二氧化碳地质埋存中套管-水泥环-地层二维模型分析

在二氧化碳被注入地层过程中,井下温度和流体压力的变化会导致套管-水泥环-地层模型发生渗透性变化,从而导致二氧化碳泄漏。针对此问题,本文通过计算机软件FLAC,建立了套管-水泥环-地层的二维模型,并分析了界面处的温度变化、流体压力、固体变形对二维模型的影响,给出了当界面处发生拉伸破坏时孔底内压与界面破坏单元数目的变化关系,得到安全系数随井筒内部压力变化关系:当压力介于8 MPa和750 MPa之间时,安全系数的绝对值大于1,此时二氧化碳注入将处于安全状态,否则将会发生渗漏的风险。以此结果为实际工程提供理论依据。     

水平井压裂水泥环应力分析

为获取准确的井筒应力分布,根据弹性平面应变力学理论,考虑套管-水泥环-地层系统各部分的应力加载过程和水力裂缝产生的诱导应力场,建立了水平井压裂时套管-水泥环-地层系统应力分布的计算模型。利用该模型,分析了水力裂缝形成前后的系统应力分布,以及裂缝诱导应力场、水泥石杨氏模量、套管壁厚对水泥环内壁应力分布的影响。分析结果表明:随着与裂缝的距离增大,水泥环内壁受到的径向压缩应力逐渐降低,环向应力逐渐由压缩应力变为拉伸应力;优化裂缝间距、降低水泥石杨氏模量、增加套管壁厚可以降低水泥环内壁受力,缓解水泥环内壁的应力集中程度。本文所建模型可为水力压裂水平井的固井设计以及裂缝间距设计提供理论指导。     

定面射孔新工艺对套管强度的影响研究

用于非常规储层的定面射孔工艺可有效地降低水力裂缝的起裂压力,提高近井筒的泄油面积;但该工艺对套管强度的影响研究较少。本文基于流固耦合理论,建立了地层-水泥环-射孔套管的应力耦合模型,退化为裸套管与API标准进行比对,效验了模型,并发现地层约束条件下套管承受内压的能力提高了1.48~2.16倍,在此基础上,给出了套管尺寸、射孔直径及射孔相位角对套管承压能力的变化规律。计算表明:螺旋射孔方位角为45?时,定面射孔间夹角为30?时,套管内径越小,套管壁厚越厚,则套管的承压能力越高;相同参数下,定面射孔工艺比螺旋射孔工艺引起的套管承压能力略低。     

套管-水泥环-地层多层组合系统受力特性分析

以弹性力学为基础,对套管-水泥环-地层多层组合系统在理想固井状况下受非均匀地应力和均匀内压时的受载特性进行了分析;并依据接触条件和连续条件建立了相应的线性代数方程组,得到了套管-水泥环-地层多层组合系统应力分布的解析解;研究了水泥环厚度、弹性模量、泊松比、套管层数变化对最内层套管外壁径向应力分布规律的影响,并讨论了上述因素对最内层套管外壁径向应力最大值及应力分布非均匀系数的影响。结果表明:上述因素对最内层套管外壁径向应力的分布均有影响;对于具体问题,应综合考虑组合系统的几何、力学参数确定上述参数的最优值。本文研究可为复杂地层套管柱设计及多层复合材料的抗外挤问题提供参考。     

THE INFLUENCE OF THE NEW TECHNOLOGY OF FIXED SURFACE PERFORATION ON CASING STRENGTH1)

用于非常规储层的定面射孔工艺可有效地降低水力裂缝的起裂压力,提高近井筒的泄油面积;但该工艺对套管强度的影响研究较少。本文基于流固耦合理论,建立了地层$\!$-$\!$-$\!$水泥环$\!$-$\!$-$\!$射孔套管的应力耦合模型,退化为裸套管与API标准进行比对,效验了模型,并发现地层约束条件下套管承受内压的能力提高了1.48$\sim$2.16倍,在此基础上,给出了套管尺寸、射孔直径及射孔相位角对套管承压能力的变化规律。计算表明：螺旋射孔方位角为45$^\circ$时,定面射孔间夹角为30$^\circ$时,套管内径越小,套管壁厚越厚,则套管的承压能力越高;相同参数下,定面射孔工艺比螺旋射孔工艺引起的套管承压能力略低。     

微流量控制钻井环空波动压力反问题研究

根据质量守恒及动量守恒方程,建立了微流量控制钻井过程中的节流阀调节的限压/限时动作模型,通过计算机编程对其求解,提出了有模型的节流阀控制环空波动压力方法。计算结果表明:环空中最大波动压力可通过限压/限时调节控制;节流阀控制环空最大波动压力均遵循省时不省压、省压不省时的规律,随限时减小环空波动压力高峰值增加,随限压减小节流阀调节时间增大,随井底溢流量增大,节流阀驻阀开度减小;节流阀关阀时间延长3.2s,节流阀开度低谷值增大2.5度,环空所受波动压力高峰值减小0.3MPa;限压/限时调节控制核心是采用触探式反复调节的方式控制节流阀开度。     

高温高压下扩张式封隔器胶筒非线性流动仿真计算

针对井下温度压力环境下扩张式封隔器的工作状态,本文建立了卡距内管柱及封隔器力学模型,采用网格重划分方法来描述胶筒在环空间隙中的非线性流动,并将重划分前后的网格信息进行映射,解决了封隔器有限元方程矩阵奇异问题。对不同压裂泵压、不同井温和不同环空间隙下封隔器胶筒的位移、剪切应力及接触压力进行仿真计算。压裂泵压为30 MPa～80 MPa时,胶筒未发生轴向窜动,橡胶基体的剪切应力及接触压力随着压裂泵压的增加而增大;井温为25℃～175℃时,胶筒基体剪切应力随井温的升高而增大,胶筒与套管间接触压力随井温升高而降低;胶筒与套管环空间隙为2.5 mm～9.5 mm,胶筒剪切应力随间隙增加而增大,胶筒与套管接触压力随间隙增加而降低。通过胶筒网格变形可知,胶筒橡胶在环空间隙中产生非线性流动是引起胶筒剪切应力数值增大、接触压力数值降低的根本原因。综上可得,在压裂作业中,随着压裂泵压的增大、井温的升高和环空间隙的增大,封隔器胶筒更容易发生剪切撕裂破坏,且封隔器的密封效果亦降低。     

钻井-固井过程软泥岩井筒结构完整性分析

在建立套管-水泥环-软泥岩地层井筒结构力学模型的基础上,基于多物理过程数值方法,研究了钻固井过程中近井区地层与固井水泥环的塑性损伤形变与应力演化规律。结果表明:钻井成孔过程和渗流-应力耦合效应为软泥岩地层井筒结构失稳的重要机制,固井水泥硬化过程可进一步促进近井区地层的塑性损伤,但程度有限;固井过程中,水泥环内产生的环向拉应力与径向压应力是导致水泥环开裂失效的主要原因;采用低弹性模量、高泊松比固井水泥浆体系可改善固井水泥环受力形态,有利于维持井筒结构在后期生产作业过程中的完整性。     

环空流道液流失速水击特性及其成因的研究

环空流道与圆管的结构差异,使得其失速水击特性及其成因亦有不同。为了对其进行分析研究,利用PIV对套管环空和圆管流水击流场进行拍摄,并通过Tecplot显示流场,提取轴向速度和径向速度、等速度线等参数加以分析;同时采用高精度智能动态压力传感器采集了套管环空内、外壁及内管内壁压力,对环空中水击特性进行了进一步研究。结论是:水击发生时环空断面外壁面水击压力大于内壁面水击压力;同初速情况下环空液流水击压力大于圆管流水击压力;环空中水击压力衰减速度快于圆管中;涡流是水击压力衰减以及速度变化的主要因素;水击压力振荡变化主要是压力涡流引起的断面能量的相互转化形成的。     

气驱采油注气油管刺漏引发的多相运移及压力突变分析

基于单管局部阻力损失方程,建立了气驱采油注气油管刺漏引发的压力突变模型;考虑气相的压缩性、气相的滑脱及多相流型的变化,建立了环空多相运移耦合模型;对模型编程求解,结果表明:油管刺漏初期,刺漏点发生压力突变,引起刺漏点压力突变的本质因素是气体分流量、环空与油管之间的压力差及气相的可压缩性等因素;油管刺漏中期,油管内气相窜至环空,并沿环空向井口作浮升运动,空隙率逐渐增大,在临近井口处形成气穴,由于环空压力持续增大,使刺漏量及刺漏点两侧压差持续减小;油管刺漏后期,环空带压趋于平缓,刺漏点两侧压力趋于平衡,刺漏量逐渐变为0;刺漏造成的环空压力上升迅猛,并且在泄压后压力急剧回升,对安全生产造成极大危害,应对油管定期监测和诊断,避免油管刺漏的发生。     

固井工程中的流动问题

固井是油气井在建过程中的重要工程,一般分下套管和注水泥两个过程．本文结合作者近年来的研究,着重阐述了钻井液、前置液、水泥浆在环形空间中流动的流体力学问题,包括：高温高压下的水泥浆流变性、偏心环形空间中浆液的流动特性、钻井液-前置液和前置液-水泥浆界面的稳定性等,介绍了国内外学者对这些问题的研究进展,提出了今后应深入研究的问题．     

Flow of Robertson-Stiff fluids through an eccentric annulus

I.IntroductionInthepetroleumindustry,itisusuallythecasethatthedrillingstring(orcasingpipe)isnotlocatedinsidethecenteroftheflowgeometryduringdrillingandcompletillgpl'ocess,this,inturll,willaltertile'11owingbehaviorofdrillingmudandcementslurl.ieswhichtlowinginaneccentricallllulus.OilaccoUlltofviscousofnon-Newtoniantluid,flowillaneccentricannulusdifTeresmuchwiththatinacollcentricannulus.Mailyinvestigatorshaveconductedresearchworksonthisstlbject.Earlyin1935,TaoandDollovallrealizedthattheimpel.t…     

Experimental study on critical heat flux in bilaterally heated narrow annuli

Critical heat flux (CHF) experiments using deionized water as working fluid have been conducted in a range of pressure from 0.6 to 4.2 MPa, mass flow velocity from 60 to 130 kg/m² s and wall heat flux from 10 to 90 kW/m² for vertical narrow annuli with annular gap sizes of 0.95 and 1.5 mm. We found that the CHF, occurring only on the inside tube, or on the outside tube or on both tubes of the annular channel, depends on the heat flux ratio between surfaces of the outside and inside tubes. The CHF, occurring on the surface of the inside tube, reaches the maximum value under the pressure of 2.3 MPa while it occurring on the surface of the outside tube keeps increasing with the increase of the pressure. The CHF, occurring on the inside or outside tubes, increases with the increase of the mass flow velocity and the annular gap size; and decreases with the increase of critical quality and the other tube wall heat flux. Empirical correlations, which agree quite well with the experimental data, have been developed to predict the CHF occurring on surfaces of the inside or outside tubes of the narrow annular channel on the conditions of low pressure and low flow.     

Analytical method for evaluating stress field in casing-cement-formation system of oil/gas wells

In this paper, we present an analytical method for evaluating the stress field within a casing-cement-formation system of oil/gas wells under anisotropic in-situ stresses in the rock formation and uniform pressure within the casing. The present method treats the in-situ stresses in the formation as initial stresses since the in-situ stresses have already developed in the formation before placement of cement and casing into the well. It is demonstrated that, via this treatment, the present method excludes additional displacements within the formation predicted by the existing method, and gives more reasonable stress results. An actual tight-oil well is analyzed using the present and existing analytical methods, as well as the finite element method. Good agreement between the analytical results and the finite element analysis(FEA) results is obtained, validating the present method. It is also evident that, compared with the present method, the existing method overestimates the compressive stress level within the casing and the cement.Finally, the effects of elastic properties of the formation, cement, and inner pressure of casing on stresses within the casing and cement are illustrated with a series of sensitivity analyses.     

Slumping Flows in Narrow Eccentric Annuli: Design of Chemical Packers and Cementing of Subsurface Gas Pipelines

In well construction, there are an increasing number of scenarios in which plugs are being set in annular geometries, whether as cement plugs or simply in the form of chemical packers. The generic reason for setting of such plugs is to hydraulically isolate different regions of a wellbore (or hole). An interesting practical problem in such situations is to predict the rheological properties that are necessary to prevent the annular plug fluid from flowing under the action of buoyancy, or indeed to predict how far the plug material may flow for given rheological properties. The answers to these questions provide valuable information for operational design. Mathematically, these flows are modeled using a Hele-Shaw style approximation of the narrow annulus. Since fluids used in the wellbore are non-Newtonian, typically shear-thinning and with a yield stress, the relationship between the local modified pressure gradient and the gap-averaged velocity field is nonlinear. If the yield stress of the fluids is sufficiently large, relative to the applied pressure over the gap, there is no flow. In the porous media context, there is direct analogy with problems of nonlinear seepage and in particular with non-Darcy flows with limiting pressure gradient. The study of such flows was both pioneered and developed by V.M. Entov, to whose memory this paper is dedicated.     

Axial laminar flow of viscoplastic fluids in a concentric annulus subject to wall slip

The flow of non-Newtonian fluids in annular geometries is an important problem, especially for the extrusion of polymeric melts and suspensions and for oil and gas exploration. Here, an analytical solution of the equation of motion for the axial flow of an incompressible viscoplastic fluid (represented by the Hershel–Bulkley equation) in a long concentric annulus under isothermal, fully developed, and creeping conditions and subject to true or apparent wall slip is provided. The simplifications of the analytical model for Hershel–Bulkley fluid subject to wall slip also provide the analytical solutions for the axial annular flows of Bingham plastic, power-law, and Newtonian fluids with and without wall slip at one or both surfaces of the annulus.     

Development of instability in a rotating elastoplastic annular disk

The paper proposes a method, based on perfect-plasticity and perturbation theories, for instability analysis of an annular flat disk tightly set on a shaft with no interference fit. The perturbed elastoplastic state of the rotating disk is analyzed by determining the stress–strain state of a fixed elastic annular plate under in-plane loading. A characteristic equation of the first order for the critical radius of the plastic zone in the disk subject to internal pressure is derived. The critical rotation rate is calculated for different parameters of the disk     

圆柱形充液室中4股贴壁燃气射流扩展特性的实验研究

为了探索高温高压周向均布4股贴壁燃气射流在受限空间中的扩展特性,设计了贴壁燃气射流在圆柱形充液室内扩展的实验装置,借助数字高速录像系统,观察了4股贴壁燃气射流在充液室中的扩展过程,发现由Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性引起的表面不规则一直存在于整个射流扩展过程;通过处理拍摄记录的射流扩展序列图,获得不同时刻射流扩展的轴向和径向位移; 对比了不同破膜喷射压力和喷孔结构参数对4股贴壁燃气射流扩展过程的影响。实验结果表明:喷孔面积越大,贴壁射流初期轴向扩展速度越大,但由于径向扩展达到交汇的时间较早,湍流掺混和干涉强烈,衰减也越快;破膜喷射压力越高,射流径向扩展到达交汇的时间越短; 破膜喷射压力从12 MPa升高到20 MPa,射流轴向扩展速度大幅增加,气液湍流掺混效应增强。