Evaluation of energy distribution on a heterogeneous surface from heat of adsorption and its application to the ammonia/Na-Y zeolite system

The— function (energy level function) which represents surface heterogeneity was derived from theq— function (experimental heat function) in the case of reversible adsorption. The Langmuir equation was extended and applied to the procedure of calculations. An iterative calculation led to the most probable— function by setting theq— function and adsorption temperature. As an example for actual cases, the— function of Na-Y zeolite was calculated from theq— function obtained by the measurement of heats of adsorption of ammonia at 373 K. The— function thus derived seemed to be consistent with the positional distribution of sodium ions.     

Effects of adsorbed bismuth on Si(001) surface electronic states

It is shown that depositing Bi on an Si(001) surface fills the free broken-bond surface states, whose concentration decreases linearly as the bismuth coating 8 increases up to _st, = 0.6 monolayer. The bismuth desorption activation energy is constant < _st, (E_d = 2.77 ± 0.1 eV) and decreases for > _st.Taras Shevachenko Kiev National University, ul. Vladimirskaya 64, 252601 Kiev-17, Ukraine. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 168–171, May–June, 1996. Original article submitted September 19, 1995.     

Estimation of heat of adsorption from energy distribution on heterogeneous surfaces by a theoretical analysis of adsorption process

An attempt was made to calculate theq— function (experimental heat function) from the— function (energy level function) of a heterogeneous surface. In order to obtain the heat of adsorption, adsorption was assumed to take place on each energy level of the— function. In reversible adsorption, Langmuir's monolayer model was extended to determine the occupation of energy levels by molecules. On this basis, the heat of adsorption could be calculated. Irreversible adsorption was also examined on the basis of chemical kinetics. Molecules were supposed to be held on sites to which they first collided. These calculations were useful for estimating the extent of deviation of theq— function from the— function.     

A calorimetric investigation into copper–arginine and copper–alanine solid state interactions

Complexes of formula CuCl₂ · 2arg and CuCl₂ · 4ala (arg = arginine; ala = alanine) were prepared at room temperature by a solid state route. The metal–amino acid solid state interactions were studied by i.r. spectroscopy and solution calorimetry. For both complexes, participation of the carboxylate group as well as nitrogen in coordination are inferred, based on the i.r. data. For the copper–arginine compound, the calculated thermochemical parameters are: _rH_m = –114.9 ± 1.42 and _fH_m = –1608.3 ± 11.6 kJ mol^–1. For copper–alanine compound, a complete set of thermochemical parameters were calculated: _rH_m = –18.0 ± 0.9; _fH_m = –2490.4 ± 4.3; _DH_m = 597.2 ± 17.7; _MH_m = 771.9 ± 18.7; _gH_m = 627.1 ± 22.3 and D (Cu–L) = 156.8 ± 5.7 kJ mol^–1. Based on _rH_m and dissolution enthalpy values, a stronger intermolecular solid state interaction can be inferred for the arginine complex, than for the alanine one complex, probably due to the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the former.     

Effect of Thallium Adatoms on Electrode Processes in the System Gold–Cyanide Solutions

The possibility of determining kinetic parameters of the gold electrodeposition in the presence of thallium adatoms is considered. The coverage of the electrode surface by thallium adatoms is monitored. The steady-state values of potential used correspond to current densities i that are directly proportional to the concentration of thallium ions in solution. The procedure is based on the assumption that the rate of incorporation of adatoms is proportional to the product i. With increasing to 0.25, the exchange current and transfer coefficient increase from 5 × 10^–5 A cm^–2 and 0.23 in pure solutions to1.5 × 10^–4 A cm² and 0.6 at = 0.25–0.3, whereas the reaction order by cyanide ions remains practically invariant with increasing . Variations in the kinetic parameters with are compared to similar measurements obtained earlier for the anodic process. These may be made consistent by assuming that mechanisms of cathodic and anodic reactions differ in pure solutions and are identical in the presence of catalytically active adatoms. An explanation to the above regularities is given.     

Investigation of the electric moments of AgI particles in aqueous solutions by electric birefringence

Summary Aqueous suspensions of AgI were studied by the electric birefringence method. The rotatory diffusion constant and the relation between two electric moments of the particles (defined by the ratio ) were determined from the dependence of the electric birefringence on the frequency of the applied field (=229s ^–1; =2,37). These parameters were also calculated from the electric birefringence data in rapidly reversed electric pulses. The obtained values are=237s ^–1 and =1,09. The correspondence of the-values is satisfactory. The discrepancy of the -values may be due to the polydispersity of the investigated suspension. The dependence of electric birefringence on the frequency of the applied field, the difference between the initial slopes of the curvesn/E ₌ ² andn/E _~ ² and the type of the birefringence at field reversal show that the orientation of the AgI particles is due to the interaction of two electric moments with the applied field, which are directed along the larger dimension of the particles. One of both electric moments is the induced dipole moment connected with the displacement of the ions in the double electric layer. The other moment shows a slow relaxation between 10 Hz and 1 kHz and may be related to either the permanent or a slow induced dipole moment.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden wäßrige AgI-Suspensionen mit Hilfe der elektrischen Doppelbrechung untersucht. Die Rotationsdiffusionskonstante und die Beziehung —definiert als Verhältnis - zwischen zwei elektrischen Momenten der Teilchen wurden aus der Abhängigkeit der elektrischen Doppelbrechung von der Frequenz des angelegten Feldes bestimmt (=229s ^–1;=2,37). Diese Parameter wurden auch aus Messungen der elektrischen Doppelbrechung im elektrischen Feld mit rechteckförmigen Impulsen wechseln der Polarität berechnet. Die erhaltenen Werte,=237s ^–1 und =1,09, stimmen im Fall gut, im Fall schlecht überein, was auf die Polydispersität der untersuchten Dispersionen zurückgeführt werden kann. Aus der Abhängigkeit der elektrischen Doppelbrechung von der Frequenz des angelegten Feldes, aus der Differenz zwischen den Anfangssteigungen der Kurvenn/E ₌ ² undn/E _~ ² und aus dem Verhalten der Doppelbrechung bei rechteckförmigen Pulsen wechselnder Polarität geht hervor, daß die Orientierung der AgI-Partikel von der Wechselwirkung zweier elektrischer Momente mit dem angelegten elektris chen Feld herrührt, die beide mit der Richtung der längeren Achse der Teilchen übereinstimmen. Eines der beiden Momente ist das induzierte Dipolmoment und kommt durch eine sehr schnelle Platzverschiebung der Ionen in der elektrischen Doppelschicht zustande. Das andere Moment zeigt eine langsame Relaxation im Bereich 10 Hz bis 1 kHz und kann entweder mit dem permanenten Dipolmoment oder mit einem langsamen induzierten Dipolmoment in Zusammenhang gebracht werden.

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With 4 figures and 1 table     

Interelectronic angle densities of atoms in momentum space

For the 102 atoms from He to Lr in their ground states, the Hartree–Fock interelectronic angle densities,¯A(¯₁₂), in momentum space are reported, where ¯₁₂ is the angle between the momentum vectorsp₁ and p₂ of two electrons. In the first three atoms, He–Be, ¯A(¯₁₂) is found to be uniform independent of ¯₁₂, while in the remaining 99 atoms,¯A(¯₁₂) is larger for a large ¯₁₂ than for a small ¯₁₂. Accordingly, the average interelectronic angles in momentum space are 90° precisely for the three atoms and greater than 90° for the 99 atoms.     

Ferromagnetism of Two-Bridge Clusters

A generalized model of angular overlapping was used to analyze the magnetic properties of polynuclear complexes. The structural elements of these complexes contain planar binuclear fragments of the M(LR)₂M type. The maximum ferromagnetism for the monoatomic bridges corresponds to = MLM, which is about 100°. Weak planar interactions between L and R displace the ferromagnetism maximum towards lower , while interactions shift it towards higher . In almost all cases, strong planar interactions (LLR 180°) are responsible for strong antiferromagnetism.     

Kinetics of Gold Electrodeposition from Cyanide Electrolytes at a Monitored Surface Coverage by Thallium Atoms

A procedure for measuring kinetic parameters of gold electrodeposition in the presence of catalytically active thallium(I) ions while monitoring the coverage of the gold surface by thallium adatoms, , is described. The procedure accounts for the duration of contact between a freshly renewed surface of gold and a thallium-containing solution and assumes that the incorporation rate of thallium adatoms is proportional to and the current density of gold electrodeposition. At = const, kinetic dependences correspond to the Tafel equation. Values of and i ₀ increase with . At = 0.3, 0.6 and i ₀ 3 × 10^–4 A cm^–2, which conforms to values calculated from anodic curves obtained in similar conditions.     

Configuration interaction calculation of the ground state π-electronic angular momenta of the benzene anion and cation

The ground state -electronic angular momenta of the benzene anion and cation are calculated by the MC LCAO MO method which includes an optimum configuration interaction. Calculated values are ±1.03 for the anion and ±0.74 for the cation, while those obtained by the usual SCF without CI method are ±1.07 and ±0.78 , respectively.     

Subshell-pair interelectronic angles of atoms

For the 102 atoms from He to Lr in their ground states, the average interelectronic angles <₁₂> _{nl, n'l'} between an electron in a subshellnl and another electron in a subshell n'l' are examined, where n and l are the principal and azimuthal quantum numbers, respectively. Theoretical study clarifies that <₁₂> _nl,n'l' are 90° precisely if l–l' are even, while they are larger than 90° if l–l' are odd. Numerical analysis of 3,275 subshell pairs with odd l–l' of the 102 atoms shows that the increases in the total average interelectronic angles <₁₂> from 90° are attributed predominantly to subshell pairs with n=n' and l–l'=1.     

Synthesis of antigenic bacterial polysaccharides and their fragments

Conclusions The free trisaccharide-D-mannopyranosyl(1-4)--L-rhamnopyranosyl(1 3)-D-galactopyranose was obtained, which is the repeating unit of the backbone chain of the O-specific polysaccharides ofSalmonella of serological groups A, B, and D₁.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No.1, pp.165–167, January, 1976.     

Effect of Lead Ions on the Kinetics of Gold Deposition from Cyanide Electrolytes

The depolarization of the gold electrodeposition in the presence of lead ions depends on their concentration and the duration of electrode contact with solution preceding a potential scan in an extremum fashion. At constant coverages of the gold surface by lead adatoms , the process rate depends on the overvoltage in accord with the Tafel equation. Effective values of the exchange current i ₀ and transfer coefficient increase with from i ₀ 3 × 10^–5 A cm^–2 and = 0.23 in pure solutions to 3 × 10^–4 A cm^–2 and 0.53 at 0.4. The reaction order by cyanide ions is independent of and equals nearly –0.9. Effects of lead adatoms on the kinetics of cathodic and anodic processes are compared and the obtained data may be brought to conformance given that their mechanisms in pure solutions differ and converge in the presence of lead adatoms.     

Activity coefficients for ternary systems: VI. The system HCl + MgCl2 + H2O at different temperatures; application of Pitzer's equations

Electromotive-force measurements have been made on HCl–MgCl₂–H₂O mixtures at 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45°C at eleven different ionic strengths from 0.1–5.0 mol-kg ^–1 . The results are interpreted in terms of the simple Harned's equations, as well as the more complicated Pitzer ion-component treatment of multicomponent electrolyte mixtures. Activity coefficients for HCl in the salt mixtures obey Harned's rule up to and including I=5.0. For the salt in the acid mixtures, Harned's rule holds true up to and including I=0.5. The contribution of higher-order electrostatic terms (E and E') in the Pitzer equations is important for accurate evaluations of unlike cation-cation interactions (_H,Mg), and cation-anion-cation interactions (_H,Mg,Cl). The values of^S_H,Mg and _H,Mg,Cl (determined with E and E'), _H,Mg and _H,Mg,Cl (determined without E and E'), as well as the trace activity coefficients of HCl, _tr ^A , in solutions of MgCl₂ (where ionic strength fraction of the salt,y _B = 1) at all the experimental temperatures and ionic strengths, are reported. Results of this study are compared with those for similar systems. At I=0.1 and 25°C, the results of the Brönsted-Guggenheim specific interaction theory are discussed briefly.     

Small-angle x-ray analysis of latex particles with core-shell morphology

A small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) study of latex particles consisting of a polystyrene (PS) core and a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) shell in theq-range 0.037 nm^–1q1.5 nm^–1 (q=(4/) sin (/2); : scattering angle) is reported. The particle size distributions of the latices have been determined by ultracentrifugation and allow a quantitative comparison of the experimental scattering intensities with theoretical models. The data obtained for the PS/PMMA latex are shown to be consistent with the proposed core-shell morphology. Separate studies of the PS-core-latex demonstrate that the amount of surfactant being adsorbed on the surface of the particles can be monitored directly. All results show that SAXS is well-suited to study the structure of latex particles in great detail.     

Deposition of Langmuir-Blodgett layers

The behavior of a liquid being pulled out along a vertical plate is discussed, assuming that, in equilibrium, the liquid has a finite contact angle _e . Using a simplified form of the Huh-Scriven analysis for viscous friction, we show that a steady state solution (with a dynamic contact angle< _e ) exists provided that the velocity of pull-outU is below a certain thresholdU _m(_e). These considerations can be transposed (with a modification in numerical coefficients) to the case where the liquid is covered with a surfactant monolayer, to be transferred towards the solid in theY mode. SinceU _m is predicted in terms of interfacial tensions, this may provide a general scheme of interpretation for reactive deposition.     

Electrode kinetics in cyanide silver-plating electrolytes at different surface coverages by lead adatoms

Effective values of exchange current i ₀, cathodic and anodic transfer coefficients and , and cathodic and anodic reaction orders with respect to cyanide ions (P _c, P _a) are measured in cyanide silver-plating electrolytes at different surface coverages by lead adatoms . With increasing coverage, i ₀ and increase from 5 × 10^–5 A cm^–2 and 0.24 in pure solutions to 8 × 10^–5 A cm^–2 and 0.3 at = 0.4, with P _c and P _a hardly altering. The cathodic process markedly accelerates at = 0.6, while at 0.5 the kinetics of the cathodic process is unstable. Different effects of lead adatoms on cathodic and anodic gold and silver plating in cyanide solutions are due to lead salts not affecting the metal substrate dissolution mechanism in the latter case.__________Translated from Elektrokhimiya, Vol. 41, No. 4, 2005, pp. 468–474.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Bek, Shuraeva.     

Reaction of trans-tetracyanodioxomolybdate(IV) with salicylaldehyde as an important stage in the Schiff base ligand formation. Kinetics and mechanism

The kinetics of the reaction between the protonated species of trans-[Mo(CN)4O2]4– and salicylaldehyde (Hsal) was studied in the 7.8–12.0 pH range in H2O-MeOH mixtures. Spectroscopic characterization of the product indicates that the aqua and cyano ligands are substituted by sal– with formation of the [Mo(CN)3O (sal- 2O,O)]2– ion. The formation quotient, Kf for the overall reaction=31 (±1) at 25°C. In the presence ofan excess of ligand, the rate law is of the formd[Mo(CN)3O(sal- 2O,O)2–]/dt =kobs[Mo(CN)4O (H2O)2–]. The kobs value is equal to 2.9 (±8)×10–3 at 25°C. The activation parameters H (kobs) and S (kobs) are 103 (±9)kJmol–1 and 45 (±8)JK–1mol–1, respectively. The amount of the product formed decreases with increasing pH but the rate of the product formation increases. The reaction mechanism and the possible formation of Schiff base ligands in the presence of amines are discussed.     

51V NMR studies of a system vanadium pentoxide-potassium pyrosulfate

Two states of pentavalent vanadium in the system K₂S₂O₇–V₂O₅ have been found by the⁵¹V NMR method. For state 1 a polynuclear structure with greater distorted local environment compared with V₂O₅ is retained. For state 2 the nearest environment of vanadium differs significantly from V₂O₅, and is probably characterized by the higher ionic nature of the vanadium-oxygen bond.

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⁵¹V K₂S₂O₇–V₂O₅ . V₂O₅. , V₂O₅ , , -.

     

Kinetics and mechanism of the interaction of thiourea with cis-diaquaethylene-diamineplatinum(II) perchlorate in aqueous medium

The kinetics of the interaction of thiourea with [Pt(en)(H₂O)₂]²⁺ have been studied spectrophotometrically as a function of [Pt(en)(H₂O)₂]²⁺, [thiourea] and temperature at a particular pH(4.0), where the substrate complex exists predominantly as the diaqua species and the thiourea ligand as a neutral molecule. The reaction proceeds via a rapid outer sphere association followed by two slow consecutive steps, the second step exhibiting first order dependence on the aqua ion and thiourea concentrations. The activation parameters for both the steps have been evaluated: (H ₁ = 54.8 ± 1.2 kJ mol^–1, S ₁ = –96 ± 4 J K^–1 mol^–1, H ₂ = 27.9 ± 0.8 kJ mol^–1 and, S ₂ = –183 ± 2.6 J K^–1 mol^–1). The low enthalpy of activation and large negative values of entropy of activation indicate an associative mode of activation for both consecutive steps.