气相爆轰波平衡胞格稳定性实验研究

本文详细介绍了研究气体爆轰的烟迹法以及采用所提出的方法得到的爆轰波通过柔性材料壁面前后平衡胞格形成、消失和重新恢复的全过程烟迹照片。实验按初压不同分五组进行。从烟迹照片中各时期的胞格尺寸、横波的变化出发,对上述过程中横波强度变化情况及柔性壁面对横波的作用和影响进行了分析,对平衡胞格恢复的条件进行了讨论。     

环氧丙烷-空气混合物爆轰波胞格结构的研究

对碳氢燃料云雾爆轰波胞格结构的影响因素进行了分析:比较了初始温度在25℃和100℃条件下碳氢燃料胞格尺寸,发现胞格尺寸相差不大;胞格尺寸随初始压力的降低而增大,在相对压力为负压条件下得到清晰的爆轰波胞格结构;起爆能的增大可以导致更加复杂的爆轰波次胞格结构出现。     

气相爆轰波胞格尺度与点火延迟时间关系研究

讨论点火延迟时间和爆轰波胞格尺度的内在关系,将点火延迟时间作为特征参量来模拟胞格尺度. 分别对两个总包单步化学反应模型和一个基元反应模型的点火延迟时间进行了数值模拟研究. 对于满足当量比的氢气/空气混合气体,分析了不同初始压力下点火延迟时间随初始温度的变化关系. 研究表明:总包单步反应模型的点火延迟时间不随压力变化,且与初始温度呈线性关系. 基元反应模型的点火延迟时间随压力变化,而且存在理论上的S 型曲线,但是在拐点区域和低温区域与CHEMKIN 计算的结果相差1~3 个量级. 现有模型模拟的胞格尺度普遍偏小,其相应的点火延迟时间也偏小,胞格尺度与点火延迟时间具有正相关性. 入射激波后的气体的点火延迟时间与三波点的运动周期一致,是定量化模拟胞格的关键因素.      

爆轰波在扩张管内临界传播特性的研究

由于稀疏波的作用，爆轰波在变截面扩张管内传播时会发生衰减。临界条件下，爆轰波恰能在扩张管内维持自持传播的特性，称为爆轰波的临界传播特性。针对Ｃ＿２Ｈ＿２－Ｏ＿２－Ａｒ不同的爆轰气体成份，在不同扩张半角的方形扩张管内，作者研究了临界初压ｐ＿（ｃｒ）、胞格尺寸Ｓ与扩张半角的关系，用Ｗｈｉｔｈａｍ理论与重点火准则分析了爆轰波在扩张管的传播，得到胞格尺寸的计算值与实验值基本相符。     

斜爆轰的胞格结构及横波传播

针对30楔角的驻定斜爆轰特性,选择在临界爆轰马赫数附近6.8、7.0与7.5等3种不同马赫数 来流状态进行数值分析。在马赫数为6.8、7.0状态下,在斜激波(obliqueshockwave,OSW)、斜爆轰波(obliquedetonationwave, ODW)与爆燃波交汇处形成的三波点后形成一道激波,在楔面上反射,并透过接触间 断面与爆轰波阵面产生的横波相互作用,使得下游流场发生扰动,形成不规则的胞格结构。斜爆轰波阵面产 生的横波呈现上游单向传播与下游双向传播同时并存的现象,对斜爆轰的稳定性产生了影响。     

扩张管内爆轰波临界传播特性的研究

假设重点火位置沿扩张管内扰动区的最后一道特征线，结合描述爆轰波绕射后重点火产生的特征量Ｍ／ｙｓ与沿胞格长度方向诱导激波与化学反应区分离时爆轰波阵面衰减的速度梯度△ＭＣＪ／Ｌｃ，本文得到了临界条件下扩张管内爆轰波维持传播而不熄灭的重点火准则。利用Ｗｈｉｔｈａｍ的激波线射理论，由重点火准则导出了任意扩张管角度下爆轰波胞格尺寸的计算公式。计算结果与实验结果相比，二者不仅趋势一致，而且量值也很接近。     

周期性非均匀介质中气相爆轰波演变模式研究

气相爆轰波在周期性非均匀介质中的起爆, 稳态传播和失效机制都极为复杂, 很多物理机制尚不明确, 是当前爆轰物理领域研究的热点和难点. 本文使用反应欧拉方程和两步化学反应模型对爆轰波在非均匀介质中的传播机理进行了数值模拟研究, 非均匀性由横向周期性分布的温度扰动体现, 重点分析不同波长、不同幅度的温度扰动对波阵面波系结构的影响. 计算结果表明, ZND爆轰波在温度扰动下向胞格爆轰波的转变主要受制于两种竞争性因素: 一是爆轰波内在的不稳定性; 二是温度扰动的波长和幅度, 前者是内因, 后者是外因. 温度扰动的存在抑制横波的发展, 延迟了ZND爆轰波向胞格爆轰波的演化, 并且内在不稳定性的增加可以减慢这种延迟现象. 这说明, 温度扰动可以在一定的范围内抑制胞格不稳定性的发展, 但是不能够终止这一过程. 温度的不连续性使得爆轰波阵面更为扭曲, 并在横波附近存在较弱的三波点结构, 即温度扰动可增加爆轰波固有的不稳定性, 改变爆轰波阵面的传播机理. 幅值较大的人工温度扰动可抑制爆轰波的传播和爆轰波自身的不稳定性. 爆轰波阵面胞格结构的形成取决于温度扰动与其自身的不稳定性.      

气相爆轰胞格结构和马赫反射数值模拟

采用简化二阶段化学反应模型和改进的高精度时空守恒方法 (CE/SE)对二维可燃气体DDT过程和爆轰波在楔面上的马赫反射进行了数值模拟 ,计算和实验结果的比较令人满意。     

气相爆轰波在90矩形弯管中传播时胞格结构的演化

利用烟迹技术实验获得气相爆轰波在90矩形弯管中传播时留下的胞格图案，详细分析了胞格结构在矩形弯管中的演化规律。同时分析了90矩形弯管的曲率半径和预混气体初始压力对胞格结构演化的影响。实验所采用的预混气体初始压力为33.3、26.7、24.0、16.0、10.7 kPa，90矩形弯管的曲率半径分别为100、50 mm。研究爆轰波胞格结构在弯管中的演化过程有助于深入了解气相爆轰波绕射机理和石油天然气等管道设计。     

旋转爆轰胞格结构的实验和数值研究

对爆轰波在环形圆管(预混气体为2H2/O2/Ar)内的传播分别进行了实验和数值研究。实验研究 采用烟迹板记录了环形圆管内爆轰波的胞格结构。数值计算利用二阶附加半隐的Runge-Kutta法和五阶 WENO格式分别离散欧拉方程的时间和空间导数项,采用基元反应简化模型描述化学反应过程,得到了旋转 爆轰的流场及数值胞格结构。实验和数值模拟结果表明:爆轰波在圆环管中传播时,由于圆环的内壁发散、外 壁收敛,圆环内侧爆轰强度小于外侧,胞格尺寸较大;内侧OH 的分布区域大于外侧,浓度较低。旋转爆轰的 这种性质,使爆轰波能以稳定的角速度绕轴旋转。     

Numerical investigation on evolution of cylindrical cellular detonation

Cylindrical cellular detonation is numerically investigated by solving two- dimensional reactive Euler equations with a finite volume method on a two-dimensional self-adaptive unstructured mesh. The one-step reversible chemical reaction model is applied to simplify the control parameters of chemical reaction. Numerical results demonstrate the evolution of cellular cell splitting of cylindrical cellular detonation explored in experimentas. Split of cellular structures shows different features in the near-field and far-field from the initiation zone. Variation of the local curvature is a key factor in the behavior of cell split of cylindrical cellular detonation in propagation. Numerical results show that split of cellular structures comes from the self-organization of transverse waves corresponding to the development of small disturbances along the detonation front related to detonation instability.     

The structure and evolution of a two-dimensional H2/O2/Ar cellular detonation

This paper reports on two-dimensional numerical simulation of cellular detonation wave in a / / mixture with low initial pressure using a detailed chemical reaction model and high order WENO scheme. Before the final equilibrium structure is produced, a fairly regular but still non-equilibrium mode is observed during the early stage of structure formation process. The numerically tracked detonation cells show that the cell size always adapts to the channel height such that the cell ratio is fairly independent of the grid sizes and initial and boundary conditions. During the structural evolution in a detonation cell, even as the simulated detonation wave characteristics suggest the presence of an ordinary detonation, the evolving instantaneous detonation state indicates a mainly underdriven state. As a considerable region of the gas mixture in a cell is observed to be ignited by the incident wave and transverse wave, it is further suggested that these two said waves play an essential role in the detonation propagation.Received: 16 September 2003, Accepted: 14 June 2004, Published online: 20 August 2004[/PUBLISHED]PACS: 47.40.-x, 82.40.Fp, 82.33.Vx, 83.85.PtX.Y. Hu: Correspondence to Current address: Institut für Strömungsmechanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Deutschland     

气相爆轰波在半圆形弯管中传播现象的实验研究

对气相(2H2/O2/Ar系统)爆轰波在半圆形弯管中的传播现象进行实验研究。用烟迹膜记录了弯管中爆轰波的胞格结构,采用压电传感器测量了沿弯管内外母线指定点的压力时间曲线,得到了爆轰波沿弯管内、外母线的平均速度和胞格尺寸的变化。结果表明:当平面爆轰波进入弯管后,受壁面的几何形状作用,诱导激波阵面发生弯曲。沿诱导激波阵面,自内母线到外母线方向,激波强度逐渐增大。同时,爆轰波后的化学反应区也受到影响,胞格尺寸发生较明显的变化。在本文条件下,当初压p08.00kPa,受扰动的爆轰波在弯管出口下游仍恢复为强度不变的稳定爆轰。胞格记录的三波点迹线表明:受扰动的爆轰波在出口段发生了马赫反射。实验结果还表明:当p0降至5.33kPa,平面稳定爆轰波经过半圆形弯管后,其强度发生衰减并直至出现熄灭。     

On the origin of the double cellular structure of the detonation in gaseous nitromethane and its mixtures with oxygen

An experimental study of the detonation in gaseous nitromethane (NM) and nitromethane-oxygen mixtures has exhibited unambiguously the existence of a double cellular structure in the range of equivalence ratio from 1.3 to 1.75 (NM). Calculations of the reaction zone of the detonation in the same range of equivalence ratio, using a detailed chemical scheme in the ZND model, demonstrate that the chemical energy is released in two main successive distinct exothermic reaction steps characterized by their own induction length which justifies the existence of a two levels detonation cellular structure. This result strengthens the idea that the cellular detonation structure finds its origin in instabilities amplified by delayed local high energy release rate inside the reaction zone.Received: 2 February 2002, Accepted: 27 May 2004, Published online: 7 December 2004[/PUBLISHED]H.-N. Presles: Correspondence to     

掺氢比对甲烷-氧气爆轰特性的影响

含氢多组分燃料由于其优良的燃烧特性逐渐成为研究关注的重点。为了对掺氢燃料的爆轰特性作进一步的研究,设计了长3 000 mm、管径30 mm的圆柱形半封闭燃烧室,对不同初压下的CH₄-2O₂、6CH₄-H₂-12.5O₂、3CH₄-H₂-6.5O₂（掺氢比分别为0%、5.1%、9.5%）3种预混合气的爆轰特性进行了实验研究,并采用烟熏膜、离子探针和压力传感器分别探测胞格结构、火焰位置和内部压力。结果表明,甲烷/氧气掺氢后可以有效提高爆轰波的传播速度,且掺氢浓度越高,传播速度越快;同时,氢气的掺入可减少管道出口处的速度亏损并在初始压力较低时加速火焰和激波的耦合,降低胞格尺寸,提高爆轰敏感性。

     

An approximate analytical solution of the cylindrical detonation wave generated by the linear explosion

The solution of the cylindrical detonation wave generated by the linear explosion was obtained by numerical method in ref.[1].In this paper,when the ratio of specific heatγ》1 by using the enlargement coordinate method,the first-order analytical solutions are obtained.The perturbation parameter isε=1/γ~2 .The correction of these solutions is checked at the end of this paper.     

气相爆轰波冲击气固界面的透反射特性

为了研究气相爆轰波冲击气固界面过程中透射波和反射波的相关特性,建立爆轰波冲击气固界面的一维理论模型,对不同初始压力条件下爆轰波到达气固界面后的界面两侧的压力和界面速度变化进行分析。利用时空守恒元求解元方法对气相爆轰波冲击气固界面过程进行数值模拟,分析气体部分反射波的压力分布和速度变化规律及透射入固体中应力波的波形和波速特征,并搭建气相爆轰波冲击活塞实验装置进行进一步验证。结果表明：气体爆轰波到达气固界面后,在固体中透射指数形式的弹性波,并在界面处向气体区反射一道激波。爆轰波后的稀疏波与反射激波相交,削弱反射激波,最终形成稳定激波回传。气固界面在稀疏波和反射稀疏波的作用下,压力和速度逐渐下降,最终也形成稳定状态。在不同混气初始压力情况下,爆轰波冲击过程中产生的最高压力和爆压的比值基本保持不变。理论模型对特征点相关物理量的计算值和实验数据符合的较好。

     

The influence of cellular structure on detonation transmission

We present two-dimensional numerical simulations of the transmission of detonation from a rectangular channel into a larger volume. The simulations solve the Euler equations on a Cartesian grid using the method of Flux-Corrected Transport for the fluid equations and a two-step induction parameter model for the chemistry. We simulate detonation in a H₂/O₂/Ar mixture and use sufficient grid resolution to resolve the cellular structure of the detonation. When a planar detonation front without a resolved cellular structure expands into the larger volume, the reaction front separates from the shock front and the detonation fails. When the planar front is perturbed to induce a quasi-regular cellular structure in the detonation, it again initially begins to fail, but now the presence of the transverse waves leads to reignition of the detonation in the larger volume. The form of this reignition shows striking similarities to the reignition of detonation which has been seen experimentally in H₂/O₂ mixtures. We describe this reignition mechanism in detail, and also investigate the dependence of the reignition on the number of cells in the detonation front. An abridged version of this paper was presented at the 15th Int. Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems at Boulder, Colorado, from July 30 to August 4, 1995