Impedance diagnostics of lithium—thionyl chloride power sources

The problem associated with the use of an impedance spectroscopy method for the determination of the state (in the first place, depth of discharge) of primary power sources in the system thionyl chloride-lithium is considered. The conclusion is made on the basis of an analysis of literature data concerning the problem under consideration and the results of comprehensive investigations of lithium-thionyl chloride cells about the impossibility of performing sufficiently correct diagnostics of the latter by the impedance method. Information, which is provided by this method, is of a semiquantitative character. It may be utilized solely for carrying out rough estimates of the state of the cells, for example, for sorting out the power sources that exhausted practically completely (by more than 80%) their resource.     

Estimating Depth of Discharge of Lithium-Thionyl Chloride Batteries from Their Impedance Characteristics

The depth of discharge of lithium-thionyl chloride batteries is estimated from their impedance characteristics. It is shown that, in principle, it can be determined when using as an informative parameter indicating the phase value at the extreme point in impedance spectra of lithium batteries.     

Parametric evaluation of sputtering in a planar, diode glow discharge—I. Sputtering of oxygen-free hard copper (OFHC)

A parametric evaluation of the principal factors which affect cathodic sputtering rates in glow discharge sources is performed. Employing a planar, disk cathode in the simple diode geometry, the roles of discharge voltage, current, and pressure are evaluated for the sputtering of oxygen-free hard copper (OFHC). Samples were sputtered at discharge currents of 5–70 mA over an argon pressure range of 1.5–8 torr (200–1064 Pa). In addition, the relationship between applied power and sputter weight loss is investigated. Studies indicate that the current density at the cathode surface and the discharge voltage are directly related and are keys in the determination of sputtering rates. Through factor analysis, an empirical formula is developed which is useful in quantifying sputter rates for a given set of discharge conditions.     

热电池正极材料的研究进展

热电池是一种热激活贮备式电池,由于其优良的贮存稳定性、放电可靠性等特点,广泛应用于多种军用武器的内部电源。为了满足当前不同军用武器装备的需求,热电池的发展趋于在提高电化学性能的同时实现小型化、微型化。热电池电化学性能的提高主要取决于正极材料的发展,目前对现有正极材料的优化改性和新型正极材料的开发是提高热电池性能的主要方法。本文从合成和改性方法的角度综述了近年来硫化物、氯化物、氟化物热电池正极材料的研究进展,并对其材料特性和放电性能进行了综合评估。最后,基于热电池特殊的应用场景,从热稳定性、放电电压、电导率等方面对热电池正极材料未来的发展方向进行了总结与展望。     

Laser-excited fluorescence of diatomic lead in a glow discharge source

Glow discharge sources provide simple and convenient means for laser-excited atomic spectroscopic studies of atoms sputtered from the cathode material. Presence of molecular species was observed in the course of investigation on this source as an atom cell for the laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectroscopic studies of lead. Spectral studies revealed characteristic band spectra, indicating the presence of molecular species in the discharge. The spectra were identified as belonging to the lead dimer species (diatomic lead molecule). It is, therefore, essential to examine the presence and possibility of interferences from molecular species while using glow discharge sources as atomization cells in atomic spectroscopic applications.     

一体式可再生燃料电池

一体式可再生燃料电池是可再生燃料电池中最先进的一种，它是在同一组件上既可以实现燃料电池功能又可以实现水电解功能的储能和供电系统，具有能量密度高、使用寿命长、使用中无自放电且无放电深度及电池容量的限制等优点，是极有希望在空间、军事及可移动电源领域替代传统二次电池的储能系统。本文介绍了一体式可再生燃料电池的研究进展，并提出了目前亟待解决的问题。     

Correlation of the rates of solvolysis of benzoyl fluoride and a consideration of leaving-group effects

The specific rates of solvolysis of benzoyl fluoride have been determined at 25.0 degrees C in 37 pure and binary solvents. Together with seven values from the literature, these give a satisfactory correlation over the full range of solvents when the extended Grunwald-Winstein equation is applied. The sensitivities to changes in solvent nucleophilicity and solvent ionizing power are very similar to those for octyl fluoroformate, suggesting that the addition step of an addition-elimination mechanism is rate determining. In the solvent-composition region where benzoyl chloride also shows bimolecular solvolysis, the appreciable k(Cl)/k(F) values are proposed as being primarily due to a more efficient ground-state stabilization for the fluoride.     

Critical evaluation of conditions of plasma polymerization

Under conditions of plasma polymerization, we are dealing with the “reactive” or “self-exhausting” rather than the “nonreactive” or “non-self-exhausting” gas phase (plasma). Therefore, many parameters that define the gas phase, such as system pressure and monomer flow rate, which are measured in the nonplasma state (before glow discharge is initiated), do not apply to a steady state of plasma, the conditions under which most of the studies on plasma polymerization are carried out. Consequently, information based on: (1) the polymer deposition rate measured at a fixed flow rate and discharge power, (2) the dependence of deposition rate on flow rate at fixed discharge power, or (3) the dependence of deposition rate on discharge power at fixed flow rate, does not provide meaningful data that can be used to compare the characteristic nature of various organic compounds in plasma polymerization. The significance and true meaning of experimental parameters applicable to conditions of plasma polymerization are discussed. The most important feature is that plasma polymerizations of various organic compounds should be compared at comparable levels of composite discharge power parameter W/FM, where W is discharge power, F is the monomer flow rate (given in moles), and M is the molecular weight of a monomer.     

Powering the analytical glow discharge

The glow discharge may be powered by direct current (dc), radio frequency (rf) and pulsed discharge sources. Each has specific advantages and special features that should be considered by analysts using the various forms of glow discharge spectroscopy. This paper reviews some of the factors that contribute to the selection of a power source for the glow discharge.     

Powering the analytical glow discharge

The glow discharge may be powered by direct current (dc), radio frequency (rf) and pulsed discharge sources. Each has specific advantages and special features that should be considered by analysts using the various forms of glow discharge spectroscopy. This paper reviews some of the factors that contribute to the selection of a power source for the glow discharge.     

Synthetic prodiginine obatoclax (GX15-070) and related analogues: anion binding, transmembrane transport, and cytotoxicity properties

Synthetic prodiginine obatoclax shows promise as a potential anticancer drug. This compound promotes apoptosis of cancer cells, although the mechanism of action is unclear. To date, only the inhibition of BCL-2 proteins has been proposed as a mechanism of action. To gain insight into other possible modes of action, we have studied the anion-binding properties of obatoclax and related analogues in solution, in the solid state, and by means of density functional theory calculations. These compounds are well suited to interact with anions such as chloride and bicarbonate. The anion-transport properties of the compounds synthesized were assayed in model phospholipid liposomes by using a chloride-selective-electrode technique and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that these compounds are efficient anion exchangers that promote chloride, bicarbonate, and nitrate transport through lipid bilayers at very low concentrations. In vitro studies on small-cell lung carcinoma cell line GLC4 showed that active ionophores are able to discharge pH gradients in living cells and the cytotoxicity of these compounds correlates well with ionophoric activity.     

高铁酸钾的合成及其性能

高铁酸钾最初是作为选择性氧化剂或非氯型高效水处理剂使用。1999年lieht提出高铁酸钾作为电池的正极活性物质,对于高铁酸盐的认识达到一个新的高度。     

New hardware for radio frequency powered glow discharge spectroscopies and its capabilities for analytical applications

A new radio frequency (rf) hardware is developed for glow discharge spectroscopic methods. The resulting features and its capabilities for analytical applications are discussed. The electrical equipment developed allows to work as quickly, stably, reliably and easily as known from the direct current (dc) mode. Moreover, the rf power measurement has been improved. The hardware has been developed, optimised and tested for glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES), but nevertheless it is possible to use it for all procedures applying glow discharge sources.     

New hardware for radio frequency powered glow discharge spectroscopies and its capabilities for analytical applications

A new radio frequency (rf) hardware is developed for glow discharge spectroscopic methods. The resulting features and its capabilities for analytical applications are discussed. The electrical equipment developed allows to work as quickly, stably, reliably and easily as known from the direct current (dc) mode. Moreover, the rf power measurement has been improved. The hardware has been developed, optimised and tested for glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES), but nevertheless it is possible to use it for all procedures applying glow discharge sources.     

Liquid‐Free Lithium–Oxygen Batteries

Non‐aqueous lithium–oxygen batteries are considered as most advanced power sources, albeit they are facing numerous challenges concerning almost each cell component. Herein, we diverge from the conventional and traditional liquid‐based non‐aqueous Li–O₂ batteries to a Li–O₂ system based on a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE‐) and operated at a temperature higher than the melting point of the polymer electrolyte, where useful and most applicable conductivity values are easily achieved. The proposed SPE‐based Li‐O₂ cell is compared to Li–O₂ cells based on ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (glyme) through potentiodynamic and galvanostatic studies, showing a higher cell discharge voltage by 80 mV and most significantly, a charge voltage lower by 400 mV. The solid‐state battery demonstrated a comparable discharge‐specific capacity to glyme‐based Li–O₂ cells when discharged at the same current density. The results shown here demonstrate that the safer PEO‐based Li–O₂ battery is highly advantageous and can potentially replace the contingent of liquid‐based cells upon further investigation.     

CN emission in active nitrogen. I. Enhanced violet emission at “low” microwave discharge power

Relative intensity measurements of CN violet emission in flowing, prepurified active nitrogen, both alone and in the presence of added mercury vapor, were obtained under a variety of microwave discharge power inputs. The results strongly suggest that excitation of ground state CN can be primarily attributed to collisional energy transfer from vibrationally excited N₂(X¹Σ_g⁺).     

Polymeric materials for lithium‐ion cells

Lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) cells have gained considerable attention in recent years as a power source for various applications owing to their high voltage, high energy density, low self‐discharge, and excellent cycle life. Polymeric materials play a pivotal role in the processing, performance, and safety of Li‐ion cells. The polymeric materials used in Li‐ion cells include: binder for electrode processing, separator, electrolyte, and electrode active material. Active research is being pursued in all of these areas to improve the energy density, power density, cycle life, and safety of Li‐ion cells. This review article gives an overview of the various polymeric materials used in Li‐ion cells and the recent advances in these materials. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of Calcium Sources on Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation by Bacillus sp. CR2

Stimulation of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICCP) is likely to be influenced by calcium sources. In order to study such influences, we performed MICCP using Bacillus sp. CR2 in nutrient broth containing urea, supplemented with different calcium sources (calcium chloride, calcium oxide, calcium acetate and calcium nitrate). The experiment lasted 7 days, during which bacterial growth, urease activity, calcite production and pH were measured. Our results showed that calcium chloride is the better calcium source for MICCP process, since it provides higher urease activity and more calcite production. The influences of calcium sources on MICCP were further studied using Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. These analyses confirmed that the precipitate formed was CaCO₃ and composed of predominantly calcite crystals with a little amount of aragonite and vaterite crystals. The maximum yield of calcite precipitation was achievable with calcium chloride followed by calcium nitrate as a calcium source. The results of present study may be applicable to media preparation during efficient MICCP process.     

Bismuth chloride@mesocellular carbon foam nanocomposite cathode materials for rechargeable chloride ion batteries

Chloride ion batteries(CIB) are considered to be one of the most promising energy storage devices. As cathode materials for CIBs, metal chlorides have many advantages, such as high theoretical energy density, abundant elemental resources and ideal discharge voltage plateau. However, the dissolution and huge volume change of metal chlorides during cycling lead to considerable short lifespan, which limits their potential application for CIBs. Herein, the bismuth chloride nanocrystal is confined in...     

Some observations on small-size electrodeless discharge lamps for strontium used for Zeeman scanning of absorption line profiles in flames

Microwave-excited electrodeless discharge lamps (EDL) for Sr were produced and a technique was developed for stabilizing the microwave power. Some characteristics of the EDL were investigated. The lamps were compared with a normal (= non-boosted) commercial hollow cathode lamp (HCL).Half-intensity widths of the Sr-line at 4607.33 Å were determined by interferometry for EDL and HCL sources under various operating conditions. Moreover, with both sources peak absorption measurements were carried out in a flame with Sr vapor; the results obtained by either technique were partially mutually consistent. Selected samples of EDL gave half-intensity widths of about 7–10 mÅ, independent of microwave power.The line width of the HCL increased from about 7 to 20 mÅ with increasing current up to 26 mÅ (= maximum rating). The radiance of the EDL's (at 50 W) was about the same as that of the HCL, when the latter was operated at 10 mA to give a comparable half-intensity width of 10 mÅ. At maximum microwave power the radiance of the EDL appeared to be 15–20 % of that of the HCL at maximum current, but the EDL line width remains only 7–10 mÅ, whereas that of the HCL line is about 20 mÅ and the HCL line is heavily self-reversed. EDL's with radiance values 10–100 × higher than that of the HCL at 25 mA were also produced; the high radiance value is obtained by increasing the Sr content in the EDL drastically. The profile of the EDL line has then a width of about 60 mÅ and the line is heavily self-reversed. Some tentative results on stability and life of the EDL's are reported.