Full Action for an Electromagnetic Field with Electrical and Magnetic Charges

The paper offers the full action for an electromagnetic field with electrical and magnetic charges; Feynman laws are formulated for the calculation of the interaction cross-sections for electrically and magnetically charged particles on the base of offered action within relativistic quantum field theory. Derived with formulated Feynman rules cross-section of the interaction between an elementary particle with magnetic charge and an elementary particle with electrical charge proves to be equal zero.     

Elementary particles in bimetric general relativity

A classical model of an elementary particle is considered in the framework of the bimetric general relativity theory. The particle is regarded as a spherically symmetric object filling its Schwarzschild sphere and made of matter having mass density, pressure, and charge density. The mass is taken to be the Planck mass, and possible values of the charge are taken as zero, ±1/3e, ±2/3e, and ±e, with e the electron charge.     

Particle collisions near the cosmological horizon of a Reissner-Nordström-de Sitter black hole

It has recently been shown that black holes can act as particle accelerators and two particles can collide with arbitrarily high center-of-mass (CM) energy under certain critical conditions. In this paper, we investigate particle collisions outside a Reissner-Nordström-de Sitter (RN-dS) black hole. We find that infinite CM energy can be produced near the cosmological horizon for generic spacetime configurations. Remarkably, such infinite CM energy does not require the black hole to be extremal, in contrast to spacetimes in the absence of cosmological constants. However, since the charge of an astrophysical body is negligible, the required charge to mass ratio of the particle is extremely higher than that of any elementary particle.     

Per gravitas ad astra

Electrically charged elementary particles may be incorporated into atoms and molecules. A negatively charged particle may replace an electron while a positively charged particle may capture an electron forming an entity having many properties similar to those of an H atom. These unusual types of atom or molecule have many applications ranging from catalysing nuclear fusion, probing both the charge and nuclear matter distribution in a nucleus, providing accurate methods of measurement of fundamental constants and acting as tracing atoms for monitoring chemical reactions of atomic hydrogen.     

Identity of Elementary Particles and Gauge Interactions

Problems of gauge invariance and identity of elementary particles are examined. The hypothesis that the gauge field charge is related to the possible increase of the entropy is set up. It is demonstrated that the given hypothesis allows fundamental interactions to be interrelated and numerical relations for elementary particle masses to be derived. Theoretical and practical consequences of the examined hypothesis are discussed.     

On the equations of state in quantum statistical mechanics

By extending methods previously used to study the equations of state at low temperature, it is shown that the entropy density and the statistical average of a conserved, non-spontaneously violated, charge density can be expanded in terms of integrals over products of many body n-point amplitudes defined for real, continuous frequencies. The general structure of the expansions is described, and it is demonstrated that essentially the same spectral function determines the entropy density and the average charge densities. Certain classes of terms are worked out in detail, and the formal sum of one such class is shown to provide the contributions to the equations of state arising from composite quasiparticles associated with the poles of the n-point amplitudes. [Another term, discussed in many previous works, involves the logarithms of the elementary propagators and yields the contributions to the equations of state coming from elementary quasiparticles.]The Appendices include an extensive study of the analytic properties of many body amplitudes in the frequencies of the external and internal lines. Specialized to zero temperature, these considerations apply to the Feynman diagrams for elementary particle amplitudes.     

Experimental determination of dust-particle charge in a discharge plasma at elevated pressures

The charge of dust particles is determined experimentally in a bulk dc discharge plasma in the pressure range 20-100 Pa. The charge is obtained by two independent methods: one based on an analysis of the particle motion in a stable particle flow and another on an analysis of the transition of the flow to an unstable regime. Molecular-dynamics simulations of the particle charging for conditions similar to those of the experiment are also performed. The results of both experimental methods and the simulations demonstrate good agreement. The charge obtained is several times smaller than predicted by the collisionless orbital motion theory, and thus the results serve as an experimental indication that ion-neutral collisions significantly affect particle charging.     

Structure of elementary particles in a nonlinear field theory

Characteristics of nonlinear gauge-invariant singularity-free field theories of elementary particles are discussed. It is shown that the electromagnetic field, in conjunction with a scalar field which is required for gauge invariance, provides a potential mechanism for the creation of the spin and magnetic moment of the particle, in addition to its mass and charge.     

Densities of electron’s continuum in gravitational and electromagnetic fields

Relativistic dynamics of distributed mass and charge densities of the extended classical particle is considered for arbitrary gravitational and electromagnetic fields. Both geodesic and field gravitational equations can be derived by variation of the same Lagrange density in the classical action of a nonlocal particle distributed over its radial field. Vector geodesic relations for material space densities are contraction consequences of tensor gravitational equations for continuous sources and their fields. Classical four-flows of elementary material space depend on local electromagnetic fourpotentials for charged densities, as in quantum theory. Besides the Lorentz force, these potentials result in two more accelerating factors vanishing under equilibrium internal stresses within the continuous particle.     

A possible unification of Newton's and Coulomb's forces

We have considered electric charge as the fourth component of the particle momentum in five-dimensional space–time. The fifth dimension has been compactified on a circle with an extremely small radius determined from the fundamental physics constants. First, we have given equations in the framework of five-dimensional special relativity and determined the corresponding reduction to four-dimensional space–time. Then, in order to obtain an appropriate charge-to-mass ratio and to avoid the Fourier modes problem, we have considered the propagation of an off-mass shell particle in the five-dimensional space–time which can be interpreted as the motion of an on-mass shell particle in the four-dimensional world we experience. As an example, we have discussed the five-dimensional kinematic equations associated with the electron-positron annihilation process into two photons. Finally, the consequences on the gravitational interaction between two elementary charged particles has been studied. As a main result, we have obtained a unification of Newton's gravitational and Coulomb's electrostatic forces.     

Interaction of ions and electrons with nanoparticles in hydrocarbon combustion plasmas

The interaction of electrons and ions with a polydisperse ensemble of soot nanoparticles during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels is studied. The dynamics of the particle charging is analyzed. It is shown that, in the initial stage, all the soot particles are charged negatively, the largest particles (100–150 nm) carrying up to 40–50 elementary charges. As time elapses, the negative charge is neutralized and the charge distribution becomes more symmetric. Finally, because of the interaction between ions (electrons) and soot particles, the total concentration of the positive ions becomes higher than that of the negative ones.     

Multiplicity distribution inK + Al andK + Au collisions at 250 GeV/c and a test of the multiple collision model

Multiplicity distributions, observed inK ⁺ interactions with Al and Au nuclei at 250 GeV/c incident momentum are presented. They are analyzed in the framework of multiple collisions of the incident particle inside a nucleus. The probability distribution of the number of grey tracks is well described by the model of Andersson et al., if a negative binomial distribution is assumed for the distribution of the number of grey protons produced per elementary collision instead of the usual geometrical distribution. The analysis of the average and dispersion of the charge multiplicity distribution supports the validity of the multiple collision model, including results on correlations between forward and backward multiplicities.     

A Gauge Theoretical View of the Charge Concept in Einstein Gravity

We will discuss some analogies between internal gauge theories and gravity in order to better understand the charge concept in gravity. A dimensional analysis of gauge theories in general and a strict definition of elementary, monopole, and topological charges are applied to electromagnetism and to teleparallelism, a gauge theoretical formulation of Einstein gravity. As a result we inevitably find that the gravitational coupling constant has dimension /l ², the mass parameter of a particle dimension /l, and the Schwarzschild mass parameter dimension l (where l means length). These dimensions confirm the meaning of mass as elementary and as monopole charge of the translation group, respectively. In detail, we find that the Schwarzschild mass parameter is a quasi–electric monopole charge of the time translation whereas the NUT parameter is a quasi–magnetic monopole charge of the time translation as well as a topological charge. The Kerr parameter and the electric and magnetic charges are interpreted similarly. We conclude that each elementary charge of a Casimir operator of the gauge group is the source of a (quasi-electric) monopole charge of the respective Killing vector.     

Weyl geometric gravity and electroweak symmetry “breaking”

A Weyl geometric scale covariant approach to gravity due to Omote, Dirac, and Utiyama (1971ff) is reconsidered. It can be extended to the electroweak sector of elementary particle fields, taking into account their basic scaling freedom. Already Cheng (1988) indicated that electroweak symmetry breaking, usually attributed to the Higgs field with a boson expected at 0.1–0.3 TeV, may be due to a coupling between Weyl geometric gravity and electroweak interactions. Weyl geometry seems to be well suited for treating questions of elementary particle physics, which relate to scale invariance and its “breaking”. This setting suggests the existence of a scalar field boson at the surprisingly low energy of ～ 1 eV. That may appear unlikely; but, as a payoff, the acquirement of mass arises as a result of coupling to gravity in agreement with the understanding of mass as the gravitational charge of fields.     

On the electric activity of superfluid systems

The Keldysh theory of the superfluidity of a diluted electron-hole gas has been generalized to the case of the possible polarization of the pairs. It has been shown that the inhomogeneity of the system induces the dipole moment, which appears near the system boundaries and is proportional to the gradient of the particle density. It has been found that the quantized vortices in the magnetic field carry a real electric charge. The charge density in He II rotating at a rate of 10²s⁻¹ in a magnetic field of 10 T is about 10⁴ e cm⁻³, where e is the elementary charge.     

On the density oscillations in finite systems

We propose an analytic form of the dispersion law for an elementary excitation in infinite nuclear matter that entails the existence of zero energy (and therefore, static) roton-like waves. An expression for the charge density of very large nuclei follows from this hypothesis. The application to the case of ²⁰⁸Pb permits a reasonable account of the available experimental data. The analysis is in agreement with the accepted view that nuclear matter is much less dense than a hard sphere Bose-gas like He II, but dense enough to display significant dispersion in the energy versus momentum curve for an elementary excitation.     

Polarization effects in elastic electron deuteron scattering

The vector and tensor polarization of the deuteron after scattering and the dependence of the cross section on the polarization before scattering are given for elastic electron deuteron scattering treating the deuteron as a spin 1 elementary particle characterized by three electromagnetic formfactors and describing the interaction by the first Born approximation. By using polarization measurements a separation of the charge and quadrupole formfactors may be accomplished, and thus the assumptions may be tested, which are necessary for the extraction of the isoscalar nucleon formfactors from the deuteron formfactors.     

Possibility of electrical conduction in filled bands

It is shown that a moving neutral particle interacting with electrons may cause an “electron drag” within a filled band. The calculation uses perturbation theory and periodic boundary conditions and is based on the one-electron model. WithN being the number and ¯v the average velocity of the electrons, one finds that for largeN the electronic velocity sumN¯v induced by the motion of the neutral particle is independent ofN, i.e. of the size of the system. The lowest-order contributions toN¯v that do not necessarily vanish are seen to be those of second order in the interaction potential. These second-order contributions are studied. In a simple one-dimensional model they are found to be, in fact, not necessarily zero and to be proportional to the velocity of the neutral particle. An order-of-magnitude formula forN¯v is derived for this case. The calculation suggests that mobile neutral particles may act as charge carriers, their effective charge possibly being much smaller than the elementary charge. In real systems, neutral particles which interact with electrons might be represented by phonons and excitons.     

Thomson 4/3 problem leads to nonlocal continuous charges with Poincaré radial stresses and zero electromagnetic inertia

Inertia-free electricity in Maxwell’s equations is consistent with the elementary radial charge. The internal Poincaré stresses stabilize an extended electric charge and participate in zeroing its integral four-momentum. The global overlap of extended particles reinterprets classical physics in nondual terms of elementary material fields without areas of empty space. Measurements in macroscopic experiments can be explained by purely field carriers of electric energy. New probes beyond quantum nonlocality could falsify the point charge approximation and the empty space paradigm of dual electrodynamics.     

On the thermodynamic potential expressed as a trace over scattering phases and occupation numbers

A formula is presented which expresses the thermodynamic potential as a trace over the product of occupation numbers and a phase operator referring to the transitions among the “excitations” associated with the absorbtive parts of the many body single particle propagators. The entropy and the statistical average of each conserved, non-spontaneously violated, charge are given simply by appropriately differentiating the occupation numbers appearing in the trace. The formula is a generalization to arbitrary temperature and density of a previously discussed formula (Ref. [2]) relating the thermodynamic potential in the regime of weak degeneracy to a trace involving the logarithm of the elementary particle S-matrix. How this latter formula arises from summing up the graphs of finite temperature field theory is also discussed.