$$\omega $$ -Fibered Formations and Fitting Classes of Finite Groups

In this paper, we suggest a new functional approach to the study of group classes which enables us to describe all formations and Fitting classes of finite groups in the language of functions. The notions of -fibered formation and of -fibered Fitting class with direction are introduced. A direction is defined as a mapping of the set of all primes into the set of all nonempty Fitting formations. The existence of infinitely many mappings of this kind makes it possible to construct new forms of formations and Fitting classes for a given nonempty set . In particular, an -local formation is an -fibered formation with a direction such that for any prime p. In the paper we study some basic properties of -fibered formations and of -fibered Fitting classes with direction and obtain the structure of their minimal satellites for a given .     

Gibbs Measures and Markov Random Fields with Association $$I $$

We introduce the notions of a Gibbs measure with the corresponding potential with association (where is a subset of the set ) of a Markov random field with memory and measure with association . It is proved that these three notions are equivalent.     

Trajectory and Global Attractors of Three-Dimensional Navier--Stokes Systems

We construct the trajectory attractor of a three-dimensional Navier--Stokes system with exciting force . The set consists of a class of solutions to this system which are bounded in , defined on the positive semi-infinite interval of the time axis, and can be extended to the entire time axis so that they still remain bounded-in- solutions of the Navier--Stokes system. In this case any family of bounded-in- solutions of this system comes arbitrary close to the trajectory attractor . We prove that the solutions are continuous in t if they are treated in the space of functions ranging in . The restriction of the trajectory attractor to , , is called the global attractor of the Navier--Stokes system. We prove that the global attractor thus defined possesses properties typical of well-known global attractors of evolution equations. We also prove that as the trajectory attractors and the global attractors of the -order Galerkin approximations of the Navier--Stokes system converge to the trajectory and global attractors and , respectively. Similar problems are studied for the cases of an exciting force of the form depending on time and of an external force rapidly oscillating with respect to the spatial variables or with respect to time .     

Joint Approximations of Distributions in Banach Spaces

For a given homogeneous elliptic partial differential operator with constant complex coefficients, two Banach spaces and of distributions in , and compact sets and in , we study joint approximations in the norms of the spaces and (the spaces of Whitney jet-distributions) by the solutions of the equation in neighborhoods of the set . We obtain a localization theorem, which, under certain conditions, allows one to reduce the above-cited approximation problem to the corresponding separate problems in each of the spaces.     

Absolute Continuity of the Spectrum of a Periodic Schrödinger Operator

We prove the absolute continuity of the spectrum of the Schrödinger operator in , , with periodic (with a common period lattice ) scalar and vector potentials for which either , , or the Fourier series of the vector potential converges absolutely, , where is an elementary cell of the lattice , for , and for , and the value of is sufficiently small, where and otherwise, , and .     

Uniform Convergence of Trigonometric Series with Rarely Changing Coefficients

We consider the series and whose coefficients satisfy the condition for , where the sequence can be expressed as the union of a finite number of lacunary sequences. The following results are obtained. If as , then the series is uniformly convergent. If for all , then the sequence of partial sums of this series is uniformly bounded. If the series is convergent for and as , then this series is uniformly convergent. If the sequence of partial sums of the series for is bounded and for all , then the sequence of partial sums of this series is uniformly bounded. In these assertions, conditions on the rates of decrease of the coefficients of the series are also necessary if the sequence is lacunary. In the general case, they are not necessary.     

Properties of the Absolute That Affect Smoothness of Flows on Closed Surfaces

Let be a closed orientable surface of genus , endowed with the structure of a Riemann manifold of constant negative curvature. For the universal covering , there is the notion of absolute, each of whose points determines an asymptotic direction of a bundle of parallel equidirected geodesics. In the paper it is proved that there is a set on the absolute having the cardinality of the continuum and such that if an arbitrary flow on has a semitrajectory whose covering has asymptotic direction defined by a point from , then this flow is not analytical and has infinitely many stationary points.     

Comparison of Sampling Schemes with and without Replacement

An urn contains colored balls, ~balls of each of different colors. The balls are drawn sequentially and equiprobably, one ball at a time, and then each drawn ball drawn is either returned to the urn (sampling with replacement) or left outside the urn (sampling without replacement). The drawing continues until some colors are drawn at least ~times each. Observable statistics are the numbers , , of colors that have appeared precisely ~times each by the stopping time. The asymptotic behavior as of these values for each of the two sampling models is studied; the possibility of their use for identifying the model is discussed.     

Commutative Moufang Loops with Finite Conjugacy Classes of Subloops

It is proved that the following conditions are equivalent for an arbitrary commutative Moufang loop :1) the loop is finite over the center;2) every subloop of defines a finite conjugacy class of subloops;3) every associative subloop of defines a finite conjugacy class of subloops;4) every infinite associative subloop of defines a finite conjugacy class of subloops.     

Representability of Analytic Functions in Terms of Their Boundary Values

Suppose that is an arbitrary finite complex Borel measure on the interval is its Poisson integral, and are the conjugate harmonics of , and is the nontangential limiting value of the analytic function as . In this paper, we consider the problem of representing the analytic function in terms of its boundary values .     

A Version of the Ruh--Vilms Theorem for Surfaces of Constant Mean Curvature in S 3

We study a version of the Gauss map for a surface immersed in and prove an analog of the Ruh--Vilms theorem which states that this map is harmonic iff has a constant mean curvature. As a corollary, we conclude that an embedded flat torus with constant mean curvature is a spherical Delonay surface.     

On Polynomials over a Finite Field of Even Characteristic with Maximum Absolute Value of the Trigonometric Sum

We study trigonometric sums in finite fields . The Weil estimate of such sums is well known: , where f is a polynomial with coefficients from F(Q). We construct two classes of polynomials f, , for which attains the largest possible value and, in particular, .     

On the Growth of Entire Functions of Exponential Type near a Straight Line

Let be a sequence of complex numbers such that as . For close to the imaginary axis, upper bounds of the indicator of a nonzero entire function of exponential type with minimal growth vanishing on is obtained. These bounds give sufficient conditions for the system of exponents to be incomplete in an unbounded domain in .     

Some Generalizations of the Notion of Length

Two numerical characteristics of a nonrectifiable arc generalizing the notion of length are introduced. Geometrically, this notion can naturally be generalized as the least upper bound of the sums , where are the lengths of segments of a polygonal line inscribed in the curve and is a given function. On the other hand, the length of is the norm of the functional in the space ; its norms in other spaces can be considered as analytical generalizations of length. In this paper, we establish conditions under which the generalized geometric rectifiability of a curve implies its generalized analytic rectifiability.     

On a Characterization of Spaces of Differentiable Functions

In this paper, we generalize Bernstein's theorem characterizing the space by means of local approximations. The closed interval is partitioned into disjoint half-intervals on which best approximation polynomials of degree divided by the lengths of these half-intervals taken to the power are considered. The existence of the limits of these ratios as the lengths of the half-intervals tend to zero is a criterion for the existence of the th derivative of a function. We prove the theorem in a stronger form and extend it to the spaces .     

On the Continuity of the Generalized Nemytskii Operator on Spaces of Differentiable Functions

We obtain sufficient conditions for the continuity of the general nonlinear superposition operator (generalized Nemytskii operator) acting from the space of differentiable functions on a bounded domain to the Lebesgue space . The values of operators on a function are locally determined by the values of both the function itself and all of its partial derivatives up to order inclusive. In certain particular cases, the sufficient conditions obtained are proved to be necessary as well. The results are illustrated by several examples, and an application to the theory of Sobolev spaces is also given.     

Cotangent Bundle over Projective Space and the Manifold of Nondegenerate Null-Pairs

A nondegenerate null-pair of the real projective space consists of a point and of a hyperplane nonincident to this point. The manifold of all nondegenerate null-pairs carries a natural Kählerian structure of hyperbolic type and of constant nonzero holomorphic sectional curvature. In particular, is a symplectic manifold. We prove that is endowed with the structure of a fiber bundle over the projective space , whose typical fiber is an affine space. The vector space associated to a fiber of the bundle is naturally isomorphic to the cotangent space to . We also construct a global section of this bundle; this allows us to construct a diffeomorphism between the manifold of nondegenerate null-pairs and the cotangent bundle over the projective space. The main statement of the paper asserts that the explicit diffeomorphism is a symplectomorphism of the natural symplectic structure on to the canonical symplectic structure on .     

Characterization of Normal Traces on Von Neumann Algebras by Inequalities for the Modulus

It is proved that if a normal semifinite weight on a von Neumann algebra satisfies the inequality for any selfadjoint operators in , then this weight is a trace. Several similar characterizations of traces among the normal semifinite weights are proved. In particular, Gardner's result on the characterization of traces by the inequality is refined and reinforced.     

Bases of Exponentials in the Spaces $$L^p ( - \pi ,\pi ) $$

It is proved that systems of exponentials orthogonal to measures of a special kind form bases in , for which an analog of the Riesz theorem on the projection from is valid.     

A Criterion for Contiguity of Quasiconcave Functions

Quasiconcave functions and belong to the same scale if there exist quasiconcave functions and and numbers such that and . We establish a criterion for such functions to belong to the same scale up to equivalence. This criterion is obtained in terms of nodes of the corresponding linear-constant step-functions. It turns out that nodes must be equivalent to sequences.