards sustainable energy harvesting and support the achievement of the CO2 reduction target by 2030. To achieve this goal it is necessary to decrease the manufacturing and deployment cost of the offshore devices. This paper focusses on the mechanical, chemical and microstructural assessment of a novel high density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with short basalt fibres for potential application as a hull material for wave energy devices. The choice of short fibres ensures the new composite can utilise existing low cost manufacturing methods for HDPE structures. In particular this study compares the properties of material with a recycled HDPE matrix with the properties of a material using a virgin HDPE matrix. The mechanical properties achieved by the novel composites exceed an improvement of ~300% in the properties of the monolithic polymer hence indicating the potential of this material, both for recycled and virgin HDPE. Furthermore, exploration in detail of the interaction fibres/matrix indicated the dynamic reaction between coupling agent and polymeric matrix showing the formation of molecular bonding perpendicular to the fibres, hence enhancing a 3D network that further increases the reinforcement abilities of the fibres.