脱乙酰甲壳质和卡拉胶的稀溶液反应

本文研究了脱乙酰甲壳质和卡拉胶为稀溶液时的电离及两者之间的相互作用。卡拉胶在溶液中呈强酸型聚电解质行为,而脱乙酰甲壳质呈弱碱型聚电解质行为并随脱乙酰度提高而碱性下降。脱乙酰甲壳质和卡拉胶的稀溶液反应生成不溶于水的白色沉淀。浊度测量显示,在pH值低于4时,反应是化学计量的,说明这时它们之间的反应主要是通过静电相互作用而形电解质复合物沉淀。当pH值较高时,反应偏离化学计量结果。     

脱乙酰壳多糖——羧甲基纤维素聚电解质复合物的合成和药物控 …

本文研究合成条件对脱乙酰壳多糖－羧甲基纤维素聚电解质复合物的组成。结构及药物控制释放性能的影响。结果表明,反应介质的ｐＨ值对生成的脱乙酰壳多糖－羧甲基纤维素聚电解质复合物的组成和结构的影响最大,在ｐＨ值５．５合成的脱乙酰壳多糖－羧甲基纤维素聚电解质复合物具有较好的药物控释性能。     

脱乙酰壳多糖─羧甲基纤维素聚电解质复合物的合成和药物控制释放研究

本文研究合成条件对脱乙酰壳多糖─羧甲基纤维素聚电解质复合物的组成、结构及药物控制释放性能的影响。结果表明,反应介质的ｐＨ值对生成的脱乙酰壳多糖─羧甲基纤维素聚电解质复合物的组成和结构的影响最大,在ｐＨ值５．５合成的脱乙酰壳多糖─羧甲基纤维素聚电解质复合物具有较好的药物控释性能。     

脱乙酰壳多糖-羧甲基纤维素聚电解质复合物的合成和药物控制释放研究

本文研究合成条件对脱乙酰壳多糖－羧甲基纤维素聚电解质复合物的组成、结构及药物控制释放性能的影响。结果表明，反应介质的ｐＨ值对生成的脱乙酰壳多糖－羧甲基纤维素聚电解质复合物的组成和结构的影响最大，在ｐＨ值５．５合成的脱乙酰壳多糖－羧甲基纤维素聚电解质复合物具有较好的药物控释性能。     

不同脱乙酰度壳聚糖Mark-Houwink方程的订定

通过多步脱乙酰基反应和溶液超声波降解制备了脱乙酰度D.D在49—100％(wt),重均分子量在1.94—25.1×10~5的系列壳聚糖样品,在0.1mol/L CH_3COONa+0.2mol/L CH_3COOH溶剂中和30℃下,用光散射法首次订定出了不同D.D壳聚糖的M-H方程常数K和α值,结果如下:D.D(wt％) K×10~3(ml·g~(-)1) α69 0.104 1.1284 1.424 0.9691 6.589 0.88100 16.800 0.81导致K和α值差别的主要原因是由于壳聚糖大分子链上的胺基(—NH_2)被酸质子化后,失去了形成分子内氢键的能力,减弱了内旋转受阻程度,同时,质子化后形成的阳离子聚电解质分子链链段间以及链段与溶剂之间的相互作用增强,有效电荷密度的增加使得聚电解质溶液粘度增大。     

聚电解质复合物在表面活性剂水溶液中的溶解机理

聚电解质复合物 ( PEC)因其独特的物理化学性质而受到广泛关注 .对其研究主要集中在其结构及形成的影响因素 ,如聚电解质的分子量 [1,2 ] 、电荷密度、电荷强弱 [1,2 ] 及溶液离子强度 [3,4 ] ,而很少有关于聚电解质复合物溶解性的报道 [5,6 ] .一般认为组成 PEC的聚正离子 ( PC)和聚负离子 ( PA)之间 ,通过离子键形成网状交联结构而不溶于水及有机溶剂 .只有一种特殊的溶剂体系屏蔽溶剂可溶解此类复合物[7,8] .本文报道一类新的聚电解质复合物 :以二苯胺重氮树脂 DR为聚正离子 ,苯乙烯 -马来酸酐碱性水解物 ( PSMNa)为聚负离子的 P…     

酸对脱乙酰甲壳质稀溶液粘度的影响

脱乙酰甲壳质是甲壳质衍生物中最重要,用途最为广泛的一种,属阳离子性聚电解质,可以溶于多种稀酸溶液中,本文从脱乙酰甲壳质在甲酸、乙酸和丁酸溶液中的粘度变化,研究其稀溶液性质。分別考察了脱乙酰甲壳质在8×10~(71)～3×10~(72)/1,酸浓度在5×10~(-1)～1×10~(-1)mol范围内溶液ηsp/c-c的关系。实验结果表明,作为脱乙酰甲壳质溶剂的酸,在溶液稀释时对溶液ηsp/c的影响,在不同的阶段可以是完全不同的。当溶液中可离解的酸还未能完全满足游离氨基成盐要求时,酸溶液的增加将导致溶液的ηsp/c的增加,而一旦游离氨都已成盐,过量酸的增加都会导致溶液粘度的下降。而在一般情况下,酸的酸性越强,酸的浓度越大,都会使溶液得到较低的粘度值。     

壳聚糖稀溶液性质的研究

本文在前工作基础上.对不同脱乙酰度壳聚糖在0.2mol/l CH_3COOH+0.1mol/l CH_3COONa的缓冲溶液中进行了分子量、特性粘数、分子尺寸、第二维利系数和扩张因子等稀溶液性质的深入研究.发现Mark-Houwink方程常数K和α有规律地依赖于壳聚糖的脱乙酰度而变化.而且相同分子量时,随着脱乙酰度的增加,壳聚糖在稀溶液中的分子尺寸、特性粘数和扩张因子等增加,而特性比和空间位阻因子随着脱乙酰度的增加而减小.     

水溶性聚电解质—表面活性剂复合物的聚集行为

聚电解质在溶液中与相反电荷的表面活性剂通过解电作用与疏水作用可形成聚电解质－表面活性剂复合物，依据反应条件生成的复事物可以是水溶性也可以是非水溶性的。水溶性的聚电解质－表面活性剂复合物由于有许多工业应用，因此近几十上来水溶性聚电解质－表面活性剂复合物的形成和结构已爱到人们的广泛重视。本文对水溶性聚电解质－表面活性剂复合物的聚集过程、聚集结构作了简要概述，此外对荧光光谱在这一领域的应用进行了重点介绍     

壳聚糖超声可控降解及降解动力学研究

通过正交实验法考察了壳聚糖溶液浓度、反应温度、超声强度以及醋酸溶液浓度对超声降解反应的影响,确定了最佳反应条件,制备了一系列不同分子量的壳聚糖.研究了壳聚糖溶液浓度、反应温度以及壳聚糖原料分子参数与降解速率常数的关系.通过红外光谱、X-射线衍射和凝胶渗透色谱对降解产物进行了表征.结果表明,超声降解壳聚糖的最佳条件为10℃,壳聚糖溶液浓度2.5g/L.降解速率常数随壳聚糖溶液浓度和反应温度的降低而增大.高分子量和低脱乙酰度的壳聚糖原料有较高的降解速率和降解速率常数,壳聚糖原料的分子量对降解速率和降解速率常数的影响大于脱乙酰度对其的影响.超声波导致了壳聚糖分子量的降低和产物晶体结构的破坏,但没有改变产物的脱乙酰度和糖残基结构.     

Adsorption of bovine serum albumin on template-polymerized chitosan/poly(methacrylic acid) complexes

Particulate systems composed of polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) based on chitosan and poly(methacrylic acid) were obtained via template polymerization. The resultant particles were characterized as having regions with different charge densities: chitosan predominating in the core and poly(methacrylic acid) at the surface, the particles being negatively charged, as a consequence. Albumin was adsorbed on these particles (after cross-linking with glutardialdehyde), and pH was controlled to obtain two conditions: (i) adsorption of positively charged albumin and (ii) adsorption of albumin at its isoelectric point. Adsorption isotherms and zeta-potential measurements showed that albumin adsorption was controlled by hydrogen bonding/van der Waals interactions and that brush-like structures may enhance the adsorption of albumin on these particles. It was also found that shearing can induce desorption of albumin from the PEC surface, depending on the continuous phase albumin concentration.     

Study on degradation characteristics of chitosan by pepsin with piezoelectric quartz crystal impedance analysis technique.

Piezoelectric quartz crystal impedance analysis technique was applied to study the chitosanolytic activity of pepsin. The method is based on the viscosity-density reduction of chitosan solution during the enzymatic degradation process. Experiments examined the time courses of the variations of motional resistance (deltaR1) for a quartz crystal. By comparing the deltaR1 response curves under different degradation conditions, the effects of pH, temperature, enzyme and substrate concentration on the chitosanolytic activity of pepsin was investigated in detail. The results suggest that the optimum pH and temperature were 4.6 and 55 degrees C, respectively. Increasing aptly the enzyme or substrate concentration was in favor of the degradation of chitosan. Moreover, the influence of the degree of deacetylation (DD) on the enzymatic degradation was studied. The result indicates that chitosan with a lower DD was easier to be degrade compared with chitosan with a higher DD. Also, it was found that there was a good linear relationship between the deltaR1 response and the DD value. The regression equation was deltaR1 = 0.058 x DD-6.795 and the correlation coefficient was 0.987.     

A Laccase/Chitosan‐Lambda‐Carrageenan Based Voltammetric Biosensor for Phenolic Compound Detection

In this contribution, a new concept of voltammetric catechol biosensor, based on the encapsulation of laccase (LAC) in a chitosan+lambda‐carrageenan (CHIT+CAR) polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) employing a simple coacervation process is presented. Chitosan (CHIT) was prepared from α‐chitin extracted from shrimp shells and lambda‐carrageenan (CAR) was extracted from red algae, both polysaccharides and PEC being characterized using FTIR spectrometry and electrochemistry. Cyclic voltammetry was utilized to determine the analytical features of the laccase (LAC) biosensor for catechol detection. The linear range was from 10^?20 M to 10^?14 M with a sensitivity of 1.55 mA/p[catechol] and a limit of detection of 3×10^?21 M.The laccase biosensor exhibits good repeatability (RSD 2.38 %) and stability (four weeks). The developed biosensor was tested by applying it to the evaluation of the total polyphenolic content in natural oil samples.     

Effect of Degree of Deacetylation of Chitosan/Chitin on Human Neural Stem Cell Culture

Stem cell therapy and research for neural diseases depends on reliable reproduction of neural stem cells. Chitosan-based materials have been proposed as a substrate for culturing human neural stem cells (hNSCs) in the pursuit of clinically compatible culture conditions that are chemically defined and compliant with good manufacturing practices. The physical and biochemical properties of chitosan and chitin are strongly regulated by the degree of deacetylation (DD). However, the effect of DD on hNSC behavior has not been systematically investigated. In this study, films with DD ranging from 93% to 14% are fabricated with chitosan and chitin. Under xeno-free conditions, hNSCs proliferate preferentially on films with a higher DD, exhibiting adherent morphology and retaining multipotency. Lowering the DD leads to formation of neural stem cell spheroids due to unsteady adhesion. The neural spheroids present NSC multipotency protein expression reduction and cytoplasmic translocation. This study provides an insight into the influence of the DD on hNSCs behavior and may serve as a guideline for hNSC research using chitosan-based biomaterials. It demonstrates the capability of controlling hNSC fate by simply tailoring the DD of chitosan.     

RADIATION DEGRADATION OF CHITOSAN IN THE PRESENCE OF H2O2

INTRODUCTIONChitosan, poly-β-(1 -?4)-D-glucosamine, can be obtained from chitin by deacetylation with alkali. It is soluble indilute acidic medium due to the presence of amino groups. The use of chitosan in many areas, such as foodprocessing, biochemistry, Pharmaceuticals, medicine, and agriculture has been developed over the pastdecades[1,2].In recent years, it has been reported that many properties of chitosan depend on the molecular weight[3]. Thechitosan oligomers possess better fun…     

臭氧降解法制备壳低聚糖及其结构表征

以85％脱乙酰度、相对分子质量为25×10^4的壳聚糖为原料,在20℃、pH为3、氧气流量0．7m^3／h的条件下降解6h,降解液用氨水调至pH为9,无沉淀,分别用截留相对分子质量为2k、3k、5k、10k的中空纤维膜超滤,获得所需聚合度的壳低聚糖。降解产物的结构用红外光谱、核磁共振碳谱表征,结果说明降解前后的结构基本没有变化。降解产物的聚合度用飞行时间质谱表征,其中经过2k中空纤维膜超滤后的壳低聚糖聚合度主要为4～10。     

The Effect of Chitin Alkaline Deacetylation at Different Condition on Particle Properties

The abundant biopolymer chitin, found mainly in crustaceous exoskeleton, such as crab, shrimp and lobster, can be deacetylated to yield chitosan. This slightly different biopolymer is more reactive than chitin, being more effective for many applications in fields as environmental remediation, biomedical sciences, catalysis and so on. The main process for chitin deacetylation used sodium hydroxide solutions at high temperatures for long times to obtain chitosan with high deacetylation degree (DD). The present study has evaluated the effect from room temperature (RT), 363 and 393 K, hydroxide concentration (2.0 or 10.0 mol dm³) and time (3 and 24 h) on shrimp chitin deacetylation. Similar amounts of chitin and sodium hydroxide solutions were stirred jointly and the resultant solids were filtered and washed until pH 7, than dried at environmental conditions. The obtained samples were characterized by several techniques, such as elemental analysis, X-rays diffraction (XRD), laser scattering and absorption spectroscopy at infrared region with Fourier transform (FTIR), which was used for DD calculation. The results showed that all chitin-chitosan samples did not reach DD > 90%, as observed for some good commercial chitosans. The highest DD was obtained by the sample prepared at more drastic conditions, as expected, however the higher sodium hydroxide concentration leads to decrease of molecular mass when associated with high temperatures. The crystallinity was influenced mostly by reaction time, which change the positions and intensities as indicated by XRD main peaks, located at 9.3 and 19.4° 2Θ. Particle sizes were strongly diminished by treatment at 393 K, what imply also some increase at the pressure, favoring chain dissociation reactions. This work mapped several properties for chitin-chitosan samples achieved by the described conditions.     

氨基葡聚糖对水溶液中铜离子的吸附与脱附

自虾、蟹壳等水产加工废料中提取的甲壳质,经脱乙酰基反应,可得氨基葡聚糖,单体结构可表示为左图。该碱性多糖无毒,不溶于水及碱性溶液,在pH～4.5的稀酸中会溶涨,酸性更强时可溶解并成盐。若要求该聚合物以稳定的固态存在于水中,介质的酸性只允许在很小的范围内变化。聚糖中的氨基与过渡金属离子有良好的螯合作用,可作为固体吸附剂吸附水中微量的有害重金属离子。据文献报导,这类吸附大多呈Langmuir型,但Pb(Ⅱ)与Cr(Ⅲ)是例外,它们的吸附等温线表现出单层吸附饱和后,又呈现多层吸附的特征。扫描电镜的照片表明聚糖吸附Pb(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅲ)后,表面有瘤状小结节生成。溶液pH升高有利于重     

光电化学反应的催化

本文主要按照催化剂与半导体电极二者之间所形成的结的性质, 分析了催化剂对电极表面上进行的光电化学反应可能具有的效应。分析结果表明, 催化光电化学反应(光生少数载流子的反应)的前提是催化剂微粒与“半导体/溶液”界面之间有足够强的相互作用, 因而在光照下催化剂粒子中电子系统的费米能级能达到或趋近光生少数载流子的准费米能级。文中并采用带环的可换旋转园盘电极研究了Au、Ir等金属微粒对在n-TiO_2单晶电极上进行的Ce~(3+)—→Ce~(4+)等光电化学反应的催化机理, 证实了上述分析结果。