Temperature-compensating multiple fiber Bragg grating strain sensors with a metrological grating

A novel approach based on multiple fiber Bragg gratings for measuring the distributed strain, which is temperature compensated, is demonstrated. Especially, in order to increase the measurement accuracy, a metrological grating is employed to read out the output of the system. The measurement resolution of the system is less than 0.5 μ.     

Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature based on a fiber Bragg grating combined with a high-birefringence fiber loop mirror

We present an all-fiber sensor for simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain. The sensing head is formed by introducing a fiber Bragg grating into a high-birefringence fiber loop mirror that acts as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer for temperature and strain discrimination. A sensing resolution of ±1 °C in temperature and ±21 με in strain has been experimentally achieved over a temperature range of 60 °C and strain range of 600 με.     

Fiber Bragg grating strain sensor based on fiber laser

A study on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensor, based on erbium-doped fiber (EDF) laser, is presented. A strain-sensing element, FBG, also acts as the lasing wavelength selecting component. When strain is applied on the FBG, the laser cavity loss changes, leading to a modification of the laser transient. Strain measurements are obtained in the time domain by simply measuring the EDF laser build-up time. Relative variation in the build-up time of up to 190%, for a strain range from 0 με to 2350 με, is achieved with a resolution corresponding to a strain of better than 2.35 με. This study demonstrates a novel fiber sensor concept and the technical feasibility to develop fiber strain measurement.     

Multiplexing of fiber Bragg grating sensors using subcarrier intensity modulation

We report the theory and experimental demonstration of two multiplexing schemes for addressing fiber grating sensor arrays consisting of multiple branches. In the first scheme, light in each branch is intensity modulated at different subcarrier frequencies and signals from different branches are separated in frequency domain by using bandpass filters. In the second scheme, the modulation frequency in each branch can be the same and signal separation is performed in time domain by using an electronic switch after photodetection.     

Dynamic strain measurement using two wavelength-matched fiber Bragg grating sensors interrogated by a cascaded long-period fiber grating

In this work, we describe a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing system using two wavelength-matched FBG sensors for static and dynamic strain measurement. A cascaded long-period fiber grating (CLPG)-based demodulation technique has been used to interrogate the two wavelength-matched FBG sensors. Experimental results of static strain measurement show that the proposed system has a strain resolution of 1 με. This system has also been used for dynamic strain measurement. An eddy current displacement meter-based system has been used as a comparison measurement. Experimental results of dynamic strain measurement have proved that the FBG sensing system has a good performance in the measurement of dynamic strain. The results of static and dynamic strain measurement indicate that the sensing system using two wavelength-matched FBG sensors is superior to the single FBG sensor system.     

Simultaneous measurement of curvature and temperature based on PCF-based interferometer and fiber Bragg grating

A sensor head consisting of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for simultaneous measurement of curvature and temperature. The MZI fabricated by splicing a short length of PCF between two single-mode fibers with the air-hole structure that completely collapsed near the splicing points, is sensitive to fiber bending and surrounding temperature, while the FBG is only sensitive to the later. Simultaneous measurement of curvature and temperature is therefore obtained. Sensitivities of 4.06 nm/m^− 1 and 6.30 pm/°C are achieved experimentally for curvature and temperature, respectively. And the corresponding resolutions are 5.2 × 10^− 4 m^− 1 and 1.25 °C for curvature and temperature, respectively, based on the wavelength measurement resolution of 10 pm.     

布拉格光纤光栅传感器在非均匀应变场中的响应分析

在非均匀应变场的作用下,布拉格光纤光栅的主要参数有效折射率和光栅周期都会发生非均匀的变化,导致光纤光栅的反射光光谱结构发生变化。在光波导耦合模理论的基础上,建立了布拉格光纤光栅在非均匀应变场下反射光谱的分析数学模型,利用龙格 库塔法对其进行了数值求解。给出了几种典型应变场下的布拉格光纤光栅的反射光谱,并分析了它们的特点。     

Temperature-independent bending sensor with tilted fiber Bragg grating interacting with multimode fiber

A new type fiber bending sensor based on a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) interacting with a multimode fiber (MMF) is presented. The sensing head is formed by insertion of a small section of MMF between a single-mode fiber (SMF) and the TFBG. The average reflective power in the cladding modes decreases with the increase of curvature. The measurement range of the curvature from 0 to 2.5 m⁻¹ with a measurement sensitivity of −802.4 nW/m⁻¹ is achieved. The proposed sensor is also proved as temperature-independent from the experimental investigation.     

Fiber torsion sensor demodulated by a high-birefringence fiber Bragg grating

A new high-birefringence (Hi-Bi) fiber torsion sensor demodulated by a Hi-Bi fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is proposed in this study. The twisted Hi-Bi fiber sensor characteristics are analyzed using the Jones matrix. The intensity ratio from two reflected Bragg wavelengths is associated with the twist angle of the measured Hi-Bi fiber. It is found that the twist angle resolution is estimated at around 0.3° under ±0.1 dB readout from an optical spectrum analyzer if the polarization state of the light source is stable. The advantages of this new torsion sensor are: (1) insensitivity to intensity variations from the light source, (2) insensitivity to the torsion gauge length, and (3) absolute measurement in the twist angle. However, the polarization state of light in the proposed method needs to be controlled, and any birefringence change in the twisted Hi-Bi fiber needs to be prevented.     

激光多普勒测速精度分析

激光多普勒测速（ＬａｓｅｒＤｏｐｐｌｅｒＶｅｌｏｃｉｍｅｔｒｙ）以其高精度、使用方便而在速度测试领域得到广泛的应用。人们也因此而忽视了对影响其测试精度的因素进行系统的分析。为此,本文主要对影响激光多普勒测速精度的因素作了具体分析。主要分析了有限渡越时间、测控体中的示踪粒子、光电探测器、激光束定位等因素,并提出了在具体实验时的注意事项。     

Sensing properties of fiber Bragg gratings in small-core Ge-doped photonic crystal fibers

We report about fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) inscribed in two different types of small-core Ge-doped photonic crystal fibers with a UV laser. Sensing properties of the FBGs were systematically investigated by means of demonstrating the responses of Bragg wavelengths to temperature, strain, bending, and transverse-loading. The Bragg wavelength of the FBGs shifts toward longer wavelengths with increasing temperature, tensile strain, and transverse-loading. Moreover, the bending and transverse-loading properties of the FBGs are sensitive to the fiber orientations. The reasonable analyses for these sensing properties also are presented.     

Experimental verification of response of embedded optical fiber Bragg grating sensors in non-homogeneous strain fields

One of the advantages of optical fiber sensors is their ease of embedment within a structure for non-destructive strain monitoring. In particular, Bragg grating sensors are written directly into an optical fiber hence remaining unobtrusive. In addition, several gratings can be written in series along a single fiber, permitting sensing at discrete points throughout the strain field. However, in regions of strong strain gradients, measuring the strain at discrete points may not be sufficient. One solution is to write a Bragg grating longer than the strain region of interest and use the change in its spectral response to determine the applied strain field as a function of position along the fiber. This paper presents an experimental verification of the response of an embedded optical fiber Bragg grating (OFBG) to applied non-homogeneous strain fields. Optical fiber Bragg grating sensors were embedded in four epoxy specimens of different forms so as to apply known strain functions along the gauge length when the specimen is under uniaxial tension. The complete spectral response of the Bragg gratings was then measured as a function of increasing load. The results are compared with analytical calculations, based on the piecewise-uniform period assumption for chirped gratings. Finally, the use of these spectra is discussed as possible basis functions for the resolution of an arbitrary applied strain distribution.     

A planar lightwave circuit based micro interrogator and its applications to the interrogation of multiplexed optical fiber Bragg grating sensors

Optical fiber Bragg grating sensors have found potential applications in many fields, but the lack of a simple, field deployable and low cost interrogation system is hindering their deployment. To tackle this, we have developed a micro optical sensor interrogator using a monolithically integrated planar lightwave circuit based echelle diffractive grating demultiplexer and a detector array. The design and development of this device are presented in this paper. It has been found that the measurement range of this micro interrogator is more than 25 nm with better than 1 pm resolution. This paper also reports the applications of the micro interrogator developed to the monitoring of commercial optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensors and mechanical sensors. The results obtained are very satisfactory and in some cases, they are better than those obtained using commercial bench top lab equipment.     

基于可调谐滤波器的带中心波长自动跟踪光纤光栅动态波长解调技术的研究

研究了基于可调谐滤波器(TOF)的带中心波长自动跟踪光纤光栅动态波长解调技术。实验表明,解调仪特别适合在传感FBG(fiber Bragg grating)存在大幅度静态波长变化时对微幅度动态波长变化进行检测,动态波长检测分辨率为0.007pm/Hz。上电时,TOF对中心波长为1292.50~1308.50nm范围内的光纤光栅具有自动跟踪的能力,克服了TOF不稳定对系统的影响。     

Addressing fiber Bragg grating sensors with wavelength-swept pulse fiber laser and analog electrical switch

A pulse train with a wavelength dependent time sequence is generated in a fiber laser configuration, which contains a cascaded wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) fiber Bragg grating (FBG) array and a tunable F-P filter. By distributing pulses to corresponding channels with a 1 × N analog electrical switch, a novel FBG sensors interrogation technique with advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high interrogation speed is experimentally demonstrated. Then, a FBG sensing system based on this interrogation technique and the mature unbalanced scanning Michelson interferometer (USMI) demodulation technique is realized. The system has shown a sensitivity of 1.610°/με, for the 1555 nm FBG, which agrees well with the theoretical value of 1.674°/με.     

Modelling of guided-wave Bragg gratings and grating sensors using the collocation method

We have used the collocation method to model the characteristics of guided-wave Bragg gratings. The collocation method being a total field method, takes into account all modes, guided as well as radiation. We have first studied the effect of the grating structural parameters such as the grating profile and the duty cycle of periodic variation and have shown that these can have significant effect on the Bragg wavelength and the reflection spectrum. We have then obtained the response characteristics of gratings for their use in strain, temperature and pressure sensing. Our results compare very well with available experimental results. Comparisons with the coupled mode theory have also been included.     

Enhancement of measurement accuracy in fiber Bragg grating sensors by using digital signal processing

Wavelength detection accuracy in fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors can be increased by use of digital signal processing after photo-detection. Finite impulse response and infinite impulse response algorithms were implemented and used to improve the wavelength detection accuracy of peak detection and time-zero-crossing techniques. The wavelength detection resolution can be improved by an order of magnitude compared with that obtained directly from an optical spectrum analyzer/tunable laser.     

可分离温度影响的FBG应变测量方法

光纤布拉格光栅在通信和传感领域具有广泛的应用。利用光纤布拉格光栅中心波长的偏移，可以测量温度和应变等多种物理量，但必须解决光栅对温度和应变的交叉敏感问题。该文简要分析了光纤光栅作为传感器的基本原理及其优点，设计了利用参考光栅法分离温度影响以及利用掺铒光纤的自发发射放大特性分离温度影响的2种应变测量方法。最后，介绍了一种利用倾斜光纤光栅的主模和边模对布拉格光栅中心波长的偏移进行解调的方法，该方法成功地分离了温度对应变测量的影响。     

基于飞秒激光直写光纤光栅的掺镱光纤激光器

 利用飞秒激光微加工技术,可以在光纤纤芯内直写出布拉格光栅,它与传统的光纤光栅制作方法相比,具有耗时短、无需光敏光纤、周期可任意设定、光栅稳定性高等优点。采用800 nm钛宝石飞秒激光器,在Hi1060光纤内写入一支8 mm长的布拉格光栅,光纤光栅的周期为2.9 μm,这是中心波长为1 042 nm的八阶光纤布拉格光栅。将所得光栅与一段有源的双包层光纤熔接,作为激光输出镜,利用975 nm的LD光纤模块作为泵浦源,采用端泵浦技术构成双包层光纤激光器。双包层光纤采用Nufern公司镱(Yb³⁺)离子掺杂双包层光纤,光纤长度3 m。所得激光器的输出功率为71.1 W,中心波长1 042 nm,带宽约为0.8 nm。     

传送带类问题归类分析

本文中的传送带类问题是指以皮带传送装置(传送带)为载体而构建的各类物理问题．传送带类问题丰富多彩，能够很好地再现物理知识和考查各种能力，因而值得我们分类探究．