Existence of different intermediate Hamiltonians in type A -fold supersymmetry

Type A -fold supercharge admits a one-parameter family of factorizations into product of first-order linear differential operators due to an underlying symmetry. As a consequence, a type A -fold supersymmetric system can have different intermediate Hamiltonians corresponding to different factorizations. We derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for the latter system to possess intermediate Hamiltonians for the case. We then show that whenever it has (at least) one intermediate Hamiltonian, it can admit second-order parasupersymmetry and a generalized 2-fold superalgebra. As an illustration, we construct a set of generalized Pöschl–Teller potentials of this kind.     

-Factor tuning of 2D electrons in double-gated Si/SiGe quantum wells

We report on the design and first experiments of Si/SiGe heterostructures that allow gate-operated shifting of a 2D electron gas between two channels with different Landé g-factors. This allows gate-operated moving of electrons in and out of resonance in an electron spin resonance (ESR) experiment, which can act as a building block of a proposed solid-state quantum computer. We use MBE-grown modulation-doped quantum-wells (QWs) on SiGe pseudosubstrates with up to 30% Ge and low-temperature electron mobilities up to . A double QW structure with two different Ge contents separated by a thin barrier was optimized for this purpose with self-consistent simulations. The band structure simulations show that by applying gate voltages one can completely shift the wave function from one well to the other. First experiments on pure Si channels show the working of the gate setup. Both carrier density and mobility can be increased by using the back gate which corresponds to shifting the wave function in the channel.     

Observation of the quantum Hall effect in cleaved InAs surfaces

We have performed the in-plane magnetotransport measurements on the two-dimensional electron gas at the cleaved p-InAs (1 1 0) surface by deposition of Ag. The surface electron density N_s is determined from the Hall coefficient at . The coverage dependence of N_s is well explained by the assumption that each adsorbed Ag atom denotes one electron into InAs until the surface Fermi level reaches the adsorbate-induced donor level. The electron mobility μ is about and does not show a clear dependence on the coverage over . In the high-magnetic field regime of B>1/μ, Shubnikov–de Hass oscillations were observed. A beating pattern due to the strong spin–orbit interaction appears for high N_s. For lower N_s of , an apparent quantum Hall plateau for ν=4 and vanishing of the longitudinal resistivity were observed around .     

Determination of electron effective mass from optical transition energy in InGaAs/InAlAs quantum wells

Nonparabolic effective mass of conduction subbands in InGaAs/InAlAs quantum wells (QWs), lattice-matched to InP, was quantitatively obtained by analyzing interband-optical transition spectra. Thickness of InGaAs well was 5.3, 9.4, and . Thickness of InAlAs barrier was about , and each QW was independent. Excellent agreement was obtained between experimental mass and theoretical mass predicted by Kane's three-level band theory on bulk InGaAs, in a wide energy range of from the bandedge. Method of experimental analysis on a relation between eigen energy and effective mass was described.     

Hypernuclear physics legacy and heritage of Dick Dalitz

The major contributions of Richard H. Dalitz to hypernuclear physics, since his first paper in 1955 to his last one in 2005 covering a span of 50 years during which he founded and led the theoretical study of hypernuclei, are reviewed from a personal perspective. Topical remarks on the search for quasi-bound -nuclear states and on kaon condensation are made.     

Counting BPS operators in SYM

The free field partition function for a generic U(N) gauge theory, where the fundamental fields transform in the adjoint representation, is analysed in terms of symmetric polynomial techniques. It is shown by these means how this is related to the cycle polynomial for the symmetric group and how the large N result may be easily recovered. Higher order corrections for finite N are also discussed in terms of symmetric group characters. For finite N, the partition function involving a single bosonic fundamental field is recovered and explicit counting of multi-trace quarter BPS operators in free super-Yang–Mills discussed, including a general result for large N. The partition function for quarter BPS operators in the chiral ring of super-Yang–Mills is analysed in terms of plane partitions. Asymptotic counting of BPS primary operators with differing R-symmetry charges is discussed in both free super-Yang–Mills and in the chiral ring. Also, general and explicit expressions are derived for SU(2) gauge theory partition functions, when the fundamental fields transform in the adjoint, for free field theory.     

Quantum-dot size dependence of exciton fine-structure splitting

A systematic variation of the exciton fine-structure splitting with quantum dot size in single MOCVD-grown self-organized InAs/GaAs quantum dots is observed, ranging from several tens to as much as , thus covering more than one order of magnitude. Piezoelectricity is identified to be the dominant factor governing the observed trend. A change in sign of the fine-structure splitting is reported for the first time, originating from quantum dots with confinement potentials elongated in the and crystal direction, respectively.     

Electron spin resonance of the two-dimensional metallic state and the quantum Hall state in a Si/SiGe quantum well

We report electrically detected electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements of a high mobility two-dimensional (2D) electron system formed in a Si/SiGe quantum well, with millimeter wave in a high magnetic field . The negative ESR signal observed under an in-plane magnetic field gives direct evidence that the spin polarization leads to a resistance increase in the 2D metallic state. Suppression of spin decoherence was observed in the quantum Hall state at the Landau level filling factor ν=2. Strength of the nuclear magnetic field in the resonance is evaluated to be less than , much smaller than that reported for GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures.     

Korringa-like nuclear spin–lattice relaxation in a 2DES at

Via a resistively detected NMR technique, the nuclear spin–lattice relaxation time T₁ of ⁷¹Ga has been measured in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure containing two weakly coupled 2D electron systems (2DES) at low temperatures, each at Landau level filling . Incomplete electronic spin polarization, which has been reported previously for low density 2DESs at , should facilitate hyperfine-coupled nuclear spin relaxation owing to the presence of both electron spin states at the Fermi level. Composite fermion theory suggests a Korringa-law temperature dependence: T₁T=constant is expected for temperatures . Our measurements show that for temperatures in the range , T₁ rises less rapidly with falling temperature than this law predicts. This may suggest the existence of alternate nuclear spin relaxation mechanisms in this system. Also, our data allows for an estimate of the composite fermion mass.     

Fractional quasiexcitons in incompressible electron liquids

A new kind of many-body excitonic state composed of fractionally charged constituents is introduced. The constituents are a trion (X^-) embedded in an incompressible electron liquid and Laughlin quasiholes (QH's). Laughlin electron–trion correlations lead to an effective trion charge of -e/3. This many-body excitation is called “quasiexciton” and denoted by to distinguish it from a normal trion. The can bind one or two (e/3)-charged QH's, giving a neutral or a positive . The energy spectra and photoluminescence from radiative quasiexciton decay are studied numerically and interpreted using a generalized composite Fermion model of the e–X^- fluid.     

Theoretical structure and surface energy of the reconstructed {01.2} form of calcite (CaCO3) crystal

Two different reconstructions of the (01.2) face (Ca or CO₃ terminated) of calcite (CaCO₃) were studied: (i) R1 reconstruction: the outermost layer is based on the [0 1 0] × 1/3[2 1 1] rectangular mesh, which is symmetrical with respect to the c glide plane of the crystal, thus fulfilling the 2D symmetry of the face and (ii) R2 reconstruction: the outermost layer is based on a lozenge shaped mesh that does not respect the 2D symmetry of the face.The , , and slabs geometry optimizations of calcite (CaCO₃) were performed either at DFT level or by using empirical potentials; the results obtained with these two different calculation methodologies are in good agreement. With respect to their arrangement in the bulk, the CO₃ groups of the outermost layer are significantly rotated about the crystallographic a-axis and about the normal to the 01.2 plane; further, the thickness of the outermost layer is significantly lower than that of the underneath ones.The surfaces energies (γ) at 0 K, for relaxed and unrelaxed , , and faces, were determined either at DFT level or by using empirical potentials. Independently of the method of calculation employed, the stability order of the relaxed faces is < < < . Concerning the unrelaxed faces, whose energies were evaluated by using empirical potentials only, the stability order is instead < < < ; such different ordering shows the importance of geometry relaxation in the calculation of the surface energy. The values of the relaxed surface energies are , , and erg/cm².     

Gate-controlled de Haas–van Alphen effect in an interacting two-dimensional electron system

We have measured the de Haas–van Alphen (dHvA) oscillations of a gated two-dimensional electron system formed in a modulation-doped AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction by means of a novel and highly sensitive cantilever magnetometer. We achieve a sensitivity of at a magnetic field by detecting the deflection of the cantilever using a fiber optic interferometer. The dHvA oscillation at ν=1 yields a thermodynamic energy gap that scales linearly with the applied magnetic field for . The slope corresponds to an exchange enhanced g factor g^*=3.5±0.3 originating from electron–electron interaction in the spin-polarized state of the 2DES.     

Direct observation of tunneling emission to determine localization energies in self-organized In(Ga)As quantum dots

We report direct observation of tunneling emission of electrons and holes from In(Ga)As/GaAs QDs in time resolved capacitance spectroscopy. From the dependence of the tunneling time constant on the external electric field the important entire localization energies of electron and holes in In(Ga)As QDs are determined with high accuracy. The results yield electron and hole localization energies of and , respectively, which is in excellent agreement with 8-band k·p theory.     

Elliptic quantum group , Hopf algebroid structure and elliptic hypergeometric series

We propose a new realization of the elliptic quantum group equipped with the H-Hopf algebroid structure on the basis of the elliptic algebra . The algebra has a constructive definition in terms of the Drinfeld generators of the quantum affine algebra and a Heisenberg algebra. This yields a systematic construction of both finite- and infinite-dimensional dynamical representations and their parallel structures to . In particular we give a classification theorem of the finite-dimensional irreducible pseudo-highest weight representations stated in terms of an elliptic analogue of the Drinfeld polynomials. We also investigate a structure of the tensor product of two evaluation representations and derive an elliptic analogue of the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients. We show that it is expressed by using the very-well-poised balanced elliptic hypergeometric series .     

Dramatic change of optical properties at a quantum critical point in the heavy fermion system

Optical properties of have been studied via infrared spectroscopy. For x>0.3, a hump in the optical conductivity σ₁ is observed at about 0.2 eV, resulting from strong hybridization between conduction electrons and Ce 4-f electronic states. For x0.3, in contrast, no such hump is observed. The low frequency plasmon indicating the existence of heavy particles is also observed below coherence temperature T^* for x>0.3.     

Observations of nascent superfluidity in a bilayer two-dimensional electron system at

Single-layer longitudinal and Hall resistances have been measured in a bilayer two-dimensional electron system at ν_T=1 with equal but oppositely directed currents flowing in the two layers. At small effective layer separation and low temperature, the bilayer system enters an interlayer coherent state expected to exhibit superfluid properties. We detect this nascent superfluidity through the vanishing of both resistances as the temperature is reduced. This corresponds to the counterflow conductivity rising rapidly as the temperature falls, reaching by . This supports the prediction that the ground state of this system is an excitonic superfluid.     

Theoretical study of optical recording with a solid immersion lens illuminated by focused double-ring-shaped radially-polarized beam

Based on the Richards–Wolf vector diffraction theory, the intensity distributions in the recording sample near a solid immersion lens are calculated for two different radially-polarized beams ( and modes). Numerical results show that a double-ring-shaped mode focusing has some excellent features in near-field optical storage, compared with a single-ring-shaped mode focusing. The recording density is markedly improved, the focal depth of the near-field recording system is substantially increased, and a subsurface recording is effectively obtained using the mode focusing.     

system with chiral SU(3) effective interaction

The K⁻pp system is investigated using a variational approach with realistic two-body interactions: the Argonne v18 NN potential and an energy dependent effective interaction derived from chiral SU(3) coupled-channel dynamics. Uncertainties in subthreshold extrapolations of the interaction are considered. A weakly bound K⁻pp state is found, with a binding energy B=(19±3) MeV substantially smaller than suggested in previous calculations. The decay width Γ(K⁻pp→πΣN) is estimated to range between about 40 and 70 MeV.     

Site control of InAs quantum dot nucleation by ex situ electron-beam lithographic patterning of GaAs substrates

Conventional electron-beam lithographic patterning of GaAs substrates followed by reactive-ion etching of small holes has been successfully used to control the nucleation of InAs dots. We have observed >50% single dot occupancy for holes wide and deep and show that the dot occupancy and dot size can be varied by changing the size of the holes. Luminescence from an array of these site-controlled dots has been demonstrated. Thus this use of substrate patterning is a viable technique to controllably place single dots at pre-determined positions in devices.     

Influence of spin on the activation energies at

The activation energy Δ of the fractional quantum Hall state at constant filling factor and also at and has been measured as a function of the perpendicular magnetic field B while modulating the electron density via a top gate. At small magnetic fields we observe a linear increase of Δ with the magnetic field. The slope of Δ vs. B allows us to directly extract the composite fermion g-factor.