EXPERIMENTAL 3-D SIMULATION OF THE COMPRESSION WAVE,DUE TO TRAIN–TUNNEL ENTRY

The work presented in this paper concerns the first compression wave generated in a tunnel when a high-speed train enters it. This wave is the first of successive compression and expansion waves which propagate back and forth in the tunnel. Once generated at the tunnel entrance, its amplitude and gradient vary according to the train and tunnel characteristics. These waves provoke: (a) an aural discomfort for train passengers, (b) mechanical stresses on train and tunnel structures, and (c) emission of impulsive noises outside the tunnel. A reduced-scale test method, using low-sound-speed gas mixtures, has been developed and validated by using newly available European full-scale test-results. It can reproduce quite well the three-dimensional effects due to the train geometry and its position in the tunnel. The study also clearly points out that three-dimensional effects on the front of the first compression wave are attenuated with distance from the tunnel entrance and that the wave front can be considered well established and planar for distances larger than four times the tunnel diameter. Characteristics of the planar wave are in good agreement with Japanese results. The reduced-scale train Mach number has been extended up to 0.34 to determine its test domain. Our study clearly shows that, as far as the characteristics of the wave front of well-established planar first compression wave are concerned, axially symmetrical models can advantageously replace three-dimensional models, provided that the longitudinal cross-sectional area profile is the same for both configurations. This feature yields the following train nose design procedure: first determine the cross-sectional profile of a train nose against train–tunnel interactions by means of axially symmetrical configuration, then give a three-dimensional shape for drag and stability optimisation.     

New interaction of high-order breather solutions,lump solutions and mixed solutions for (3+1)-dimensional Hirota–Satsuma–Ito-like equation

Nonlinear Dynamics - Under investigation in this letter is an (3+1)-dimensional Hirota–Satsuma–Ito-like equation, which provide strong support for studying the dynamic behavior of...     

Non-linear electromechanical response of 1–3 type piezocomposites

Domain switching in piezoelectric materials is caused by external loads such as electric field and stress that leads to non-linear behaviour. A study is carried out to compare the non-linear behaviour of 1–3 piezocomposites with different volume fractions and bulk piezoceramics. Experiments are conducted to measure the electrical displacement and strain on piezocomposites and bulk ceramics under high cyclic electrical loading and constant compressive prestress. A thermodynamically consistent uni-axial framework is developed to predict the nonlinear behaviour by combining the phenomenological and micromechanical techniques. Volume fractions of three distinct uni-axial variants (instead of six variants) are used as internal variables to describe the microscopic state of the material. In this model, the grain boundary effects are taken into account by introducing the back fields (electric field and stress) as non-linear kinematic hardening functions. An analytical model based on equivalent layered approach is used to calculate effective properties such as elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric constants for different volume fractions of piezocomposites. The predicted effective properties are incorporated in the proposed uni-axial model and the dielectric hysteresis (electrical displacement versus electric field) as well as butterfly curves (strain versus electric field) are simulated. Comparison between the experiments and simulations show that this model can reproduce the characteristics of non-linear response. It is observed that the variation in fiber volume fraction and compressive stress has a significant influence on the response of the 1–3 piezocomposites.     

Interlayer shear of nanomaterials:Graphene–graphene,boron nitride–boron nitride and graphene–boron nitride

In this paper, the interlayer sliding between graphene and boron nitride(h-BN) is studied by molecular dynamics simulations. The interlayer shear force between h-BN/h-BN is found to be six times higher than that of graphene/graphene, while the interlayer shear between graphene/h-BN is approximate to that of graphene/graphene. The graphene/hBN heterostructure shows several anomalous interlayer shear characteristics compared to its bilayer counterparts. For graphene/graphene and h-BN/h-BN, interlayer shears only exit along the sliding direction while interlayer shear for graphene/h-BN is observed along both the translocation and perpendicular directions. Our results provide significant insight into the interlayer shear characteristics of 2D nanomaterials.     

Exact solutions,conservation laws,bifurcation of nonlinear and supernonlinear traveling waves for Sharma–Tasso–Olver equation

In the present work, we observe the dynamical behavior of nonlinear and supernonlinear traveling waves for Sharma–Tasso–Olver (STO) equation. Exact solutions are derived using \({1}/{G^{^{\prime }}}\) expansion and modified Kudryashov methods. The wave transformation is used to transform STO equation into an ordinary differential equation. Combining Runge–Kutta fourth-order and Fourier spectral technique, we use a mixed scheme for the numerical study of STO equation. Since spectral methods expand the solution in trigonometric series resulting into higher-order technique and Runge–Kutta produces improved accuracy, we extract these qualities for a mixed scheme. Results so produced are presented graphically which provide a useful information about the dynamical behavior. Bifurcation behavior of nonlinear and supernonlinear traveling waves of STO equation is studied with the help of bifurcation theory of planar dynamical systems. It is observed that STO equation supports nonlinear solitary wave, periodic wave, shock wave, stable oscillatory wave and most important supernonlinear periodic wave.     

Parameter investigation with line-implicit lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel on 3D stretched grids

An implicit lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel (LU-SGS) solver has been implemented as a multigrid smoother combined with a line-implicit method as an acceleration technique for Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulation on stretched meshes. The computational fluid dynamics code concerned is Edge, an edge-based finite volume Navier–Stokes flow solver for structured and unstructured grids. The paper focuses on the investigation of the parameters related to our novel line-implicit LU-SGS solver for convergence acceleration on 3D RANS meshes. The LU-SGS parameters are defined as the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy number, the left-hand side dissipation, and the convergence of iterative solution of the linear problem arising from the linearisation of the implicit scheme. The influence of these parameters on the overall convergence is presented and default values are defined for maximum convergence acceleration. The optimised settings are applied to 3D RANS computations for comparison with explicit and line-implicit Runge–Kutta smoothing. For most of the cases, a computing time acceleration of the order of 2 is found depending on the mesh type, namely the boundary layer and the magnitude of residual reduction.     

Point Singularities of 3D Stationary Navier–Stokes Flows

This article characterizes the singularities of very weak solutions of 3D stationary Navier–Stokes equations in a punctured ball which are sufficiently small in weak L ³.     

EDIT0RIAL B0ARD 0F “APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND MECHANICS”

Editor-in-chief: Chien, Wei-zang (钱伟长) Vice Editor-in-chief: Yeh, Kal-yuan (叶开沅)     

EDIT0RIAL B0ARD 0F “APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND MECHANICS”

Editor-in-chief: Chien, Wei-zang (钱伟长) Vice Editor-in chief: Yeh, Kai-yuan (叶开源) Executive Editors: Wang, Zhi-zhong (王志忠) ; Xu, Yin-ge (徐尹格) Zhang, Lu-kun (张录坤)     

Bäcklund transformation,rogue wave solutions and interaction phenomena for a $$\varvec{(3+1)}$$ ( 3 + 1 ) -dimensional B-type Kadomtsev–Petviashvili–Boussinesq equation

Nonlinear Dynamics - Under investigation in this paper is the $$(3+1)$$ -dimensional B-type Kadomtsev–Petviashvili–Boussinesq (BKP–Boussinesq) equation, which can display the...     

Aerosol composition,sources, and secondary processing during autumn at a regional site in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region

Air pollution is serious during autumn in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region, but there are few studies that have utilized real-time observations and source apportionment of the autumn submicron aerosols in this region. In this study, a quadrupole aerosol chemical speciation monitor (Q-ACSM) was deployed for the real-time measurement of the non-refractory compositions of submicron aerosols (NR-PM₁) at a regional site (Xianghe) from October 3 to November 14, 2017. The results showed that nitrate was the largest inorganic aerosol, and the oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) was the largest organic aerosol in Xianghe. Hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) was the largest organic aerosol When the NR-PM₁ mass concentrations increased from the lowest to the highest bins, nitrate and biomass burning OA (BBOA) showed increasing trends in the suburban area. Enhanced nitrate formation during the pollution episodes resulted from both photochemical and aqueous processing. To reduce the particulate matter (PM_2.5) concentrations and eliminate heavy pollution episodes, control measures should focus on reducing NO_x, NH₃, and volatile organic compound (VOC_s) emissions.     

Channel, tube, and Taylor–Couette flow of complex viscoelastic fluid models

We show how to formulate two-point boundary value problems to compute laminar channel, tube, and Taylor–Couette flow profiles for some complex viscoelastic fluid models of differential type. The models examined herein are the Pom-Pom Model [McLeish and Larson 42:81–110, (1998)] the Pompon Model [Öttinger 40:317–321, (2001)] and the Two Coupled Maxwell Modes Model (Beris and Edwards 1994). For the two-mode Upper-Convected Maxwell Model, we calculate analytical solutions for the three flow geometries and use the solutions to validate the numerical methodology. We illustrate how to calculate the velocity, pressure, conformation tensor, backbone orientation tensor, backbone stretch, and extra stress profiles for various models. For the Pom-Pom Model, we find that the two-point boundary value problem is numerically unstable, which is due to the aphysical non-monotonic shear stress vs shear rate prediction of the model. For the other two models, we compute laminar flow profiles over a wide range of pressure drops and inner cylinder velocities. The volumetric flow rate and the nonlinear viscoelastic material properties on the boundaries of the flow geometries are determined as functions of the applied pressure drop, allowing easy analysis of experimentally measurable quantities.