Measurements on Particle Size Distribution and Concentration by Transmission Fluctuation Spectrometry with Temporal Correlation

Transmission fluctuation spectrometry with temporal correlation (TFS‐TC) is a new method for particle analysis. When a narrow light beam irradiates on a particle dispersion flow, the variation of the number of particles in the small measuring zone will cause the transmitted light to fluctuate, which includes the complete information on both particle size distribution (PSD) and particle concentration. The method may be used for real‐time, inline/online applications due to its simplicity of measuring principle and experimental setup. Until recently, the theory has been limited to low particle concentrations. In this work, an experimental study of the TFS‐TC measurement is presented for a very wide range of the particle concentrations. By introducing an empirical correction including the high concentration effects and considering the effect from rheological conditions in the inversion algorithm, the particle size distribution and particle concentration are reconstructed, resulting in the coverage of a broad range of particle size and concentration.     

Particle Sizing Using Frequency Domain Photon Migration

The transport properties of particulate process streams and their final product quality, are directly affected by critical parameters of particle size distribution, f(x), and volume, mass, or number density of particles or dispersed phase droplets. A method is proposed for the potential on-line monitoring of particle size distribution and volume fraction in real time, using frequency-domain photon migration measurements (FDPM). Theory, experimental measurements, and results for the determination of particle size distributions for both a polystyrene latex and a titanium dioxide suspension determined using the photon migration technique are presented. The critical issues associated with the application of photon migration to particulate and dispersed phase processes are discussed, including the effects of interparticle interactions on the transport of light.     

透过率起伏光谱分析法测粒技术

提出的透过率起伏光谱分析法是一种新的颗粒测量方法。采用一细小光束照射匀速流动的颗粒系统,通过采集透射光起伏信号,经统计处理得到透过率的平均值与起伏谱。通过求解逆问题,从透过率的起伏谱中得到颗粒粒径分布信息,再结合透过率的平均值得到颗粒的体积分数信息。给出了关于单层颗粒透过率的平均值与起伏谱的理论表达式,并推广到三维单分散和多分散的颗粒系统。对粒径在32~425μm内的稀薄颗粒系进行了部分实验测试和模拟计算,结果表明该方法可同时对颗粒粒径分布和体积分数进行有效测量。     

Locally Resolving Measurements of PSD,Particle Concentration and Particle Velocity by Means of TFS with Dual Beams

Transmission fluctuation spectrometry with spatial correlation (TFS‐SC) is based on transmitting two beams of radiation through a flowing suspension, whereby the distance of the beam centers is varied. Thus, the spatial correlation of the transmission fluctuations of the two beams is determined as a function of the beam distance. By numerical modeling, the transition functions of the correlation are found as a function of beam distance, beam diameters, particle diameter and beam intersection angle. Experimentally determined spatial correlation spectra can be inverted to obtain the particle concentration and particle size distribution by using the theoretical transition functions for mono‐sized particles. In addition, time correlations can be used to extract information on particle velocity. Some experimental results obtained by TFS‐SC are presented and discussed. This method appears promising for application in the local resolving of measurements of PSD, particle concentration and particle velocity in two‐phase flows, both in the laboratory and in process control.     

Forward Scattering Signature of a Spherical Particle Crossing a Laser Beam out of the Beam Waist

When a particle crosses a laser beam out of the focal plane, the light attenuation signal occuring on the beam axis contains some information regarding the particle size and trajectory. These attenuation signatures are analysed and predicted with a simplified model based on Fraunhofer diffraction. Numerical and experimental results are found to be in good agreement. A modified laser Doppler velocimeter using this sizing method is able to perform simulataneous measurement of size and velocity of spherical particle in the range 10 μm–500 μm.     

On-line Measurement of Solids Concentration or the Mean Particle Size in a Saturated Slurry Containing Background Particles Using a Turbidity Method

An on-line double-sensor turbidimeter for estimating the solids concentration or the mean particle size in a saturated slurry system in the presence of foreign insoluble particles is proposed. The correlation representing the operation of the double-sensor turbidimeter for on-line implementation is also developed. The technique relies on measuring the transmittance of an infrared light beam through the suspension, once in the presence of soluble particles and a second time when the soluble particles have completely dissolved. The device can be easily implemented on a crystallization system for monitoring and control applications. The maximum errors for solids concentration and mean particle size measurements were 13% and 7%, respectively.     

Simultaneous Measurement of Particle Size and Particle Velocity by the Spatial Filtering Technique

The objective of this study was to compare the measuring results of a fiber‐optical probe based on a modified spatial filtering technique with given size distributions of different test powders and also with particle velocity values of laser Doppler measurements. Fiber‐optical spatial filtering velocimetry was modified by fiber‐optical spot scanning in order to determine simultaneously the size and the velocity of particles. The fiber‐optical probe system can be used as an in‐line measuring device for sizing of particles in different technical applications. Spherical test particles were narrow‐sized glass beads in the range 30–100 μm and irregularly shaped test particles were limestone particles in the range 10–600 μm. Particles were dispersed by a brush disperser and the measurements were carried out at a fixed position in a free particle‐laden air stream. Owing to the measurement of chord lengths and to the influence of diffraction and divergent angle, the probe results show differences from the given test particle sizes. Owing to the particle‐probe collisions, the mean velocity determined by the probe is smaller than the laser Doppler mean velocity.     

The Fundamentals of Particle Size Analysis by Transmission Fluctuation Spectrometry.

A transmission signal measured on a flowing suspension of particles with a high spatial and temporal resolution shows significant fluctuations, which contain the complete information on particle size distribution and particle concentration. In Parts 1 and 2, the basic properties of signal fluctuations were studied for temporal averaging by a gliding time window and for spatial averaging by a circular beam of uniform intensity. However, the experimental implementation of such conditions is difficult. Now, the theory is extended for Gaussian beams of variable diameter and averaging by signal filtering in the frequency domain. This provides the basis for an experimental implementation by transmission of a laser beam and analog signal processing by an array of low pass filters.     

排放源颗粒物浓度及粒径连续监测技术的研究

１前言我国实施了“主要污染物排放总量控制”的环境控制战略，把污染排放总量逐级下达到每一个排放源。为此，亟需解决排放源颗粒物浓度的测量技术。取样法（ＳａｍＰｌｉｎｇ）不能连续测量，测量周期也长，操作繁杂，劳动强度大，使得对排放源的复检率很低，测量误差也较高【‘］。浊度法（ＯＰａｃｉｔｙ）及近期发展的杂散光法（ＳｔｒａｙＬｉｇｈｔ）【’］，虽易于实现连续测量，但其测量结果为浊度或散射光强，烟尘浓度值则需通过标定的方法才能得到。实际上，浊度和散射光强不仅与烟尘的浓度相关，还要受到烟尘颗粒的粒径及折射率…     

Particle image velocimetry: Estimation of measurement confidence at low seeding densities

In order to optimise the spatial resolution of particle image velocimetry, it is often necessary to take measurements from regions of the photographic record which contain few particle images. If Young's fringe analysis is used in these cases, the observed fringe pattern is confused by extraneous spatial frequency components or speckle noise. If spatial correlation analysis is employed, spurious correlation peaks occur. In this paper we introduce a definition of signal to noise ratio appropriate to particle image velocimetry and investigate the statistical variation of this ratio as a function of the seeding particle size and concentration.     

多波段激光雷达颗粒物质量浓度探测方法

为了获得大气颗粒物的质量浓度廓线,提出一种基于多波段激光雷达回波信号的大气气溶胶消光系数与颗粒物质量消光效率相结合的新型算法。该方法利用覆盖紫外到近红外波段的激光雷达作为遥感探测工具,获取气溶胶的消光与后向散射系数,反演得到气溶胶粒子谱分布;同时,根据米散射理论算出气溶胶消光效率,结合粒子谱分布,提出颗粒物质量消光效率模型,从而建立基于消光系数与质量消光效率相结合的反演颗粒物质量浓度的新型数学模型与算法。采用该算法对两组不同天气条件多波段激光雷达实测数据进行反演,并与地表采用的颗粒物浓度对比,证明该方法的可行性,为实现颗粒物质量浓度空间分布的探测提供科学依据和方法论。     

In-line FBRM Monitoring of Particle Size in Dilute Agitated Suspensions

The use of laser light scattering technology, as applied by the Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement (FBRM) probe from Lasentec, for the in-line monitoring of particle size was investigated. In particular, the effects of probe position and orientation were studied for a dilute agitated aqueous particulate suspension of known particle size distribution in a number of vessels. In all cases, the normalised chord length distribution recorded with the FBRM system was consistent with the theoretically predicted distribution. However, the total number of counts measured was a function both of solids concentration and probe location. Optimum probe location is dependent on the ease with which the solid phase can be suspended with the available agitation system and on the associated dominant flow direction within the vessel.     

基于二阶滤波器的消光起伏谱颗粒测量结果

消光起伏频谱法是一种新的测量两相流系统中颗粒粒径分布和浓度的方法,装置简单,操作方便,适合实时、在线测量。采用二阶低通滤波器对起伏的透射率信号分析,得到消光起伏频谱实验数据,并利用改进的Chahine循环方法计算得到颗粒的粒径分布和浓度信息。重点讨论高浓度情况,包括对特征函数频率响应的修正和对其阶高修正两个方面,得到修正参量并运用到反演算法中从而得到正确的测量结果。测量结果表明,通过高浓度修正,消光起伏频谱法可以在很大的颗粒浓度动态范围得到合理的测量结果,其可测颗粒最大体积分数视颗粒的大小而定。     

Particle Size Analysis by Transmission Fluctuation Spectrometry: Experimental Results Obtained with a Gaussian Beam and Analog Signal Processing

Transmission fluctuation spectrometry (TFS) is a method for the analysis of particle size distributions based on the statistical fluctuations of a transmission signal. Complete information on the PSD and particle concentration can be retrieved by a special transformation of the transmission signal, whereby the expectancy of the transmission square (ETS) is determined after the signal has been subjected to a procedure of spatial and temporal averaging. By varying the averaging parameters over a wide range, a spectrum of ETSs is obtained and introduced into a linear equation system, which yields the PSD. In the experimental realization presented here, variable temporal averaging is realized in the frequency domain with a series of low pass filters at different cutoff frequencies while spatial averaging inevitably occurs as the particles pass through a focused Gaussian beam of finite cross section. Experimental results on spherical particles (glass beads) and non‐spherical particles (SiC) are presented. The PSDs are resolved in 30 intervals within a particle size range from 1–1000 μm, employing a modified Chahine inversion algorithm. So far, the measurements are limited to moderate particle concentrations. Some influences affecting the measurements, especially for higher particle concentrations, are discussed in detail.     

Influence of laser beam characteristics and focusing optics on optical laser-induced breakdown detection

Laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD) is a well established technique for measuring size and concentration of inorganic colloids in liquids. However, most applications of LIBD are restricted to the measurement of mean sizes, which is problematic in cases of wide colloid size distributions (PSD) as typically is the case in natural systems. Evaluation of PSDs from LIBD is possible but requires detailed control of the power density within the laser focus. In the present work we describe the mathematical treatment how to calculate this power density from the beam characteristics of the light source and the optical properties of the focusing optics. The results are compared to measured spatial distributions of breakdown events of three LIBD setups.     

消光起伏自相关频谱法颗粒测量技术

消光起伏相关频谱法(TFCS)是一种新的颗粒测量方法。采用一束窄光束照射两相流系统,照射区中颗粒浓度的起伏所导致的透射光起伏信号中包含了颗粒的粒径和浓度信息,对光束的透过率信号作相关处理得到消光起伏相关频谱,可用来同时测量两相流中颗粒的粒径分布和体积浓度。由于在测量原理和结构上非常简单,这种方法可用来实现在线、实时测量。本文介绍消光起伏自相关频谱的测量原理,并给出部分实测结果。     

Measurement of Size,Number Concentration and Velocity of Aerosol Particles using an optical particle counter

An aerosol measurement instrument is presented which allows for the simultaneous measurement of the size distribution, number concentration and velocities of particles. A commercial optical particle counter (OPC) was modified in terms of optics and signal evaluation to provide the required measurement information. The design of this instrument allows the definition of a cubic measuring volume by purely optical means. This is achieved by an aperture/lens system which projects a sharply defined light beam into a stream of aerosol flow. Light scattered from single particles at average angles of 90° is collected by two opposite receiver units, each projecting light on to a separate photomultiplier. The intensity of the scattered light with this instrument is found to be an unambiguous function of the particle size. The total number of particles detected per unit time results in the particle flux. The particle velocity can be calculated, in principle, through the correlation of the signal length and the optical length of the measuring volume, provided that the particles have a straight trajectory through the measuring volume and the measuring volume length in the mean flow direction is well defined. The absence of sharpness in real optical projections effects a border zone of definite length, in which the illumination declines to zero. This leads, together with the low-pass filtering of the particle signals, to an increase in the length of the signal slopes, causing some difficulties in the determination of the signal length. A digital signal evaluation technique was developed that renders possible the clear differentiation between the slope and the kernel region of the signal. The latter represents the motion of particles through the completely illuminated region, which can be a more accurate parameter to define the signal length. In addition to the signal length determination, a cross-correlation technique was tested for its potential to obtain particle velocity. the instrument has two interlaced measuring volumes of nearly the same size, which are shifted for this special application in the main flow direction by 20 μm. The phase difference between the signals from the two photomultipliers, together with the optical distance, yields the particle velocity.     

利用消光起伏信号测量颗粒平均粒径

窄光束照射流动颗粒系时,透过率会产生起伏.起伏的透过率信号可用来测量颗粒平均粒径和浓度.由于在测量原理和结构上非常简单,这种方法可用来实现在线、实时测量.Gregory提出的数据处理模型要求光束直径较小而且远大于颗粒直径,本文提出一种新的模型,可在光束直径接近甚至小于颗粒直径情况下对透过率起伏信号进行处理,模拟分析和实验测试表明,该方法可得到较满意的测量结果.     

颗粒溶液颗粒尺寸及浓度的差分偏振弹性散射光谱在线分析方法

偏振弹性散射光谱技术的基本原理为在偏振光入射条件下,根据出射光的偏振特性不同可以筛选出浅表层组织的单次散射光信息和深层组织的漫散射光信息。该研究的创新点在于将这种方法应用于颗粒溶液检测,目的是在颗粒溶液原始状态下实现对颗粒尺寸及浓度的同时检测。设计了一个共轴笼式光学系统,测量了聚苯乙烯微球颗粒溶液某一角度的背向散射信号,通过控制入射端和收集端偏振片的偏振方向获得了颗粒溶液的偏振平行光谱与偏振垂直光谱,两者之差即偏振差分光谱对应颗粒的单次散射信息,将该单次散射信息与Mie散射数据库进行比对获得颗粒的尺寸,然后在颗粒尺寸作为已知的条件下进一步分析偏振垂直光谱,将该垂直光谱对应的颗粒溶液的漫散射信息代入光漫散射下的近似表达式拟合得到颗粒的浓度信息。将实验结果与样品提供值进行了比对,并进一步分析了在获取颗粒数浓度时,颗粒直径的方差分布对结果的影响,最终验证了该实验方法的可行性。该方法的潜在应用包括对标准颗粒制造厂商的产品在线检测以及对牛奶制品中脂肪和蛋白质的浓度检测研究。