A monoidal approach to splitting morphisms of bialgebras

The main goal of this paper is to investigate the structure of Hopf algebras with the property that either its Jacobson radical is a Hopf ideal or its coradical is a subalgebra. Let us consider a Hopf algebra such that its Jacobson radical is a nilpotent Hopf ideal and is a semisimple algebra. We prove that the canonical projection of on has a section which is an -colinear algebra map. Furthermore, if is cosemisimple too, then we can choose this section to be an -bicolinear algebra morphism. This fact allows us to describe as a `generalized bosonization' of a certain algebra in the category of Yetter-Drinfeld modules over . As an application we give a categorical proof of Radford's result about Hopf algebras with projections. We also consider the dual situation. Let be a bialgebra such that its coradical is a Hopf sub-bialgebra with antipode. Then there is a retraction of the canonical injection of into which is an -linear coalgebra morphism. Furthermore, if is semisimple too, then we can choose this retraction to be an -bilinear coalgebra morphism. Then, also in this case, we can describe as a `generalized bosonization' of a certain coalgebra in the category of Yetter-Drinfeld modules over .

     

Extension and separation properties of positive definite functions on locally compact groups

Continuing earlier work, we investigate two related aspects of the set of continuous positive definite functions on a locally compact group . The first one is the problem of when, for a closed subgroup of , every function in extends to some function in . The second one is the question whether elements in can be separated from by functions in which are identically one on .

     

Projectivity and freeness over comodule algebras

Let be a Hopf algebra and an -simple right -comodule algebra. It is shown that under certain hypotheses every -Hopf module is either projective or free as an -module and is either a quasi-Frobenius or a semisimple ring. As an application it is proved that every weakly finite (in particular, every finite dimensional) Hopf algebra is free both as a left and a right module over its finite dimensional right coideal subalgebras, and the latter are Frobenius algebras. Similar results are obtained for -simple -module algebras.

     

Minimal polynomials and radii of elements in finite-dimensional power-associative algebras

In the first section of this paper we revisit the definition and some of the properties of the minimal polynomial of an element of a finite-dimensional power-associative algebra over an arbitrary field . Our main observation is that , the minimal polynomial of , may depend not only on , but also on the underlying algebra. More precisely, if is a subalgebra of , and if is the minimal polynomial of in , then may differ from , in which case we have .

In the second section we restrict attention to the case where is either the real or the complex numbers, and define , the radius of an element in , to be the largest root in absolute value of the minimal polynomial of . We show that possesses some of the familiar properties of the classical spectral radius. In particular, we prove that is a continuous function on .

In the third and last section, we deal with stability of subnorms acting on subsets of finite-dimensional power-associative algebras. Following a brief survey, we enhance our understanding of the subject with the help of our findings of the previous section. Our main new result states that if , a subset of an algebra , satisfies certain assumptions, and is a continuous subnorm on , then is stable on if and only if majorizes the radius defined above.

     

Boundary case of equality in optimal Loewner-type inequalities

We prove certain optimal systolic inequalities for a closed Riemannian manifold , depending on a pair of parameters, and . Here  is the dimension of , while is its first Betti number. The proof of the inequalities involves constructing Abel-Jacobi maps from to its Jacobi torus  , which are area-decreasing (on -dimensional areas), with respect to suitable norms. These norms are the stable norm of , the conformally invariant norm, as well as other -norms. Here we exploit -minimizing differential 1-forms in cohomology classes. We characterize the case of equality in our optimal inequalities, in terms of the criticality of the lattice of deck transformations of  , while the Abel-Jacobi map is a harmonic Riemannian submersion. That the resulting inequalities are actually nonvacuous follows from an isoperimetric inequality of Federer and Fleming, under the assumption of the nonvanishing of the homology class of the lift of the typical fiber of the Abel-Jacobi map to the maximal free abelian cover.

     

Generating continuous mappings with Lipschitz mappings

If is a metric space, then and denote the semigroups of continuous and Lipschitz mappings, respectively, from to itself. The relative rank of modulo is the least cardinality of any set where generates . For a large class of separable metric spaces we prove that the relative rank of modulo is uncountable. When is the Baire space , this rank is . A large part of the paper emerged from discussions about the necessity of the assumptions imposed on the class of spaces from the aforementioned results.

     

C*-algebras associated with interval maps

For each piecewise monotonic map of , we associate a pair of C*-algebras and and calculate their K-groups. The algebra is an AI-algebra. We characterize when and are simple. In those cases, has a unique trace, and is purely infinite with a unique KMS state. In the case that is Markov, these algebras include the Cuntz-Krieger algebras , and the associated AF-algebras . Other examples for which the K-groups are computed include tent maps, quadratic maps, multimodal maps, interval exchange maps, and -transformations. For the case of interval exchange maps and of -transformations, the C*-algebra coincides with the algebras defined by Putnam and Katayama-Matsumoto-Watatani, respectively.

     

Classification of homomorphisms and dynamical systems

Let be a unital simple -algebra, with tracial rank zero and let be a compact metric space. Suppose that are two unital monomorphisms. We show that and are approximately unitarily equivalent if and only if

for every and every trace of Inspired by a theorem of Tomiyama, we introduce a notion of approximate conjugacy for minimal dynamical systems. Let be a compact metric space and let be two minimal homeomorphisms. Using the above-mentioned result, we show that two dynamical systems are approximately conjugate in that sense if and only if a -theoretical condition is satisfied. In the case that is the Cantor set, this notion coincides with the strong orbit equivalence of Giordano, Putnam and Skau, and the -theoretical condition is equivalent to saying that the associate crossed product -algebras are isomorphic.

Another application of the above-mentioned result is given for -dynamical systems related to a problem of Kishimoto. Let be a unital simple AH-algebra with no dimension growth and with real rank zero, and let We prove that if fixes a large subgroup of and has the tracial Rokhlin property, then is again a unital simple AH-algebra with no dimension growth and with real rank zero.

     

Translation equivalence in free groups

Motivated by the work of Leininger on hyperbolic equivalence of homotopy classes of closed curves on surfaces, we investigate a similar phenomenon for free groups. Namely, we study the situation when two elements in a free group have the property that for every free isometric action of on an -tree the translation lengths of and on are equal.

     

Structure and stability of triangle-free set systems

We define the notion of stability for a monotone property of set systems. This phenomenon encompasses some classical results in combinatorics, foremost among them the Erdos-Simonovits stability theorem. A triangle is a family of three sets such that , , are each nonempty, and . We prove the following new theorem about the stability of triangle-free set systems.

Fix . For every , there exist and such that the following holds for all : if and is a triangle-free family of -sets of containing at least members, then there exists an -set which contains fewer than members of .

This is one of the first stability theorems for a nontrivial problem in extremal set theory. Indeed, the corresponding extremal result, that for every triangle-free family of -sets of has size at most , was a longstanding conjecture of Erdos (open since 1971) that was only recently settled by Mubayi and Verstraëte (2005) for all .

     

Differentiability of quasi-conformal maps on the jungle gym

We obtain a result on the quasi-conformal self-maps of jungle gyms, a divergence-type group. If the dilatation is compactly supported, then the induced map on the boundary of the covering disc is differentiable with non-zero derivative on a set of Hausdorff dimension .

As one of the corollaries, we show that there are quasi-symmetric homeomorphisms over divergence-type groups such that for all sets the Hausdorff dimension of and cannot both be less than . This shows an important difference between finitely generated and divergence-type groups.

     

A homotopy principle for maps with prescribed Thom-Boardman singularities

Let and be smooth manifolds of dimensions and ( ) respectively. Let denote an open subspace of which consists of all Boardman submanifolds of symbols with . An -regular map refers to a smooth map such that . We will prove what is called the homotopy principle for -regular maps on the existence level. Namely, a continuous section of over has an -regular map such that and are homotopic as sections.

     

Composition operators on uniform algebras, essential norms, and hyperbolically bounded sets

Let be a uniform algebra, and let be a self-map of the spectrum of that induces a composition operator on . The object of this paper is to relate the notion of ``hyperbolic boundedness' introduced by the authors in 2004 to the essential spectrum of . It is shown that the essential spectral radius of is strictly less than if and only if the image of under some iterate of is hyperbolically bounded. The set of composition operators is partitioned into ``hyperbolic vicinities" that are clopen with respect to the essential operator norm. This partition is related to the analogous partition with respect to the uniform operator norm.

     

Simple holonomic modules over rings of differential operators with regular coefficients of Krull dimension 2

Let be an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. Let be the ring of (-linear) differential operators with coefficients from a regular commutative affine domain of Krull dimension which is the tensor product of two regular commutative affine domains of Krull dimension . Simple holonomic -modules are described. Let a -algebra be a regular affine commutative domain of Krull dimension and be the ring of differential operators with coefficients from . We classify (up to irreducible elements of a certain Euclidean domain) simple -modules (the field is not necessarily algebraically closed).

     

Lattice-ordered Abelian groups and Schauder bases of unimodular fans

Baker-Beynon duality theory yields a concrete representation of any finitely generated projective Abelian lattice-ordered group in terms of piecewise linear homogeneous functions with integer coefficients, defined over the support of a fan . A unimodular fan over determines a Schauder basis of : its elements are the minimal positive free generators of the pointwise ordered group of -linear support functions. Conversely, a Schauder basis of determines a unimodular fan over : its maximal cones are the domains of linearity of the elements of . The main purpose of this paper is to give various representation-free characterisations of Schauder bases. The latter, jointly with the De Concini-Procesi starring technique, will be used to give novel characterisations of finitely generated projective Abelian lattice ordered groups. For instance, is finitely generated projective iff it can be presented by a purely lattice-theoretical word.

     

Deformed preprojective algebras of generalized Dynkin type

We introduce the class of deformed preprojective algebras of generalized Dynkin graphs (), (), , , and () and prove that it coincides with the class of all basic connected finite-dimensional self-injective algebras for which the inverse Nakayama shift of every non-projective simple module is isomorphic to its third syzygy .

     

Partial derivatives of a generic subspace of a vector space of forms: Quotients of level algebras of arbitrary type

Given a vector space of homogeneous polynomials of the same degree over an infinite field, consider a generic subspace of . The main result of this paper is a lower-bound (in general sharp) for the dimensions of the spaces spanned in each degree by the partial derivatives of the forms generating , in terms of the dimensions of the spaces spanned by the partial derivatives of the forms generating the original space .

Rephrasing our result in the language of commutative algebra (where this result finds its most important applications), we have: let be a type artinian level algebra with -vector , and let, for , be the -vector of the generic type level quotient of having the same socle degree . Then we supply a lower-bound (in general sharp) for the -vector . Explicitly, we will show that, for any ,

This result generalizes a recent theorem of Iarrobino (which treats the case ).

Finally, we begin to obtain, as a consequence, some structure theorems for level -vectors of type bigger than 2, which is, at this time, a very little explored topic.

     

On supports and associated primes of modules over the enveloping algebras of nilpotent Lie algebras

Let be a nilpotent Lie algebra, over a field of characteristic zero, and its universal enveloping algebra. In this paper we study: (1) the prime ideal structure of related to finitely generated -modules , and in particular the set of associated primes for such (note that now is equal to the set of annihilator primes for ); (2) the problem of nontriviality for the modules when is a (maximal) prime of , and in particular when is the augmentation ideal of . We define the support of , as a natural generalization of the same notion from commutative theory, and show that it is the object of primary interest when dealing with (2). We also introduce and study the reduced localization and the reduced support, which enables to better understand the set . We prove the following generalization of a stability result given by W. Casselman and M. S. Osborne in the case when , as in the theorem, are abelian. We also present some of its interesting consequences.

Theorem. Let be a finite-dimensional Lie algebra over a field of characteristic zero, and an ideal of ; denote by the universal enveloping algebra of . Let be a -module which is finitely generated as an -module. Then every annihilator prime of , when is regarded as a -module, is -stable for the adjoint action of on .

     

Hölder regularity of the normal distance with an application to a PDE model for growing sandpiles

Given a bounded domain in with smooth boundary, the cut locus is the closure of the set of nondifferentiability points of the distance from the boundary of . The normal distance to the cut locus, , is the map which measures the length of the line segment joining to the cut locus along the normal direction , whenever . Recent results show that this map, restricted to boundary points, is Lipschitz continuous, as long as the boundary of is of class . Our main result is the global Hölder regularity of in the case of a domain with analytic boundary. We will also show that the regularity obtained is optimal, as soon as the set of the so-called regular conjugate points is nonempty. In all the other cases, Lipschitz continuity can be extended to the whole domain . The above regularity result for is also applied to derive the Hölder continuity of the solution of a system of partial differential equations that arises in granular matter theory and optimal mass transfer.

     

On algebraic -groups

We introduce the categories of algebraic -varieties and -groups over a difference field . Under a ``linearly -closed" assumption on we prove an isotriviality theorem for -groups. This theorem immediately yields the key lemma in a proof of the Manin-Mumford conjecture. The present paper crucially uses ideas of Pilay and Ziegler (2003) but in a model theory free manner. The applications to Manin-Mumford are inspired by Hrushovski's work (2001) and are also closely related to papers of Pink and Roessler (2002 and 2004).