基于自适应条纹投影的彩色物体三维形貌测量

针对三维形貌测量技术中彩色物体表面反射率的非均匀性影响测量结果的问题,提出一种基于自适应条纹投影的三维形貌测量技术,该方法可避免彩色物体表面反射率非均匀的影响,提高系统的测量精度。彩色相机采集RGB光强图像,并根据物体表面颜色的反射特性计算每个像素点的最优投射光强和颜色;采集水平和垂直的正弦条纹序列,利用计算所得绝对相位值将相机图像坐标系中每一个像素点的最优投射光强和颜色映射到投影仪像素坐标系;投射自适应条纹序列进而测量彩色物体的三维形貌。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效测量彩色物体三维形貌,具有很高的测量精度。     

一种基于结构光条纹投影的微小物体测量系统

为了通过结构光投影的方法测量微小物体,构建了一套微小物体三维形貌测量系统,视场范围可达1.8 cm×1.6 cm。这套测量系统利用了Light Crafter 4500数字投影组件的高速投影、立体显微镜的低畸变缩放、远心镜头的大景深与低畸变成像的特性。先利用立体显微镜对Light Crafter 4500投影的相移条纹图进行低畸变缩小,再投影到待测物体表面,采用配有远心镜头的相机同步记录受到物体表面形貌调制而发生形变的条纹,利用三步相移法计算出条纹对应的截断相位图,再根据可靠路径跟踪相位展开算法求取连续的相位分布,重建被测物体的三维表面形貌。实验成功重建了以BGA芯片为代表的微小物体表面三维形貌。实验结果表明,系统测量精度达到11 μm,系统的有效深度测量范围为700 μm。     

高动态范围表面自适应条纹投影测量方法

相位测量轮廓术是获取物体表面三维形貌信息的最有效方法之一,但是对于表面反射率变化较大的物体,传统的条纹投影技术难以使高反射率和低反射率的区域都能实现高精度的形貌测量.针对这一问题,提出一种基于递归的自适应条纹投影方法.该算法能够分析采集图像中亮度饱和及亮度不足的像素点,并根据坐标映射关系自适应地调整投影图案的亮度,使各像素投影亮度经二分递归后趋近于最佳投影亮度,达到避免饱和及提高信噪比的目的 .实验结果表明,所提方法能够准确实现投影亮度的调整,仅需少量的递归过程,就能纠正99.3％投影亮度不合理的像素点,在改善高动态范围表面的三维显示效果的同时提高了其三维形貌的测量精度.     

基于多视方程的高反光物体表面三维形貌测量

双目结构光三维形貌测量技术在测量高反光物体的过程中,左右图像中对应物体表面的不同位置处出现过度曝光的现象,致使对应区域的相位数据无效.首先将投影系统作为反向相机并与双目系统共同组成多视系统,然后对物体表面的每一点进行多视系统匹配,接着通过调制度来判断每一像素对应相位的有效性,舍弃过曝光图像区域的像素以获得双视共线方程,最后由整体多视方程同时实现三维点云重建.该方法能够有效解决坐标系转换、多系统重建结果的数据冗余和融合误差等问题.实验结果表明,所提方法在500 mm×700 mm大小的视场范围内能够很好地对高反光物体进行完整的三维形貌测量.     

结构光饱和区域分区投射优化补偿方法

结构光在三维形貌测量中应用十分广泛,但对于表面反射率较高的物体,对其投影一定强度的结构光,易在被测物表面形成局部亮度饱和,使得该区域在重建过程中出现较大误差甚至无法重建。为了提高表面高反射率物体的三维重建质量,提出了一种基于分区投射的结构光饱和区域主动补偿方法。首先通过投射区域格雷编码灰度图计算饱和区域在投影平面的位置。然后增加过渡补偿区域,平滑降低饱和区域的条纹光栅投射强度。最后,通过实验对饱和区域分区投射优化补偿方法进行了验证。结果表明,所提方法能够减少计算补偿区域所需投影图片的数量,实现饱和区域边界平滑过渡,提高计算效率,有效抑制亮度饱和引起的重建误差,提高三维重建精度。     

基于正弦和三角波条纹投影的三维测量方法

在现有的针对复杂物体表面形貌的三维测量方法中, 为了完成绝对相位的测量, 通常需要处理至少6幅条纹图像, 限制了测量速度。提出了采用2幅正弦条纹和2幅三角波条纹图来获得物体三维形貌的方法。利用两步相移正弦条纹和两步相移三角条纹得到截断相位, 再利用两步相移三角波条纹得到条纹级次, 减少了投影条纹幅数, 提高测量速度。在得到条纹级次时, 计算三角波条纹强度调制和强度对比度, 与计算相位相比, 可以减少数据处理的时间, 进一步提高测量速度, 同时能减小物体表面反射率的影响, 提高了测量精度。测量最大高度为39 mm的阶梯状标准块, 得到的最大绝对误差和最大的RMS误差分别为0.045 mm和0.041 mm。验证了该方法的有效性和实用性, 在高速实时的复杂形貌三维测量中有广泛的应用前景。     

基于双2+1相移法的高动态范围三维测量

针对基于2+1相移法的高反光表面三维测量,分析了强度饱和条纹图案的傅里叶频谱,引入了强度饱和条纹的三阶傅里叶级数表达形式,建立了强度饱和所致的包裹相位误差模型,提出了双2+1相移法。从精度和效率两方面进行了对比实验：对比传统的2+1相移法和自适应条纹投影的2+1相移法,双2+1相移法的相位误差分别降低了69.9%和65.2%;对比多曝光2+1相移法和自适应条纹投影的2+1相移法,双2+1相移法的测量效率分别提高了91.9%和63.9%。     

采用剪切干涉和虚拟光栅的三维形貌检测

本文提出一种新型三维形貌测量方法,该方法通过投影装置将剪切干涉条纹投射到物体表面,以获取调制光栅图。采用相位法,由计算机生成虚拟接收光栅,从一幅调制光栅图重建物体形貌。文中给出了实验结果和性能分析。     

利用双频外差和时空相位展开实现三维测量

为了使用高频条纹实现对物体三维形貌高精度快速测量,提出了一种利用双频外差和时空相位展开实现三维测量的方法。该方法仅投影两套高频条纹图片,利用双频外差方法计算出一个频率较低的截断相位分布,经空间相位展开得到其对应的连续相位,用于指导高频条纹截断相位展开,获得三维重建需要的绝对相位分布。该方法对双频外差后的低频截断相位上进行空间相位展开,降低了空间相位展开难度,增加了双频条纹投影三维测量的适用范围。实验结果表明该方法的STD误差为0.06 mm。该方法利用两套高频正弦条纹、不增加投影第三个频率条纹图的情况下,实现了高精度快速三维形貌测量。     

基于自适应条纹的高反光表面三维面形测量方法

提出了一种基于图像融合和插值预测的自适应条纹投影方法。该方法首先基于多幅掩模图像融合求取了最佳投影灰度值所需的饱和阈值,并结合插值预测查找算法求得了最佳投影灰度值;然后通过降低整体投影强度,在不饱和情况下进行了坐标匹配,最终生成自适应条纹;最后将生成的自适应条纹投射至被测物体,并利用外差式多频相移法进行了相位解算和三维面形重构。实验结果表明:所提方法实现了局部过曝区域的相位信息的完整提取,绝对方向和正向的平均误差与标准偏差值均小于传统方法,且绝对方向平均误差减少了84.1%,正向标准偏差值减少了69.4%。所提方法有效地解决了高反光物体三维面形测量的难题。     

Three-dimensional shape measurement technique for shiny surfaces by adaptive pixel-wise projection intensity adjustment

Conventional methods based on analyses of the absolute gray levels of pixels in fringe pattern images are affected by the problems of image saturation, interreflection, and high sensitivity to noise when obtaining three-dimensional (3D) shape measurements of shiny surfaces. This study presents a robust, adaptive, and fast 3D shape measurement technique, which adaptively adjusts the pixel-wise intensity of the projected patterns, thus it avoids image saturation and has a high signal to noise ratio (SNR) during 3D shape measurement for shiny surfaces. Compared with previous time-consuming methods using multiple exposures and the projection of fringe patterns with multiple intensities, where a large number of fringe pattern images need to be captured, the proposed technique needs to capture far fewer pattern images for measurement. In addition, it can greatly reduce the time costs to obtain the optimal projection intensities by the fusion of uniform gray level patterns and coordinates mapping. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed technique can achieve highly accurate and efficient 3D shape measurement for shiny surfaces.     

A novel color fringe projection based Fourier transform 3D shape measurement method

A novel Fourier transform 3D shape measurement method based on color fringe projection is proposed in order to solve the spectrum overlapping and phase unwrapping problems existed in Fourier transform profilometry (FTP). The R and G components of the color fringe are set to two sinusoidal patterns with different frequencies and the B component is set to the average value of R or G component. Then this pattern is projected to the object and the deformed fringe image is captured. Three gray patterns are separated from the color fringe, the background and high frequency noise can be eliminated using our method and the accurate unwrapped phase can be got. Only one shot color pattern is projected to get the 3D information of the object. Experiment results show that the 3D information of an object can be obtained rapidly and accurately.     

Background and amplitude encoded fringe patterns for 3D surface-shape measurement

This paper presents a new fringe projection method for surface-shape measurement that uses background and amplitude encoded high-frequency fringe patterns. The background and amplitude, combined as a codeword, identify the wrapped phase fringe order to partially unwrap the phase to a low frequency. The low-frequency wrapped phase map is then directly used to reconstruct the surface based on geometry constraints without requiring additional images as in other temporal phase-unwrapping methods. Measurements performed on a double-hemisphere, mask, and manikin head, using projected fringe patterns with 48 periods, demonstrated the ability of the method to perform 3D shape measurement with only four projected patterns and captured images, using a single camera and projector.     

Evaluation of absolute phase for 3D profile measurement using fringe projection

A new method of absolute phase evaluation for three-dimensional (3D) profile measurement using fringe projection is presented, which combines the gray code and the phase shift technique. Two kinds of fringe patterns are projected onto the object surface respectively, one is sinusoidal intensity distribution used for phase demodulation and the other is gray code fringe pattern for unwrapping. These images are acquired by camera and stored into computer. The absolute phase is obtained by analyzing these images. The validity of this method is verified experimentally. The method is superior to other phase unwrapping methods.     

复杂刚性运动物体的高精度三维测量算法

基于相移法的三维形貌重建精度高,对环境噪声和阴影等不敏感,但由于多幅条纹解相位,难以应用于动态物体的三维测量中,为此,提出了一种新的算法.基于Harris算法提取刚性运动棋盘格的角点,确定相邻两帧采集条纹图像之间的像素偏差并校正采集条纹图像;根据投影仪和摄像机的标定参数建立投影图像和采集图像之间的空间变换矩阵,并根据变...     

Three-dimensional shape measurement for an underwater object based on two-dimensional grating pattern projection

In this paper, a practical method using phase tracking and ray tracing algorithms is proposed for measuring the three-dimensional (3D) shape of an underwater object. A 2D projected sinusoidal fringe goes through the water and illuminates the tested object. Firstly, the phase tracking algorithm is employed to identify homologous points in phase distributions of the deformed fringe captured by the camera and these of the fringe pattern projected by the projector. The projector is regarded as a special camera as regards the stereovision principle. In the calibrated system, both ray directions of the homologous points can be easily figured out. Secondly, the ray tracing algorithm is used to trace the propagation path of each ray and to calculate the 3D coordinates of each point on the tested object's surface. Finally, the whole shape of the tested object can be reconstructed.     

Fringe projection profilometry based on complementary color-encoded fringe patterns

3D measurement techniques based on color-encoded fringe pattern projection have been widely used in various fields of engineering recently. There is one problem that the surface color of measured object may interfere with the color of projected fringe pattern. To solve this problem, a novel method based on complementary color-encoded fringe projection is proposed. Two color-encoded fringe patterns whose fringe colors are complementary are designed. The first pattern is with the sinusoidal fringe embedding into the green color channel which is used to evaluate phases by Fourier transform method. The fringe color of the captured image is established with the help of the complementary color fringe pattern, which is based on the feature of color complementation. Thus, the influence brought by the color of object surface can be eliminated, and decoding errors can be further reduced. Experiment results indicate that the proposed method is valid and can be applied to the measured colorful objects.     

一种针对彩色物体的光栅投影三维测量方法

针对传统彩色编码光栅三维轮廓术中光栅易受到物体表面彩色纹理的干扰,从而造成编码条纹颜色误判和相位误差增大这一问题,提出一种基于互补彩色光栅的三维测量方法,给出了理论分析、光栅设计原理、补偿算法与实验分析。对图像进行初步的解耦校正后,通过预先设计的光栅互补特性,依据彩色响应模型求取物体表面逐点的反射率,并对红绿蓝(RGB)三通道反射率的不平衡进行补偿,消除物体表面彩色纹理的干扰,改善光栅的正弦性。以补偿后的图像来指导彩色编码条纹的分割解码并用傅里叶变换法提取出包裹相位,依据解码结果指导相位展开,继而完成整个三维测量过程。实验证明该方法对彩色纹理的补偿准确有效,降低了彩色纹理对测量的影响。     

Phase measuring profilometry based on elliptically pattern grating

The present study proposes a new method for measuring the surface shape of an object using elliptically pattern grating projection. Based on phase measuring profilometry (PMP), elliptically pattern grating is projected on the surface of the object to measure its shape in 3D. The computing formula for solving the phase by the phase-shifting fringe method is derived, and the 3D shape formula for the altitude is reestablished. The error-contrastive analysis of the object's surface shape is re-established based on the proposed method and traditional PMP. The proposed method was shown to have a strong anti-noise ability and able to measure objects under high noise. More accurate measurement results were obtained by computer simulation and experiment to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.