NMR spin–spin coupling constants in microhydrated ortho-aminobenzoic acid

The influence of the hydrogen-bond formation on the NMR spin–spin coupling constants, including the Fermi contact, the diamagnetic spin–orbit, the paramagnetic spin–orbit and the spin dipole term, has been investigated for the ortho-aminobenzoic acid microhydrated with up to three water molecules. The one-bond and two-bond spin–spin coupling constants for several intra-molecular and across-the-hydrogen-bond atomic pairs are calculated employing high-level density functional theory in combination with the B3LYP functional with two different types of extended basis sets for each level of microhydration. The spin–spin coupling constants, in general, vary inversely with the hydrogen bond length. The Fermi contact term is found to be the dominant contributor to the total value of spin–spin coupling constant followed by the paramagnetic spin–orbit term. The variations of Fermi contact term and atomic charge distribution with size of microhydration follow quite similar trend. The effect of explicit solvation provided by microhydration has also been compared briefly with that of bulk implicit solvation obtained through polarised continuum model and mixed microhydration/continuum approach.     

Electron–electron interaction induced spin thermalization in quasi-low-dimensional spin valves

We study the spin thermalization, i.e., the inter-spin energy relaxation mediated by electron–electron scattering in small spin valves. When one or two of the dimensions of the spin valve spacer are smaller than the thermal coherence length, the direct spin energy exchange rate diverges and needs to be regularized by the sample dimensions. Here we consider two model systems: a long quasi-1D wire and a thin quasi-2D sheet.     

Theory of spin polarization in mesoscopic spin–orbit coupling systems

We establish a general formalism of the bulk spin polarization (BSP) and the current-based spin polarization (CSP) for mesoscopic ferromagnetic and spin–orbit interaction (SOI) semiconducting systems. Based on this formalism, we reveal the basic properties of BSP and CSP and their relationships. The BSP describes the intrinsic spin polarized properties of devices. The CSP depends on both intrinsic parameters of device and the incident current. For the non-spin-polarized incident current with the in-phase spin-phase coherence, CSP equals to BSP. We give analytically the BSP and CSP of several typical nanodevice models, ferromagnetic nanowire, Rashba nanowire and rings. These results provide basic physical behaviors of BSP and CSP and their relationships.     

A review of current research on spin currents and spin–orbit torques

Spintronics is a new discipline focusing on the research and application of electronic spin properties. After the discovery of the giant magnetoresistance effect in 1988, spintronics has had a huge impact on scientific progress and related applications in the development of information technology. In recent decades, the main motivation in spintronics has been efficiently controlling local magnetization using electron flow or voltage rather than controlling the electron flow using magnetization. Using spin–orbit coupling in a material can convert a charge current into a pure spin current(a flow of spin momenta without a charge flow) and generate a spin–orbit torque on the adjacent ferromagnets. The ability of spintronic devices to utilize spin-orbit torques to manipulate the magnetization has resulted in large-scale developments such as magnetic random-access memories and has boosted the spintronic research area. Here in, we review the theoretical and experimental results that have established this subfield of spintronics. We introduce the concept of a pure spin current and spin-orbit torques within the experimental framework, and we review transport-, magnetization-dynamics-, and opticalbased measurements and link then to both phenomenological and microscopic theories of the effect. The focus is on the related progress reported from Chinese universities and institutes, and we specifically highlight the contributions made by Chinese researchers.     

The NMR indirect nuclear spin–spin coupling constant of the HD molecule

We present new calculated and experimental values of the NMR indirect nuclear spin–spin coupling constant in HD. In the quantum-chemical ab initio calculations, the full configuration-interaction (FCI) method is used, yielding an equilibrium value of 41.22?Hz in the basis-set limit. Adding a calculated zero-point vibrational correction of 1.89?Hz and a temperature correction of 0.20?Hz at 300?K, we obtain a total calculated spin–spin coupling constant of J _FCI(HD)?=?43.31(5)?Hz at 300?K. This result is within the error bars of the experimental gas-phase NMR value, J _exp(HD)?=?43.26(6)?Hz, obtained by extrapolating values measured in HD–He mixtures to zero density.     

Persistent spin current in mesoscopic antiferromagnet spin chain with Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction

By using the modified spin-wave and gauge invariant methods, we show that at zero temperature in the presence of an inhomogeneous magnetic field with magnitude B gives rise to a persistent magnetization current around a mesoscopic antiferromagnetic Heisenberg spin ring with the DM (Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya) interaction. The results show that the persistent magnetization current is vanishing at large $D_s/J$ ($D_s$ is reduced DM interaction and J is nearest exchange coupling) with $\alpha >1$ (α is a constant describing the energy gap of the spin system). The result also shows that under the homogeneous magnetic field there exists a non-zero spin current in the spin ring.     

Time-resolved spin dynamics in strained Zn1−xMnxSe/ZnSe spin superlattices

We use time-resolved spectroscopy to directly compare the spin dynamics in strained ZnMnSe epilayers and strained ZnMnSe/ZnSe spin superlattices. The spin-relaxation in these materials is observed to depend strongly on the concentration of the magnetic impurities. Surprisingly, however, no difference is observed between the spin-relaxation of excitons in the quasi-three-dimensional epilayers or the two-dimensional spin superlattices. Indeed, the spin-relaxation of excitons is also seen to be independent of the applied magnetic field or magnetization of the Mn-impurities.     

Numerical simulation study on spin resonant depolarization due to spin-orbit coupling

The spin polarization phenomenon in lepton circular accelerators had been known for many years.It provides a new approach for physicists to study the spin feature of fundamental particles and the dynamics of spin-orbit coupling,such as spin resonances.We use numerical simulation to study the features of spin under the modulation of orbital motion in an electron storage ring.The various cases of depolarization due to spin-orbit coupling through an emitting photon and misalignment of magnets in the ring are discussed.     

半导体中自旋轨道耦合及自旋霍尔效应

本文主要评述和介绍半导体微结构中自旋轨道耦合的研究和最近的研究进展。我们细致地讨论了半导体微结构中自旋轨道耦合的物理起源和窄带隙半导体量子阱中的自旋霍尔效应。我们发现目前国际上广泛采用的线性Rashba模型在较大的电子平面波矢处失效:即自旋轨道耦合导致的能带自旋劈裂不再随电子波矢的增加而增加,而是开始下降,即出现强烈的非线性行为。这种非线性的行为起源于导带和价带间耦合的减弱。这种非线性行为还会导致电子的D’yakonov-Perel’自旋弛豫速率在较高能量处下降,与线性模型的结果完全相反。在此基础上,我们构造统一描述电子和空穴自旋霍尔效应的理论框架。我们的方法可以非微扰地计入自旋轨道耦合对本征自旋霍尔效应的影响。我们将此方法应用于强自旋轨道耦合的情形,即窄带隙CdHgTe/CdTe半导体量子阱。我们发现调节外电场或量子阱的阱宽可以作为导致量子相变和本征自旋霍尔效应的开关。我们的工作可能会为区别和实验验证本征自旋霍尔效应提供物理基础。     

二维自旋轨道耦合电子气中持续自旋螺旋态的稳定性的研究

本文利用半经典的自旋密度矩阵方法对二维自旋轨道耦合电子气中持续自旋螺旋态的稳定性进行了一些研究, 重点研究了自旋螺旋态的寿命与其波矢、载流子迁移率、温度、自旋轨道耦合强度、外电场强度等因素之间的关系, 并将部分理论计算结果与最近的一些相关实验结果进行了比较,发现两者之间大致是符合的.     

自旋轨道耦合的23Na自旋-1玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体中的涡旋斑图的研究

利用阻尼映射Gross-Pitaevkii方程, 研究了二维体系中自旋轨道耦合的 ²³Na自旋-1 玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体中的涡旋斑图, 探索自旋轨道耦合强度对涡旋斑图的影响. 研究发现, 较弱的自旋轨道耦合就可以完全破坏不考虑自旋轨道耦合情况下出现的周期性涡旋晶格; 在自旋轨道耦合较强的情况下, 各自旋态的涡旋易形成涡旋组, 它们绕凝聚体中心形成花瓣状涡旋斑图. 关键词： 玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体 自旋 涡旋     

Quantum spin Hall and quantum valley Hall effects in trilayer graphene and their topological structures

The present study pertains to the trilayer graphene in the presence of spin orbit coupling to probe the quantum spin/valley Hall effect. The spin Chern-number C_s for energy-bands of trilayer graphene having the essence of intrinsic spin–orbit coupling is analytically calculated. We find that for each valley and spin, C_s is three times larger in trilayer graphene as compared to single layer graphene. Since the spin Chern-number corresponds to the number of edge states,consequently the trilayer graphene has edge states, three times more in comparison to single layer graphene. We also study the trilayer graphene in the presence of both electric-field and intrinsic spin–orbit coupling and investigate that the trilayer graphene goes through a phase transition from a quantum spin Hall state to a quantum valley Hall state when the strength of the electric field exceeds the intrinsic spin coupling strength. The robustness of the associated topological bulk-state of the trilayer graphene is evaluated by adding various perturbations such as Rashba spin–orbit(RSO) interaction αR, and exchange-magnetization M. In addition, we consider a theoretical model, where only one of the outer layers in trilayer graphene has the essence of intrinsic spin–orbit coupling, while the other two layers have zero intrinsic spin–orbit coupling.Although the first Chern number is non-zero for individual valleys of trilayer graphene in this model, however, we find that the system cannot be regarded as a topological insulator because the system as a whole is not gaped.     

自旋光电流与电流诱导的电子自旋极化——半导体自旋电子学的新进展

文章通过自旋光电流与Kerr效应的实验，介绍在自旋一轨道耦合的体系中，如何通过自旋注入来驱动电子的运动产生电流，又如何反过来通过电子的运动或电流在系统中产生自旋激化．实验结果表明，自旋轨道耦合不但给我们提供了对自旋的操控手段，而且还给我们提供了用非磁性材料且无外加磁场条件下作为自旋源的新途径．     

Persistent current in a magnetized Rashba ring

We theoretically study the persistent currents flowing in a Rashba quantum ring subjected to the Rashba spin-orbit interaction. By introducing uniform or nonuniform magnetization into the ring, we find that a nonzero persistent charge current circulates in the ring, which stems from the original equilibrium spin current due to the Rashba spin-orbit interaction. Because of broken time reversal symmetry, the two oppositely flowing spin-up and spin-down charge currents of the equilibrium spin current are no longer equal, and so a net persistent charge current can flow in the system. It is also found that the persistent current can be modulated by the Fermi energy, the Rashba spin-orbit interaction strength and the magnetization in the ring. Moreover, the magnetization perpendicular to the ring plane can optimize the current. The persistent current flowing in the ring is a manifestation of the nonzero equilibrium spin current existing in the ring.     

存在自旋轨道耦合的介观小环中的持续自旋流

文章作者研究了存在自旋轨道耦合的介观小环的平衡态性质.此前人们已经知道,在有磁通穿过的介观小环中,绕环运动的电子会产生一附加的Berry相位而导致持续电流;同样地,在仅有自旋轨道耦合的体系中,电子绕环运动也应当会产生附加的自旋Berry相位,进而驱动持续自旋流.文章作者通过对一个有正常区和自旋轨道耦合区的复合小环的计算,结果表明,无电流伴随的纯持续自旋流的确存在.文章作者指出,这持续自旋流描述真实的自旋运动,并且它能被实验观测.     

Spin current and its heat effect in a multichannel quantum wire with Rashba spin-orbit coupling

Using the perturbation method,we theoretically study the spin current and its heat effect in a multichannel quantum wire with Rashba spin-orbit coupling.The heat generated by the spin current is calculated.With the increase of the width of the quantum wire,the spin current and the heat generated both exhibit period oscillations with equal amplitudes.When the quantum-channel number is doubled,the oscillation periods of the spin current and of the heat generated both decrease by a factor of 2.For the spin current j s,xy,the amplitude increases with the decrease of the quantum channel;while the amplitude of the spin current j s,yx remains the same.Therefore we conclude that the effect of the quantum-channel number on the spin current j s,xy is greater than that on the spin current j s,yx.The strength of the Rashba spin-orbit coupling is tunable by the gate voltage,and the gate voltage can be varied experimentally,which implies a new method of detecting the spin current.In addition,we can control the amplitude and the oscillation period of the spin current by controlling the number of the quantum channels.All these characteristics of the spin current will be very important for detecting and controlling the spin current,and especially for designing new spintronic devices in the future.     

自旋轨道耦合系统中的自旋流与自旋霍尔效应

作为自旋电子学的重要研究内容,如何在固态系统中产生、操控以及探测自旋流引起了研究人员的广泛兴趣.基于自旋轨道耦合的自旋霍尔效应为在非磁性半导体中产生自旋流提供了一种有效途径.然而,在具有自旋轨道耦合的系统中,自旋流并不守恒.如何理解这点并恰当地表述相应的连续性方程,成为自旋输运研究的基本问题之一.本文主要综述自旋轨道耦合系统中自旋流与自旋霍尔效应方面的研究进展.引入SU(2)规范势后,自旋流满足协变形式的连续性方程,该方程保证了SU(2)Kubo公式在不同规范固定下的自洽性.利用SU(2)场强张量,可以直接得到自旋密度和自旋流在SU(2)外场中受到的白旋力,该力在只有U(1)磁场时对应于Stern-Gerlach力.由于依赖杂质散射的外在自旋霍尔效应很难被利用,内在自旋霍尔效应的概念被提出:在非磁半导体中,U(1)电场会诱导出自旋流并导致系统边缘处的自旋积累.自旋霍尔效应已经在半导体和金属材料中被观察到.虽然在干净的二维电子气中自旋霍尔电导率是一普适常数e/8π,但杂质对它的影响却引起了人们的高度关注.通过引入退相干效应,自旋霍尔效应中杂质效应的一些令人困惑的理论结果,则得到清晰的解释.此外,本文还将介绍具有层间隧穿的双层二维电子气中的自旋输运现象.在能量简并点附近,自旋霍尔电导率和隧穿白旋电导率均会出现共振现象.当两层间的杂质势强度存在差异时,隧穿自旋电导率随门压的变化曲线呈现出非对称性,显示出自旋二极管效应.