Quartic residues and binary quadratic forms

Let be a prime, m∈Z and . In this paper we obtain a general criterion for m to be a quartic residue in terms of appropriate binary quadratic forms. Let d>1 be a squarefree integer such that , where is the Legendre symbol, and let ε_d be the fundamental unit of the quadratic field . Since 1942 many mathematicians tried to characterize those primes p so that ε_d is a quadratic or quartic residue . In this paper we will completely solve these open problems by determining the value of , where p is an odd prime, and . As an application we also obtain a general criterion for , where {u_n(a,b)} is the Lucas sequence defined by and .     

The ring of quasimodular forms for a cocompact group

We describe the additive structure of the graded ring of quasimodular forms over any discrete and cocompact group Γ⊂PSL(2,R). We show that this ring is never finitely generated. We calculate the exact number of new generators in each weight k. This number is constant for k sufficiently large and equals where I and are the ideals of modular forms and quasimodular forms, respectively, of positive weight. We show that is contained in some finitely generated ring of meromorphic quasimodular forms with i.e., the same order of growth as      

When subset-sums do not cover all the residues modulo p

Let . We prove that a subset of , where p is a prime number, with cardinality larger than such that its subset sums do not cover has an automorphic image which is rather concentrated; more precisely, there exists s prime to p such that

     

Congruences involving Bernoulli and Euler numbers

Let [x] be the integral part of x. Let p>5 be a prime. In the paper we mainly determine , , and in terms of Euler and Bernoulli numbers. For example, we have

     

Volumes and diophantine inequalities associated with decomposable forms

For homogeneous decomposable forms in n variables with real coefficients, we consider the associated volume of all real solutions to the inequality . We relate this to the number of integral solutions to the Diophantine inequality in the case where F has rational coefficients. We find quantities which bound the volume and which yield good upper bounds on the number of solutions to the Diophantine inequality in the rational case.