Biomechanics in cartilage tissue engineering

关节软骨是关节表面具有弹性的承重组织, 其结构复杂, 由固体相和液体相组成. 固体相包括胶原纤维、蛋白多糖等, 属纤维增强型复合结构; 液体相包括水、电解质等.关节软骨提供了一个低磨损和低摩擦的光滑界面, 起缓冲振动和传递载荷等支撑作用. 由于膝关节承受的运动量大、应力高, 关节软骨损伤在临床上较为常见. 但软骨内没有血管, 代谢缓慢, 其损伤后难以实现自我修复. 组织工程从理论上建立了一种治疗软骨缺损的理想方法, 但尚未成为临床上常规的治疗选择. 如何获得结构和功能相匹配, 同时适用于临床治疗的工程软骨, 至今仍是亟需解决的问题.在体外构建功能化工程软骨, 关键在于运用生物反应器对组织施加合适的力学载荷: 首先保证工程软骨复合体内信号分子、营养和废物的有效运输; 其次对支架内种子细胞产生特定的力学刺激; 同时促进细胞外基质结构与功能的适应性发展.本文对力学载荷在软骨组织工程构建中的应用进展加以综述: 按照作用于组织层面的力学载荷传递所需的介质属性, 将其分为液体介导、固体介导和其他媒质介导三种类型, 重点关注不同载荷对工程软骨功能化构建的作用和效果; 分析讨论软骨组织工程构建中存在的关键生物力学问题; 总结和展望软骨组织工程未来的发展趋势.软骨组织工程体外培养需要考虑力学载荷和生化刺激的耦合作用; 在合适的生化条件下进行滚动、滑动和压缩复合加载, 将有利于工程软骨的体外功能化构建.     

软骨组织工程构建中的生物力学

关节软骨是关节表面具有弹性的承重组织,其结构复杂,由固体相和液体相组成.固体相包括胶原纤维、蛋白多糖等,属纤维增强型复合结构;液体相包括水、电解质等.关节软骨提供了一个低磨损和低摩擦的光滑界面,起缓冲振动和传递载荷等支撑作用.由于膝关节承受的运动量大、应力高,关节软骨损伤在临床上较为常见.但软骨内没有血管,代谢缓慢,其损伤后难以实现自我修复.组织工程从理论上建立了一种治疗软骨缺损的理想方法,但尚未成为临床上常规的治疗选择.如何获得结构和功能相匹配,同时适用于临床治疗的工程软骨,至今仍是亟需解决的问题.在体外构建功能化工程软骨,关键在于运用生物反应器对组织施加合适的力学载荷:首先保证工程软骨复合体内信号分子、营养和废物的有效运输;其次对支架内种子细胞产生特定的力学刺激;同时促进细胞外基质结构与功能的适应性发展.本文对力学载荷在软骨组织工程构建中的应用进展加以综述:按照作用于组织层面的力学载荷传递所需的介质属性,将其分为液体介导、固体介导和其他媒质介导三种类型,重点关注不同载荷对工程软骨功能化构建的作用和效果;分析讨论软骨组织工程构建中存在的关键生物力学问题;总结和展望软骨组织工程未来的发展趋势.软骨组织工程体外培养需要考虑力学载荷和生化刺激的耦合作用;在合适的生化条件下进行滚动、滑动和压缩复合加载,将有利于工程软骨的体外功能化构建.     

力敏感受体介导细胞功能调控的力学生物学研究

细胞膜是细胞与外部环境进行物质与能量交换的界面,是调节细胞正常生命活动的重要结构基础.细胞膜上力敏感受体可通过力学作用方式参与并影响细胞的力信号转导等功能.整合素和钙黏素是细胞膜上典型的力敏感受体,可介导细胞与细胞周围基质或邻近细胞发生力学作用,并将力学刺激信号转导为生化信号,进而激活细胞内一系列应答反应,最终影响细胞生长、分化、增殖、凋亡和迁移等功能.力敏感受体介导细胞功能调控研究已成为探索细胞主动响应外界复杂力学微环境的力学生物学机制的关键,为进一步深入认识生理和病理状态下细胞功能变化规律,为揭示疾病的发生、发展机制提供重要的力学生物学理论与实验依据.本文总结了力敏感受体介导细胞功能调控的国内外研究进展;介绍了黏附界面处典型力敏感受体的结构和功能;总结了这些力敏感受体参与的细胞力信号感知与响应的数理模型;概述了细胞通过力敏感受体进行力学信号转导的过程;介绍了黏附介导细胞功能调控的力学生物学过程和机制;简述了体外构建模拟细胞力学微环境中细胞-细胞外基质和细胞-细胞力学相互作用的技术;指出了力敏感受体介导细胞功能调控的力学生物学研究发展趋势和未来方向.     

冲击载荷作用下材料与结构的响应与防护

冲击载荷作用下材料与结构的响应与防护是固体力学和爆炸力学研究的热点课题,在国防工程和民用防护工程中有着重要的应用背景.本文主要评述了我国武器装备与防护工程常用材料与结构在冲击载荷作用下响应与防护的国内外研究现状与发展趋势,内容涉及材料的动态力学特性、本构关系和结构的变形与破坏等方面,着重探讨了混凝土、钨合金、陶瓷等材料的动态本构特性以及混凝土坑道、舰船等结构的防护作用机理.     

金属-碳管复合结构的计算力学研究

系统地研究了金属-碳纳米管复合结构的力学行为,考察了单轴压缩载荷作用下填充管的临界屈曲应变对管内金属原子数目的依赖性,分析了管的几何特征,包括管径、管长及手性,对填充管变形与力学行为的影响,并与连续体力学模型的预测进+行了对比分析.本文的研究结果对金属-碳管复合结构的理论研究和工程应用都具有较好的指导意义.     

动物关节的力学

一、引言近年来,有兴趣把工程方法用于生物学问题的工程师已致力于研究动物关节的力学。躯体滑膜关节的结构和机能的病理研究本来是适合于工程研究的,因为动物关节的基本功能就是使躯体能够执行运动的基本力学任务。这篇评述介绍一些来自关节运动力学的生物流体力学问题。为此,我们必须先暂时离开本题,介绍活动关节的一些基本的解剖学特点和两种主要关节组织即关节软骨和滑膜液的一些生物流变特      

人体膝关节应力场分析

本文对人体膝关节提出了由不同弹性常数和不同厚度平板形成的组合结构模型.用有限单元法求解.计算结果表观:1)对胫骨平台,最大压应力和最大剪应力都发生在外侧平台上,这与胫骨平台破裂的临床统计结果相符;2)股骨表面上的载荷经过软骨几乎是直接传递给胫骨表面,这个结果证明:软骨并不改变力的传递,它的作用在于提供了小摩擦系数、润滑良好及坚韧的接触面,它保证了关节能在一种保护性的力学环境中灵活运动;3)虽然模型中没有考虑关节润滑液,但从计算结果来看,在股骨—胫骨之间几乎没有产生剪应力,故这种模型是可取的.     

高速铁路工程中若干典型力学问题

高速铁路是一个复杂的系统工程,涉及一系列关键力学问题.本文讨论高速铁路工程中的3个关键固体力学问题:高速铁路轮轨滚动接触力学问题、高速列车关键结构部件疲劳问题和高速列车与线路结构动态相互作用问题;概述了其研究进展与工程应用;提出了今后进一步结合高速铁路工程需求的研究方向.     

不同载荷下钛合金激光熔覆Ni60/h-BN自润滑耐磨复合涂层的摩擦学性能

为提高钛合金的摩擦学性能,以金属陶瓷Ni60和固体润滑剂h-BN复合合金粉末为原料,采用激光熔覆技术在钛合金表面制备出了以硬质Ti C、Ti B2、Cr B等为耐磨增强相、以h-BN为固体润滑相的自润滑耐磨复合涂层.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)分析了涂层的显微组织结构及物相;在室温条件下分别在不同载荷(2、5和8 N)下以Si3N4陶瓷球为对偶件测试了复合涂层与基体的干滑动磨损性能,并分析了其磨损机理.结果表明:复合涂层的平均硬度为HV0.21 013.75,约是基体(HV0.2360)的3倍,在所有试验载荷下,复合涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率均比基体的低.随着载荷的增加,涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率均先减小后升高,说明涂层在5 N载荷下显示出最好的自润滑和耐磨性能.     

CD44-配体相互作用的生物力学与功能调控

作为一种广谱表达的细胞粘附分子, I型跨膜糖蛋白CD44(cluster of differentiation 44)参与细胞增殖、分化、迁移, 血管生成等生物学过程,对于介导细胞信号转导, 调节组织稳态等功能具有关键作用. 特别地,CD44-选择素、CD44 -透明质酸相互作用介导的细胞粘附动力学在经典炎症反应、肿瘤转移或组织特异的肝脏免疫中具有重要作用.该综述分别从细胞层次粘附动力学、二维与三维条件下的分子层次反应动力学、原子层次微观结构以及胞内信号转导通路等方面综述了CD44 -选择素、CD44 -透明质酸相互作用的研究进展及尚待回答的生物力学问题.力学、物理因素对生命活动的不可或缺性逐渐被研究者们接受,力学医学、力学免疫学、力学组学等新概念相继提出. 生理、病理条件下,CD44 -配体相互作用介导的细胞粘附必将受到血流剪切、基底硬度等力学、物理微环境的调控,但是其调控机制还远不清楚. 基于此,本文就CD44 -配体相互作用相关的未来研究方向做出展望, 主要包括:力学、物理因素如何调控CD44 -配体相互作用介导的细胞粘附动力学及其内在机制;CD44 -配体相互作用反应动力学的力学调控规律及结构基础是什么;以及力学作用下CD44 -配体相互作用原子层次的微观结构如何发生动态演化.本文可为深入理解CD44 -配体相互作用的生物学功能及其结构功能关系提供线索.      

A theoretical model for tissue growth in confined geometries

It is known that cells proliferate and produce extracellular matrix in response to biochemical and mechanical stimuli. Constitutive models considering these phenomena are needed to quantitatively describe the process of tissue growth in the context of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this paper we re-examine the theoretical framework provided by Ambrosi and Guana (2007) and Ambrosi and Guillou (2007). We show how a volumetric growth rate term can be obtained (both in a large and small strain setting), which is consistent with the laws of thermodynamics and then apply the model to a simple geometry of tissue growth within a circular pore. The model, despite its simplicity, is comparable with experimental measurements of tissue growth and highlights the contribution of the mechanical stresses produced during tissue growth on the growth rate itself.     

RESEARCH ON METHOD TO CALCULATE VELOCITIES OF SOLID PHASE AND LIQUID PHASE IN DEBRIS FLOW

Velocities of solid phase and liquid phase in debris flow are one key problem to research on impact and abrasion mechanism of banks and control structures under action of debris flow. Debris flow was simplified as two-phase liquid composed of solid phase with the same diameter particles and liquid phase with the same mechanical features. Assume debris flow was one-dimension two-phase liquid moving to one direction, then general equations of velocities of solid phase and liquid phase were founded in two-phase theory. Methods to calculate average pressures, volume forces and surface forces of debris flow control volume were established. Specially, surface forces were ascertained using Bingham's rheology equation of liquid phase and Bagnold's testing results about interaction between particles of solid phase. Proportional coefficient of velocities between liquid phase and solid phase was put forward, meanwhile, divergent coefficient between theoretical velocity and real velocity of solid phase was provided too. To state succinctly before, method to calculate velocities of solid phase and liquid phase was obtained through solution to general equations. The method is suitable for both viscous debris flow and thin debris flow. Additionally, velocities every phase can be identified through analyzing deposits in-situ after occurring of debris flow. It is obvious from engineering case the result in the method is consistent to that in real-time field observation.     

关节软骨两相多孔介质非线性模型的有限元方法

基于混合物理论的两相多孔介质模型可以准确描述关节软骨的力学行为，关节软骨的渗透率与固体相体积应变相关。本文研究这一模型的非线性有限元法。具体采用伽辽金加权残值法得到有限元平衡方程，编制了有限元程序，进而对关节软骨围限压缩蠕变和应力松弛行为进行了数值模拟。与视渗透率为常数的线性模型的计算结果比较表明，在变形较大时，渗透率随固体相体积应变变化这一非线性效应不容忽视。     

INTERNAL SOLITARY WAVE LOADS EXPERIMENTS AND ITS THEORETICAL MODEL FOR A CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURE

在大型重力式密度分层水槽中, 对内孤立波与圆柱型结构的相互作用特性开展了系列实验. 基于两层流体中 内孤立波的KdV,eKdV和MCC理论, 建立了圆柱型结构内孤立波载荷的理论预报模型, 给出了该载荷理论预报模型中3类内孤立波理论的适用性条件.研究表明, 圆柱型结构内孤立波水平载荷包括水平Froude-Krylov力、附加质量力和拖曳力3个部分, 可以由Morison公式计算, 而内孤立波垂向载荷主要为垂向Froude-Krylov力, 可以由内孤立波诱导动压力计算.系列实验结果表明, 附加质量系数可以取为常数1.0, 拖曳力系数与内孤立波诱导速度场的雷诺数之间为指数函数关系, 而且基于理论预报模型的数值结果与系列实验结果吻合.     

The Role of Osmotic Pressure and Tension-Compression Nonlinearity in the Frictional Response of Articular Cartilage

Articular cartilage is the bearing material of diarthrodial joints such as the knee, hip, or shoulder. Some studies of cartilage lubrication have hypothesized that pressurization of its interstitial fluid may contribute predominantly to reducing the friction coefficient at the contact interface of articular layers. This study introduces a formulation for the dependence of the frictional response of articular cartilage on interstitial fluid pressurization, which accounts for the osmotic pressure in cartilage as well as the tissue's tension-compression nonlinearity, and is based on the theory of mixtures for soft hydrated charged tissues. Theoretical predictions of this model are obtained for the configuration of unconfined compression creep. It is observed from theory that increasing the salt concentration of the tissue's bathing solution reduces the minimum friction coefficient that can be achieved, relative to its equilibrium value; the model also predicts that increasing the applied load can similarly reduce the minimum friction coefficient. Physical interpretations of these phenomena are provided by the model. Experimental results are presented which support these theoretical findings and produce time-dependent responses in good agreement with model predictions. Furthermore, it is observed that the equilibrium friction coefficient does not remain constant under various loads or salt concentrations, and correlation analyses suggest that the equilibrium value depends in part on the compressive strain in the tissue.     

胶原对生物组织的增强作用

胶原纤维对生物组织起一种拉伸增强作用．它们的功能可用三种组织的性质来说明：腱、关节软骨和椎间盘．腱在人体的关节周围将肌肉与骨连接在一起．关节软骨覆盖在大部分关节骨的端部表面，椎间盘则连接着脊椎骨使得它成为一种柔性结构．增强度β由组织中胶原的体积分量所定义和确定．增强效应系数η，则依赖于纤维的取向．在键中纤维是波形的．腱的变形的第一步主要是拉直波形纤维以增加η值．其结果是，当应变在低应变值时，应力会迅速增加．当波形纤维被拉直时，η＝１．关节软骨足以支持着外加的压缩是因为它本身具有高的内部膨胀压力．胶原纤维能增强组织则是因为它们的取向使得它们的应变适于这种压力．椎间盘大致是柱状的，它们由内核区和包围内核的环状结构组成．这些环状结构由胶原层组成，每一层内的胶原纤维是平行的，但都与脊椎轴倾斜成一定角度．扭转和弯曲牵伸一些纤维，这种纤维增强了椎间盘．由于不是所有的纤维被牵伸，故所施的压力并不是均匀分布的．于是，扭转和弯曲是潜在的损伤力．椎间盘的压缩使所有的纤维受力．外部压缩会损伤脊椎的骨头而无损于环状结构．     

Morphological Responses of Vascular Endothelial Cells Induced by Local Stretch Transmitted Through Intercellular Junctions

It has been well established that mechanical stimuli including fluid shear stress and cyclic stretch play a key role in endothelial cell (EC) remodeling. However, in contrast to global remodeling to these mechanical stimuli, little is known of how local mechanical forces are transmitted through cells to induce cell remodeling leading to alteration in cell functions. In this study, we demonstrated that EC remodeling can be exerted by local tension generated in a neighboring EC. In this technique, a glass microneedle was used to apply local stretch in an EC in confluent monolayer and the resulting tension is transmitted to a neighboring EC across intercellular junctions. Local stretch induced reorientation and elongation of ECs parallel to the direction of stretch associated with reorganization of stress fibers. In addition, recruitment of Src homology 2-containing tyrosine phosphatase-2, binding to intercellular adhesion molecules platelet-endothelial cellular adhesion molecules-1, was selectively observed at the force-transmitted intercellular junctions after application of local stretch. These findings suggest that intercellular junctions can not only transmit but also sense local forces, and are potentially involved in EC mechanotransduction pathways.     

Mechanics Applied to Skeletal Ontogeny and Phylogeny

The musculo-skeletal system serves the mechanical function of creating motion and transmitting loads. It is made up mainly of four components: bone, cartilage, muscle and fibrous connective tissue. These have evolved over millions of years into the complex and diverse shapes of the animal skeleton. The skeleton, however, is not built to a static plan: it can adapt to mechanical forces during growth, it can remodel if the forces change, and it can regenerate if it is damaged. In this paper, the regulation of skeletal construction by mechanical forces is analyzed from both ontogenetic and phylogenetic standpoints. In the first part, models of biomechanical processes that act during skeletal ontogenesis – tissue differentiation and bone remodeling – are presented and, in the second, the evolution of the middle ear is used as an example of biomechanical change in skeletal phylogenesis. Because the constitutive laws for skeletal tissues are relatively well understood, and because the skeleton is preserved in the fossil record, application of mechanics to skeletal evolution seems to present a good opportunity to explore the relationships governing ontogenetic adaptations and phylogenetic change.     

A model of liquid phase sintering by the homogenization

We study the first stage of liquid phase sintering, when the particles rearrangement due to capillary forces is over. We give the boundary value problem satisfied by the displacement field of points of the medium in the phase of elastic compression of solid particles, for given capillary forces acting as a density of external forces, by using the homogenization method and we characterize the mechanical behavior of this constrained medium from the material properties of each elementary components.